Common Genetic Variation Indicates Separate Causes for Periventricular and Deep White Matter Hyperintensities.

Aged Brain / diagnostic imaging Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases / diagnostic imaging Female Genetic Predisposition to Disease / genetics Genome-Wide Association Study Humans Male Middle Aged White Matter / diagnostic imaging
brain genome-wide association study neuroimaging risk factors white matter

Journal

Stroke
ISSN: 1524-4628
Titre abrégé: Stroke
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0235266

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
07 2020
Historique:
pubmed: 11 6 2020
medline: 5 11 2020
entrez: 11 6 2020
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Periventricular white matter hyperintensities (WMH; PVWMH) and deep WMH (DWMH) are regional classifications of WMH and reflect proposed differences in cause. In the first study, to date, we undertook genome-wide association analyses of DWMH and PVWMH to show that these phenotypes have different genetic underpinnings. Participants were aged 45 years and older, free of stroke and dementia. We conducted genome-wide association analyses of PVWMH and DWMH in 26,654 participants from CHARGE (Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology), ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro-Imaging Genetics Through Meta-Analysis), and the UKB (UK Biobank). Regional correlations were investigated using the genome-wide association analyses -pairwise method. Cross-trait genetic correlations between PVWMH, DWMH, stroke, and dementia were estimated using LDSC. In the discovery and replication analysis, for PVWMH only, we found associations on chromosomes 2 ( Our study confirms these phenotypes have distinct and also shared genetic architectures. Genetic analyses indicated PVWMH was more associated with ischemic stroke whilst DWMH loci were implicated in vascular, astrocyte, and neuronal function. Our study confirms these phenotypes are distinct neuroimaging classifications and identifies new candidate genes associated with PVWMH only.

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Periventricular white matter hyperintensities (WMH; PVWMH) and deep WMH (DWMH) are regional classifications of WMH and reflect proposed differences in cause. In the first study, to date, we undertook genome-wide association analyses of DWMH and PVWMH to show that these phenotypes have different genetic underpinnings.
METHODS
Participants were aged 45 years and older, free of stroke and dementia. We conducted genome-wide association analyses of PVWMH and DWMH in 26,654 participants from CHARGE (Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology), ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro-Imaging Genetics Through Meta-Analysis), and the UKB (UK Biobank). Regional correlations were investigated using the genome-wide association analyses -pairwise method. Cross-trait genetic correlations between PVWMH, DWMH, stroke, and dementia were estimated using LDSC.
RESULTS
In the discovery and replication analysis, for PVWMH only, we found associations on chromosomes 2 (
CONCLUSIONS
Our study confirms these phenotypes have distinct and also shared genetic architectures. Genetic analyses indicated PVWMH was more associated with ischemic stroke whilst DWMH loci were implicated in vascular, astrocyte, and neuronal function. Our study confirms these phenotypes are distinct neuroimaging classifications and identifies new candidate genes associated with PVWMH only.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.027544 PMID: 32517579 PMC: PMC7365038
pubmed: 32517579
doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.027544
pmc: PMC7365038
mid: NIHMS1594937
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article Meta-Analysis Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

2111-2121

Subventions

Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MR/R024065/1
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : G0700704
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MR/M013111/1
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : NIBIB NIH HHS
ID : U54 EB020403
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIA NIH HHS
ID : R56 AG058854
Pays : United States
Organisme : Parkinson's UK
ID : J-0901
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Wellcome Trust
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MR/L023784/2
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : NINDS NIH HHS
ID : R01 NS062059
Pays : United States
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : G0701120
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
ID : BB/F019394/1
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : NIBIB NIH HHS
ID : P41 EB015922
Pays : United States
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MC_PC_17228
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : G1001245
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MR/N027558/1
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MC_QA137853
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : NIA NIH HHS
ID : R01 AG022381
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIA NIH HHS
ID : R01 AG050595
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIA NIH HHS
ID : R01 AG059874
Pays : United States

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Auteurs

Nicola J Armstrong (NJ)

Mathematics and Statistics, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia (N.J.A.).

Karen A Mather (KA)

Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry (K.A.M., W.W., H.B., J.J., A.T., J.T., P.S.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (K.A.M., P.R.S., A.T.).

