Victimization by Friends and Victimization by Other Peers: Common Risk Factors or Mutual Influence?
Adolescence
Friend victimization
Mutual influence
Peer victimization
Risk factors
Stability
Journal
Journal of youth and adolescence
ISSN: 1573-6601
Titre abrégé: J Youth Adolesc
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0333507
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Mar 2021
Mar 2021
Historique:
received:
06
03
2020
accepted:
10
06
2020
pubmed:
21
6
2020
medline:
3
3
2021
entrez:
21
6
2020
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Much research effort has been placed on understanding peer victimization. However, few studies have focused on victimization within friendships, which affects up to half of adolescents and bears similar consequences as victimization by the larger peer group. This study examined the temporal stability and the risk factors of victimization within friendships and victimization by other peers. In regard to the first objective, moderate to high levels of stability over a one-year period were expected for victimization by friends and by other peers. In regard to the second objective, two - not necessarily mutual exclusive - hypotheses were tested. The Common Risk Factors Hypothesis postulated that victimization by friends and by other peers share common personal and familial risk factors. Alternatively, the Mutual Influence Hypothesis proposed that victimization within one relationship context may increase the risk of being victimized in the other relationship context. These hypotheses were tested with a sample of 878 adolescents (Mage = 15.08 years, range 14.50-15.75; 52% female) assessed in Grades 8 and 9. Structural equation modeling revealed moderate and weak one-year stability for victimization by friends and by other peers, respectively. No common risk factors emerged, but victimization within one relationship context increased the risk of victimization in the other relationship context one year later. These results are in line with the mutual influence hypothesis and provide evidence of a cross-context transfer of victimization in adolescence.
Identifiants
pubmed: 32562112
doi: 10.1007/s10964-020-01270-6
pii: 10.1007/s10964-020-01270-6
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
563-578Subventions
Organisme : Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
ID : 410-2011-2491
Références
Arseneault, L., Walsh, E., Trzesniewski, K., Newcombe, R., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2006). Bullying victimization uniquely contributes to adjustment problems in young children: a nationally representative cohort study. Pediatrics, 118(1), 130–138. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-2388 .
doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-2388
pubmed: 16818558
Bartholomew, K., and Cobb, R. J. (2011). 14 Conceptualizing relationship violence as a dyadic process. Handbook of interpersonal Psychology, 233. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118001868.ch14 .
Barzilay, S., Brunstein Klomek, A., Apter, A., Carli, V., Wasserman, C., Hadlaczky, G., & Wasserman, D. (2017). Bullying victimization and suicide ideation and behavior among adolescents in Europe: a 10-country study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(2), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.02.002 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.02.002
Behar, L., & Stringfield, S. (1974). A behavior rating scale for the preschool child. Developmental Psychology, 10(5), 601. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0037058 .
doi: 10.1037/h0037058
Bekkhus, M., Staton, S., Borge, A. I., & Thorpe, K. (2014). Do twins differ from single-born children on rates of behavioral difficulty in early childhood? A study of sibling relationship risk factors. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 17(4), 288–295. https://doi.org/10.1375/twin.14.5.444 .
doi: 10.1375/twin.14.5.444
pubmed: 25034446
Belbin, W. E. (2001). Asymmetrical balance of power in preadolescents ‘ mutual friendships. Unpublished master’s thesis. St. Catharines, Canada: Brock University.
