Environmental persistence of equid herpesvirus type-1.
biosecurity
horses
infection control
Journal
Equine veterinary journal
ISSN: 2042-3306
Titre abrégé: Equine Vet J
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0173320
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Mar 2021
Mar 2021
Historique:
received:
21
01
2020
revised:
08
05
2020
accepted:
25
05
2020
pubmed:
20
6
2020
medline:
10
2
2021
entrez:
20
6
2020
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is ubiquitous in equine populations causing respiratory disease, and complications including late-term abortion and neurological disease. Eradication of EHV-1 from housing environments that typically contain unsealed wood and porous bedding materials can be challenging. However, consideration should be given to take advantage of the viral envelope's susceptibility to environmental conditions. To determine environmental persistence of EHV-1 on materials and in environmental conditions commonly found in equine facilities. We hypothesised that environmental conditions and materials would limit environmental persistence of EHV-1 in horse housing environments. Experimental study. Standard inoculum of EHV-1 strain OH03 was applied to leather, polyester-cotton fabric, two bedding materials (pinewood shavings and wheat straw) and polystyrene (plastic), and placed under three different environmental conditions (4°C, indoors and outdoors). Virus titration and quantitative PCR (qPCR) were performed at six time points between 0 and 48 hours and the number of plaque-forming units (PFUs) was determined. Viable EHV-1 was recovered up to 48 hours from all material-environmental condition combinations, with persistence decreasing over time. In general, outdoor environment had the greatest impact, irrespective of material tested, followed by indoor environment and 4°C. On average, wood shavings had the greatest impact on persistence, followed by leather, straw, fabric and polystyrene. The inoculum used in this study was not in a milieu consistent with nasal secretions. As such, virus particles may have been more sensitive to the materials and/or environmental conditions evaluated. Environmental factors had variable effects on environmental persistence. Although there were significant reductions in PFUs within the first 3 hours, irrespective of environment-material evaluated, viable virus was still recovered at 48 hours likely representing a transmission risk. Barrier precautions should be used to prevent spread of EHV-1 from unrecognised environmental reservoirs.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is ubiquitous in equine populations causing respiratory disease, and complications including late-term abortion and neurological disease. Eradication of EHV-1 from housing environments that typically contain unsealed wood and porous bedding materials can be challenging. However, consideration should be given to take advantage of the viral envelope's susceptibility to environmental conditions.
OBJECTIVE
OBJECTIVE
To determine environmental persistence of EHV-1 on materials and in environmental conditions commonly found in equine facilities. We hypothesised that environmental conditions and materials would limit environmental persistence of EHV-1 in horse housing environments.
STUDY DESIGN
METHODS
Experimental study.
METHODS
METHODS
Standard inoculum of EHV-1 strain OH03 was applied to leather, polyester-cotton fabric, two bedding materials (pinewood shavings and wheat straw) and polystyrene (plastic), and placed under three different environmental conditions (4°C, indoors and outdoors). Virus titration and quantitative PCR (qPCR) were performed at six time points between 0 and 48 hours and the number of plaque-forming units (PFUs) was determined.
RESULTS
RESULTS
Viable EHV-1 was recovered up to 48 hours from all material-environmental condition combinations, with persistence decreasing over time. In general, outdoor environment had the greatest impact, irrespective of material tested, followed by indoor environment and 4°C. On average, wood shavings had the greatest impact on persistence, followed by leather, straw, fabric and polystyrene.
MAIN LIMITATIONS
CONCLUSIONS
The inoculum used in this study was not in a milieu consistent with nasal secretions. As such, virus particles may have been more sensitive to the materials and/or environmental conditions evaluated.
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
Environmental factors had variable effects on environmental persistence. Although there were significant reductions in PFUs within the first 3 hours, irrespective of environment-material evaluated, viable virus was still recovered at 48 hours likely representing a transmission risk. Barrier precautions should be used to prevent spread of EHV-1 from unrecognised environmental reservoirs.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
349-355Subventions
Organisme : Colorado State University Center for Companion Animal Studies
Informations de copyright
© 2020 The Authors. Equine Veterinary Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of EVJ Ltd.
Références
Kohn CW, Fenner WR. Equine herpes myeloencephalopathy. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 1987;3:405-19.
USEF. US Equestrian Federation Equine Disease Communications Center Outbreak Alerts. 2017.
Burgess BA, Tokateloff N, Manning S, Lohmann K, Lunn DP, Hussey SB, et al. Nasal shedding of equine herpesvirus-1 from horses in an outbreak of equine herpes myeloencephalopathy in Western Canada. J Vet Intern Med. 2012;26:384-92.
Doll ER, McColllum WH, Bryans JT, Crowe ME. Effect of physical and chemical environment on the viability of equine rhinopneumonitis virus propagated in hamsters. Cornell Vet. 1959;49:75-81.
Hussey SB, Clark R, Lunn KF, Breathnach C, Soboll G, Whalley JM, et al. Detection and quantification of equine herpesvirus-1 viremia and nasal shedding by real-time polymerase chain reaction. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2006;18:335-42.
Goodman LB, Wagner B, Flaminio MJ, Sussman KH, Metzger SM, Holland R, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of inactivated combination and modified-live virus vaccines against challenge infection with neuropathogenic equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1). Vaccine. 2006;24:3636-45.
Goehring LS, Wagner B, Bigbie R, Hussey SB, Rao S, Morley PS, et al. Control of EHV-1 viremia and nasal shedding by commercial vaccines. Vaccine. 2010;28:5203-11.