Muralidharan Sargurupremraj (M)

University Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, France (M.S., C.T., S.D.).

Maria J Knol (MJ)

Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.J.K., D.V., N.A., G.V.R., M.W.V., C.M.v.D., M.A.I., H.H.H.A.).

Rainer Malik (R)

Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.).

Claudia L Satizabal (CL)

Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX (C.L.S., S.S.).
The Framingham Heart Study, MA (C.L.S., A.S.B., J.R.R., S.S.).
Department of Neurology (C.L.S., A.S.B., J.R.R., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA.

Lisa R Yanek (LR)

GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y., B.G.K., L.C.B., P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.

Wei Wen (W)

Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry (K.A.M., W.W., H.B., J.J., A.T., J.T., P.S.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.

Vilmundur G Gudnason (VG)

Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur (V.G.G., S.S.).
University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland (V.G.G., A.V.S.).

Nicole D Dueker (ND)

Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics (R.L.S.), University of Miami, FL.

Lloyd T Elliott (LT)

Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada (L.T.E.).
Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN FMRIB) (L.T.E., F.A.-A., L.G., M.J., S.M.S.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom.

Edith Hofer (E)

Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (E.H., R.S.).
Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Austria (E.H.).

Joshua Bis (J)

Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (J.B., B.P., W.L.).

Neda Jahanshad (N)

Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey (N.J., P.M.T.).

Shuo Li (S)

Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (S.L., M.A.L., A.S.B., Q.Y.).

Mark A Logue (MA)

Department of Psychiatry and Biomedical Genetics Section (M.A.L.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA.
Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (S.L., M.A.L., A.S.B., Q.Y.).
National Center for PTSD: Behavioral Science Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (M.A.L.).

Michelle Luciano (M)

Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (M.L., I.J.D., D.C.M.L., M.E.B., J.M.W.).

Markus Scholz (M)

Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (M.S.).

Albert V Smith (AV)

University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland (V.G.G., A.V.S.).

Stella Trompet (S)

Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics (S.T.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.
Department of Cardiology (S.T.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.

Dina Vojinovic (D)

Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.J.K., D.V., N.A., G.V.R., M.W.V., C.M.v.D., M.A.I., H.H.H.A.).

Rui Xia (R)

Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (R.X., M.F.).

Fidel Alfaro-Almagro (F)

Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN FMRIB) (L.T.E., F.A.-A., L.G., M.J., S.M.S.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom.

David Ames (D)

National Ageing Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.A.).
Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, St George's Hospital, Kew, Australia (D.A.).

Najaf Amin (N)

Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.J.K., D.V., N.A., G.V.R., M.W.V., C.M.v.D., M.A.I., H.H.H.A.).

Philippe Amouyel (P)

Lille University, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, RID-AGE - Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases and Labex Distalz, France (P.A.).
Lille University, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, RID-AGE (P.A.).

Alexa S Beiser (AS)

The Framingham Heart Study, MA (C.L.S., A.S.B., J.R.R., S.S.).
Department of Neurology (C.L.S., A.S.B., J.R.R., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA.
Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (S.L., M.A.L., A.S.B., Q.Y.).

Henry Brodaty (H)

Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry (K.A.M., W.W., H.B., J.J., A.T., J.T., P.S.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Dementia Centre for Research Collaboration (H.B.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.

Ian J Deary (IJ)

Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (M.L., I.J.D., D.C.M.L., M.E.B., J.M.W.).

Christine Fennema-Notestine (C)

Department of Psychiatry (C.F.-N.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.
Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging (C.F.-N.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.

Piyush G Gampawar (PG)

Gottfried Schatz Research Center (for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging), Medical University of Graz, Austria (P.G.G., H.S.).

Rebecca Gottesman (R)

Department of Neurology, Cerebrovascular and stroke Division (R.G.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.

Ludovica Griffanti (L)

Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN FMRIB) (L.T.E., F.A.-A., L.G., M.J., S.M.S.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom.

Clifford R Jack (CR)

Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (C.R.J.J.).

Mark Jenkinson (M)

Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN FMRIB) (L.T.E., F.A.-A., L.G., M.J., S.M.S.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom.