Boivin, M., Brendgen, M., Dionne, G., Ouellet-Morin, I., Dubois, L., Pérusse, D., Robaey, P., Tremblay, R. E., & Vitaro, F. (2019). The Quebec newborn twin study at 21. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 16(1), 64–69. https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2019.74 .
doi: 10.1017/thg.2019.74
Boivin, M., Brendgen, M., Vitaro, F., Dionne, G., Girard, A., Pérusse, D., & Tremblay, R. E. (2013). Strong genetic contribution to peer relationship difficulties at school entry: findings from a longitudinal twin study. Child Development, 84(3), 1098–1114. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12019 .
doi: 10.1111/cdev.12019
pubmed: 23210840
Brendgen, M., & Poulin, F. (2018). Continued bullying victimization from childhood to young adulthood: a longitudinal study of mediating and protective factors. J Abnorm Child Psychol, 46(1), 27–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-017-0314-5 .
doi: 10.1007/s10802-017-0314-5
pubmed: 28608169
Brendgen, M., Girard, A., Vitaro, F., Dionne, G., & Boivin, M. (2015). The dark side of friends: a genetically informed study of victimization within early adolescents’ friendships. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, 44(3), 417–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2013.873984 .
doi: 10.1080/15374416.2013.873984
pubmed: 24617293
Brendgen, M., Girard, A., Vitaro, F., Dionne, G., & Boivin, M. (2016). Personal and familial predictors of peer victimization trajectories from primary to secondary school. Dev Psychol, 52(7), 1103–1114. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000107 .
doi: 10.1037/dev0000107
pubmed: 27253264
Caravita, S. C. S., & Cillessen, A. H. N. (2011). Agentic or communal? Associations between interpersonal goals, popularity, and bullying in middle childhood and early adolescence. Social Development, 21(2), 376–395. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2011.00632.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2011.00632.x
Card, N. A., & Little, T. D. (2006). Proactive and reactive aggression in childhood and adolescence: a meta-analysis of differential relations with psychosocial adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30(5), 466–480. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025406071904 .
doi: 10.1177/0165025406071904
Card, N. A., Stucky, B. D., Sawalani, G. M., & Little, T. D. (2008). Direct and indirect aggression during childhood and adolescence: a meta-analytic review of gender differences, intercorrelations, and relations to maladjustment. Child Development, 79(5), 1185–1229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01184.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01184.x
pubmed: 18826521
Choi, H. J., & Temple, J. R. (2016). Do gender and exposure to interparental violence moderate the stability of teen dating violence? Latent transition analysis. Prev Sci, 17(3), 367–376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-015-0621-4 .
doi: 10.1007/s11121-015-0621-4
pubmed: 26687203
pmcid: 4791187
Cillessen, A. H., & Lansu, T. A. (2015). Stability, correlates, and time-covarying associations of peer victimization from grade 4 to 12. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44(3), 456–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.958841 .
doi: 10.1080/15374416.2014.958841
Clarke, K., Cooper, P., & Creswell, C. (2013). The parental overprotection scale: associations with child and parental anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(2), 618–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.07.007 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2013.07.007
pubmed: 23916305
pmcid: 3808745
Closson, L. M., & Watanabe, L. (2018). Popularity in the peer group and victimization within friendship cliques during early adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 38(3), 327–351. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431616670753 .
doi: 10.1177/0272431616670753
Cook, C. R., Williams, K. R., Guerra, N. G., Kim, T. E., & Sadek, S. (2010). Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence: a meta-analytic investigation. School Psychology Quarterly, 25(2), 65–83. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020149 .
doi: 10.1037/a0020149
Cooley, J. L., Fite, P. J., & Pederson, C. A. (2018). Bidirectional associations between peer victimization and functions of aggression in middle childhood: further evaluation across informants and academic years. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46(1), 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-017-0283-8 .
doi: 10.1007/s10802-017-0283-8
pubmed: 28217827
Costa, B. M., Kaestle, C. E., Walker, A., Curtis, A., Day, A., Toumbourou, J. W., & Miller, P. (2015). Longitudinal predictors of domestic violence perpetration and victimization: a systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 24, 261–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.06.001 .
doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2015.06.001
Crick, N. R., & Bigbee, M. A. (1998). Relational and overt forms of peer victimization: a multiinformant approach. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(2), 337. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.66.2.337 .
doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.66.2.337
pubmed: 9583337
Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1996). Social information‐processing mechanisms in reactive and proactive aggression. Child Development, 67(3), 993–1002. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01778.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01778.x
pubmed: 8706540
Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1996). Children’s treatment by peers: victims of relational and overt aggression. Development and Psychopathology, 8(2), 367–380. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400007148 .
doi: 10.1017/S0954579400007148
Crick, N. R., & Nelson, D. A. (2002). Relational and physical victimization within friendships: nobody told me there’d be friends like these. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(6), 599–607. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020811714064 .
doi: 10.1023/A:1020811714064
pubmed: 12481974
Daniels, T., Quigley, D., Menard, L., & Spence, L. (2010). “My best friend always did and still does betray me constantly”: examining relational and physical victimization within a dyadic friendship context. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 25(1), 70–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/0829573509357531 .
doi: 10.1177/0829573509357531
Davis, A. C., Vaillancourt, T., & Arnocky, S. (2018). Sex differences, initiating gossip. The encyclopedia of evolutionary psychological science, 75–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_190-1
De Castro, B. O., Veerman, J. W., Koops, W., Bosch, J. D., & Monshouwer, H. J. (2002). Hostile attribution of intent and aggressive behavior: a meta‐analysis. Child Development, 73(3), 916–934. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00447 .
doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00447
Dodge, K. A., & Coie, J. D. (1987). Social-information-processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children’s peer groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(6), 1146. https://doi.org/10.1037//00223514.53.6.1146 .
doi: 10.1037//00223514.53.6.1146
pubmed: 3694454
Doey, L., Coplan, R. J., & Kingsbury, M. (2014). Bashful boys and coy girls: a review of gender differences in childhood shyness. Sex Roles, 70(7-8), 255–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-013-0317-9 .
doi: 10.1007/s11199-013-0317-9
Edwards, S. L., Rapee, R. M., & Kennedy, S. (2010). Prediction of anxiety symptoms in preschool‐aged children: examination of maternal and paternal perspectives. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(3), 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02160.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02160.x
pubmed: 19769584
Elledge, L. C., Elledge, A. R., Newgent, R. A., & Cavell, T. A. (2016). Social risk and peer victimization in elementary school children: the protective role of teacher-student relationships. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(4), 691–703.
doi: 10.1007/s10802-015-0074-z
Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R. K., & Turner, H. A. (2007). Poly-victimization: a neglected component in child victimization. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31(1), 7–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.06.008 .
doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.06.008
pubmed: 17224181
Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., & Ormrod, R. (2006). Kid’s stuff: The nature and impact of peer and sibling violence on younger and older children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 30(12), 1401–1421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.06.006 .
doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.06.006
Guimond, F. A., Laursen, B., Hartl, A. C., & Cillessen, A. H. (2019). Differences in internalizing symptoms anticipate adolescent friendship dissolution. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 29(4), 924–937. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12432 .
doi: 10.1111/jora.12432
pubmed: 29984870
Hall, J. A. (2011). Sex differences in friendship expectations: a meta-analysis. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28(6), 723–747. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407510386192 .
doi: 10.1177/0265407510386192
Hand, L. S., & Furman, W. (2009). Rewards and costs in adolescent other-sex friendships: comparisons to same-sex friendships and romantic relationships. Social Development, 18(2), 270–287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14679507.2008.00499.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.14679507.2008.00499.x
Harris, M. J. (2009). Bullying, Rejection, & Peer Victimization: A Social Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
Hipwell, A. E., Stepp, S. D., Xiong, S., Keenan, K., Blokland, A., & Loeber, R. (2014). Parental punishment and peer victimization as developmental precursors to physical dating violence involvement among girls. Journal of Research Adolescence, 24(1), 65–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12016 .
doi: 10.1111/jora.12016
Huitsing, G., Veenstra, R., Sainio, M., & Salmivalli, C. (2012). “It must be me” or “It could be them?”: The impact of the social network position of bullies and victims on victims’ adjustment. Social Networks, 34(4), 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2010.07.002 .
doi: 10.1016/j.socnet.2010.07.002
Hymel, S., Wagner, E., & Butler, L. J. (1990). Reputational bias: View from the peer group. In S. R. Asher & J. D. Coie (Eds.), Peer rejection in childhood (pp. 156–186). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1990-97775-005 .
