Long-term responses of antibiotic resistance genes under high concentration of enrofloxacin, sulfadiazine and triclosan in aerobic granular sludge system.

It is worth to reveal the long-term responses of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aerobic granular sludge (AGS) system exposed to high level enrofloxacin (ENR), sulfadiazine (SDZ) and triclosan (TCS). In present study, ppm level ENR, SDZ and TCS were added into three AGS reactors, respectively. ARGs in ENR and SDZ systems showed trends of increasing first and then decreasing, which were contrary to that in TCS system. 80%, 56% and 40% ARGs in ENR, SDZ and TCS systems, respectively, were enriched after loading, but several ARGs still kept high enrichment values after the withdrawn of loadings. The dominant bacteria in ENR (Flavobacterium), SDZ (Candidatus_Competibacter and Defluviicoccus) and TCS (Defluviicoccus) systems might contribute to the reductions of ARGs. IntI1 altered the overall ARGs profiles through horizontal gene transfer. The interactions of bacterial communities and environmental factors might be responsible for the different ARGs patterns in ENR, SDZ and TCS systems.

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Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.