Jiyang Jiang (J)

Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry (K.A.M., W.W., H.B., J.J., A.T., J.T., P.S.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.

Brian G Kral (BG)

GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y., B.G.K., L.C.B., P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.

John B Kwok (JB)

School of Medical Sciences (J.B.K., P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Brain and Mind Centre - The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia (J.B.K.).

Leonie Lampe (L)

Department of Neurology, Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany (L.L., V.A.W.).

David C M Liewald (D)

Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (M.L., I.J.D., D.C.M.L., M.E.B., J.M.W.).

Pauline Maillard (P)

Imaging of Dementia and Aging (IDeA) Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA (P.M.).

Jonathan Marchini (J)

Statistical Genetics and Methods at Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, New York, NY (J.M.).

Mark E Bastin (ME)

Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (M.L., I.J.D., D.C.M.L., M.E.B., J.M.W.).
Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging, Centre for Cognitive Ageing, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (M.E.B., J.M.W.).

Bernard Mazoyer (B)

Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, University of Bordeaux, France (B.M.).

Lukas Pirpamer (L)

Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (L.P.).

José Rafael Romero (J)

The Framingham Heart Study, MA (C.L.S., A.S.B., J.R.R., S.S.).
Department of Neurology (C.L.S., A.S.B., J.R.R., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA.

Gennady V Roshchupkin (GV)

Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.J.K., D.V., N.A., G.V.R., M.W.V., C.M.v.D., M.A.I., H.H.H.A.).
Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (G.V.R., M.W.V., H.H.H.A.).

Peter R Schofield (PR)

School of Medical Sciences (J.B.K., P.R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (K.A.M., P.R.S., A.T.).

Matthias L Schroeter (ML)

LIFE Research Center for Civilization Disease, Leipzig, Germany (M.S.).
Department of Neurology, Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany (M.L.S., A.V.).
Day Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany (M.L.S., A.V.).

David J Stott (DJ)

Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.J.S.).

Anbupalam Thalamuthu (A)

Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry (K.A.M., W.W., H.B., J.J., A.T., J.T., P.S.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia (K.A.M., P.R.S., A.T.).

Julian Trollor (J)

Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry (K.A.M., W.W., H.B., J.J., A.T., J.T., P.S.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry (J.T.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.

Christophe Tzourio (C)

University Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, France (M.S., C.T., S.D.).
CHU de Bordeaux, Public Health Department, Medical information Department, Bordeaux, France (C.T.).

Jeroen van der Grond (J)

Department of Radiology (J.v.d.G.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.

Meike W Vernooij (MW)

Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.J.K., D.V., N.A., G.V.R., M.W.V., C.M.v.D., M.A.I., H.H.H.A.).
Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (G.V.R., M.W.V., H.H.H.A.).

Veronica A Witte (VA)

Collaborative Research Center 1052 Obesity Mechanisms, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany (V.A.W).
Department of Neurology, Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany (L.L., V.A.W.).

Margaret J Wright (MJ)

Queensland Brain Institute (M.J.W.), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
Centre for Advanced Imaging (M.J.W.), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.

Qiong Yang (Q)

Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA (S.L., M.A.L., A.S.B., Q.Y.).

Zoe Morris (Z)

Neuroradiology Department, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom (Z.M.).

Siggi Siggurdsson (S)

Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX (C.L.S., S.S.).
The Framingham Heart Study, MA (C.L.S., A.S.B., J.R.R., S.S.).
Department of Neurology (C.L.S., A.S.B., J.R.R., S.S.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA.

Bruce Psaty (B)

Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (J.B., B.P., W.L.).

Arno Villringer (A)

Department of Neurology, Max-Planck-Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany (M.L.S., A.V.).
Day Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Germany (M.L.S., A.V.).

Helena Schmidt (H)

Gottfried Schatz Research Center (for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging), Medical University of Graz, Austria (P.G.G., H.S.).

Asta K Haberg (AK)

Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science (A.K.H.), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.K.H.), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.

Cornelia M van Duijn (CM)

Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.J.K., D.V., N.A., G.V.R., M.W.V., C.M.v.D., M.A.I., H.H.H.A.).
Nuffield Department of Population Health (C.M.v.D.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom.