Jetté, M., and Des Groseillers, L. (2000). Étude longitudinale du développement des enfants du Québec (ÉLDEQ 1998–2002). de la naissance à 29 mois: Enquête: Description et méthodologie, 1(1).
Kiesner, J., Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. (2004). “Very important persons” in adolescence: going beyond in-school, single friendships in the study of peer homophily. Journal of Adolescence, 27(5), 545–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.06.007 .
doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.06.007
pubmed: 15475046
Kim, H., Parker, J. G., & Marciano, A. R. W. (2017). Interplay of self-esteem, emotion regulation, and parenting in young adolescents' friendship jealousy. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 52, 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2017.06.007 .
doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2017.06.007
Kljakovic, M., & Hunt, C. (2016). A meta-analysis of predictors of bullying and victimisation in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 49, 134–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.03.002 .
doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.03.002
pubmed: 27060847
Ladd, G. W. (2006). Peer rejection, aggressive or withdrawn behavior, and psychological maladjustment from ages 5 to 12: an examination of four predictive models. Child Development, 77(4), 822–846. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14678624.2006.00905.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.14678624.2006.00905.x
pubmed: 16942492
Lamarche, V., Brendgen, M., Boivin, M., Vitaro, F., Pérusse, D., & Dionne, G. (2006). Do friendships and sibling relationships provide protection against peer victimization in a similar way? Social Development, 15(3), 373–393. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2006.00347.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2006.00347.x
Lang, K. M., & Little, T. D. (2018). Principled missing data treatments. Prevention Science, 19(3), 284–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-016-0644-5 .
doi: 10.1007/s11121-016-0644-5
pubmed: 27040106
Larson, R. W., & Verma, S. (1999). How children and adolescents spend time across the world: Work, play, and developmental opportunities. Psychological Bulletin, 125(6), 701–736. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.701 .
doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.701
pubmed: 10589300
Lereya, S. T., Samara, M., & Wolke, D. (2013). Parenting behavior and the risk of becoming a victim and a bully/victim: a meta-analysis study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(12), 1091–1108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.03.001 .
doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.03.001
Liu, J., Lewis, G., & Evans, L. (2013). Understanding aggressive behaviour across the lifespan. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 20(2), 156–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-016-0644-5 .
doi: 10.1007/s11121-016-0644-5
pubmed: 22471771
Mishna, F., Wiener, J., & Pepler, D. (2008). Some of my best friends—experiences of bullying within friendships. School Psychology International, 29(5), 549–573. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034308099201 .
doi: 10.1177/0143034308099201
Modecki, K. L., Minchin, J., Harbaugh, A. G., Guerra, N. G., & Runions, K. C. (2014). Bullying prevalence across contexts: a meta-analysis measuring cyber and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(5), 602–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.007 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.007
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2012). Mplus User’s Guide. 7th edn. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
Nishina, A., & Bellmore, A. (2010). When might peer aggression, victimization, and conflict have its largest impact? Microcontextual considerations. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 30(1), 5–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431609350928 .
doi: 10.1177/0272431609350928
Ojanen, T., & Nostrand, F. V. (2014). Social goals, aggression, peer preference, and popularity: Longitudinal links during middle school. Developmental Psychology, 50(8), 2134. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037137 .
doi: 10.1037/a0037137
pubmed: 24911564
Oncioiu, S. I., Orri, M., Boivin, M., Geoffroy, M. C., Arseneault, L., Brendgen, M.,… & Côté, S. M. (2020). Early childhood factors associated with peer victimization trajectories from 6 to 17 years of age. Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-2654 .
