The extent to which the domestic conditions of cocoa farmers in Bougainville impede livelihoods.
Bougainville
Cocoa
Farmer
Health
Livelihood
Poverty
Productivity
Sanitation
Water
Journal
One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
ISSN: 2352-7714
Titre abrégé: One Health
Pays: Netherlands
ID NLM: 101660501
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Dec 2020
Dec 2020
Historique:
received:
20
03
2020
revised:
13
05
2020
entrez:
9
6
2020
pubmed:
9
6
2020
medline:
9
6
2020
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Bougainville, an autonomous region of Papua New Guinea (PNG) is slowly improving services and infrastructure destroyed 20 years ago during the ten year civil war. However, the region still faces significant constraints to economic growth and human development and remains under-developed compared to PNG and close Pacific neighbours. PNG's 2017 Human Development Category (HDC) was one of the lowest at 0.544. The Bougainville Strategic Development Plan 2018-2022 noted significant gaps in health services and infrastructure, had inadequate water and waste disposal and experienced weak markets and cocoa quality. This research examines domestic conditions and the extent to which they impact on livelihoods. A cross-sectional livelihood survey was administered to cocoa growing households in 33 Village Assemblies (VAs) with 11 VAs in each of the three regions. Data was collected from 5172 individuals. A significant majority of households reported multiple health issues, rudimentary housing, unimproved sanitation and unimproved water. Over two-thirds of cocoa growers did not sell any cocoa bags in 2014-2016 resulting in low incomes and greater food insecurity compared to families selling cocoa. Families that produced no saleable cocoa were more likely to have rudimentary housing, unimproved toilet facilities and unsafe water, factors that increase the likelihood of chronic disease and exacerbate malnutrition and poor labour productivity. This study provides key information about the health and livelihood status of cocoa growers in Bougainville. If productivity is to increase, farmer health needs to improve including improving water and sanitation practices and diets. Building a responsive health system for the community is a challenge when a majority of the population live in small villages with difficult access to health centres. Establishing and integrating outreach village health clinics will enable health care to be more accessible to these remote communities.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Bougainville, an autonomous region of Papua New Guinea (PNG) is slowly improving services and infrastructure destroyed 20 years ago during the ten year civil war. However, the region still faces significant constraints to economic growth and human development and remains under-developed compared to PNG and close Pacific neighbours. PNG's 2017 Human Development Category (HDC) was one of the lowest at 0.544. The Bougainville Strategic Development Plan 2018-2022 noted significant gaps in health services and infrastructure, had inadequate water and waste disposal and experienced weak markets and cocoa quality. This research examines domestic conditions and the extent to which they impact on livelihoods.
METHOD
METHODS
A cross-sectional livelihood survey was administered to cocoa growing households in 33 Village Assemblies (VAs) with 11 VAs in each of the three regions.
RESULTS
RESULTS
Data was collected from 5172 individuals. A significant majority of households reported multiple health issues, rudimentary housing, unimproved sanitation and unimproved water. Over two-thirds of cocoa growers did not sell any cocoa bags in 2014-2016 resulting in low incomes and greater food insecurity compared to families selling cocoa. Families that produced no saleable cocoa were more likely to have rudimentary housing, unimproved toilet facilities and unsafe water, factors that increase the likelihood of chronic disease and exacerbate malnutrition and poor labour productivity.
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIONS
This study provides key information about the health and livelihood status of cocoa growers in Bougainville. If productivity is to increase, farmer health needs to improve including improving water and sanitation practices and diets. Building a responsive health system for the community is a challenge when a majority of the population live in small villages with difficult access to health centres. Establishing and integrating outreach village health clinics will enable health care to be more accessible to these remote communities.
Identifiants
pubmed: 32509957
doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100142
pii: S2352-7714(20)30040-9
pii: 100142
pmc: PMC7264716
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Pagination
100142Informations de copyright
© 2020 The Authors.
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