J Wouter Jukema (JW)

Department of Cardiology (J.W.J.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, the Netherlands (J.W.J.).

Martin Dichgans (M)

Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU Munich, Germany (R.M., M.D.).
German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany (M.D.).
Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany (M.D.).

Ralph L Sacco (RL)

Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine (R.L.S.), University of Miami, FL.
Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine (R.L.S.), University of Miami, FL.
Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurology (R.L.S.), University of Miami, FL.

Clinton B Wright (CB)

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (C.B.W.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.

William S Kremen (WS)

Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging (W.S.K.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.
Department of Psychiatry (W.S.K.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.

Lewis C Becker (LC)

GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y., B.G.K., L.C.B., P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.

Paul M Thompson (PM)

Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey (N.J., P.M.T.).

Thomas H Mosley (TH)

Department of Geriatric Medicine, Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia (MIND) Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (T.H.M.).

Joanna M Wardlaw (JM)

Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (M.L., I.J.D., D.C.M.L., M.E.B., J.M.W.).
Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging, Centre for Cognitive Ageing, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (M.E.B., J.M.W.).

M Arfan Ikram (MA)

Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.J.K., D.V., N.A., G.V.R., M.W.V., C.M.v.D., M.A.I., H.H.H.A.).

Hieab H H Adams (HHH)

Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (M.J.K., D.V., N.A., G.V.R., M.W.V., C.M.v.D., M.A.I., H.H.H.A.).
Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (G.V.R., M.W.V., H.H.H.A.).
Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (H.H.H.A.).

Sudha Seshadri (S)

Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur (V.G.G., S.S.).

Perminder S Sachdev (PS)

Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry (K.A.M., W.W., H.B., J.J., A.T., J.T., P.S.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia (P.S.S.).

Stephen M Smith (SM)

Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN FMRIB) (L.T.E., F.A.-A., L.G., M.J., S.M.S.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom.

Lenore Launer (L)

Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program (L.L.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.

William Longstreth (W)

Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (J.B., B.P., W.L.).

Charles DeCarli (C)

Alzheimer's Disease Center and Imaging of Dementia and Aging (IDeA) Laboratory, Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience University of California at Davis (C.D.).

Reinhold Schmidt (R)

Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (E.H., R.S.).

Myriam Fornage (M)

Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX (R.X., M.F.).
Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health UT, Houston, TX (M.F.).

Stephanie Debette (S)

University Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, France (M.S., C.T., S.D.).
Department of Neurology, CHU de Bordeaux (University Hospital), Bordeaux, France (S.D.).

Paul A Nyquist (PA)

GeneSTAR Research Program (L.R.Y., B.G.K., L.C.B., P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
Departments of Neurology, Critical Care Medicine, Neurosurgery (P.A.N.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
Critical Care Medicine Department (P.A.N.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.

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Classifications MeSH

questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Adulte › Sujet âgé › Common Genetic Variation Indicates Separate...
questionsmedicales.fr › Système nerveux › Système nerveux central › Encéphale › Common Genetic Variation Indicates Separate...
questionsmedicales.fr › Maladies cardiovasculaires › Maladies vasculaires › Angiopathies intracrâniennes › Maladies des petits vaisseaux cérébraux › Common Genetic Variation Indicates Separate...
questionsmedicales.fr › Phénomènes génétiques › Génotype › Prédisposition génétique à une maladie › Common Genetic Variation Indicates Separate...
questionsmedicales.fr › Environnement et santé publique › Santé publique › Méthodes épidémiologiques › Épidémiologie moléculaire › Étude d'association pangénomique › Common Genetic Variation Indicates Separate...
questionsmedicales.fr › Eucaryotes › Animaux › Chordés › Vertébrés › Mammifères › Eutheria › Primates › Haplorhini › Catarrhini › Hominidae › Humains › Common Genetic Variation Indicates Separate...
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Adulte › Adulte d'âge moyen › Common Genetic Variation Indicates Separate...
questionsmedicales.fr › Système nerveux › Système nerveux central › Moelle spinale › Substance blanche › Common Genetic Variation Indicates Separate...