Pallini, S., Baiocco, R., Schneider, B. H., Madigan, S., & Atkinson, L. (2014). Early child–parent attachment and peer relations: a meta-analysis of recent research. Journal of Family Psychology, 28(1), 118. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035736 .
doi: 10.1037/a0035736
pubmed: 24512287
Poulin, F., & Boivin, M. (2000). Reactive and proactive aggression: evidence of a two-factor model. Psychological Assessment, 12(2), 115–122. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.12.2.115 .
doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.12.2.115
pubmed: 10887757
Poulin, F., & Pedersen, S. (2007). Developmental changes in gender composition of friendship networks in adolescent girls and boys. Development Psychology, 43(6), 1484–1496. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1484 .
doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1484
Pouwels, J. L., Souren, P. M., Lansu, T. A. M., & Cillessen, A. H. N. (2016). Stability of peer victimization: a meta-analysis of longitudinal research. Developmental Review, 40, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2016.01.001 .
doi: 10.1016/j.dr.2016.01.001
Pronk, R. E., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2010). It’s “mean,” but what does it mean to adolescents? Relational aggression described by victims, aggressors, and their peers. Journal of Adolescent Research, 25(2), 175–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558409350504 .
doi: 10.1177/0743558409350504
Reijntjes, A., Kamphuis, J. H., Prinzie, P., Boelen, P. A., Van der Schoot, M., & Telch, M. J. (2011). Prospective linkages between peer victimization and externalizing problems in children: a meta‐analysis. Aggressive Behavior, 37(3), 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20374 .
doi: 10.1002/ab.20374
pubmed: 21433031
Reijntjes, A., Kamphuis, J. H., Prinzie, P., & Telch, M. J. (2010). Peer victimization and internalizing problems in children: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Child Abuse and Neglect, 34(4), 244–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.07.009 .
doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.07.009
pubmed: 20304490
Rose, A. J., Swenson, L. P., & Carlson, W. (2004). Friendships of aggressive youth: considering the influences of being disliked and of being perceived as popular. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 88(1), 25–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2004.02.005 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2004.02.005
pubmed: 15093724
Rosen, P. J., Milich, R., & Harris, M. J. (2007). Victims of their own cognitions: Implicit social cognitions, emotional distress, and peer victimization. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 28(3), 211–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2007.02.001 .
doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2007.02.001
Rowe, S. L., Gembeck, M. J. Z., Rudolph, J., & Nesdale, D. (2015). A longitudinal study of rejecting and autonomy-restrictive parenting, rejection sensitivity, and socioemotional symptoms in early adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(6), 1107–1118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9966-6 .
doi: 10.1007/s10802-014-9966-6
pubmed: 25520298
Rubin, K. H., Dwyer, K. M., Booth-LaForce, C., Kim, A. H., Burgess, K. B., & Rose-Krasnor, L. (2004). Attachment, friendship, and psychosocial functioning in early adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 24(4), 326–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431604268530 .
doi: 10.1177/0272431604268530
pubmed: 16703116
pmcid: 1461415
Rubin, K. H., & Burgess, K. B. (2001). Social withdrawal and anxiety. In M. W. Vasey & M. R. Dadds (Eds.), The developmental psychopathology of anxiety (pp. 407–434). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
doi: 10.1093/med:psych/9780195123630.003.0018
Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2001). A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66(4), 507–514. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02296192 .
doi: 10.1007/BF02296192
Schacter, H. L., White, S. J., Chang, V. Y., & Juvonen, J. (2014). “Why Me?”: Characterological Self-Blame and Continued Victimization in the First Year of Middle School. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 44(3), 446–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2013.865194 .
doi: 10.1080/15374416.2013.865194
pubmed: 24483145
pmcid: 6129379
Scharfstein, L., Alfano, C., Beidel, D., & Wong, N. (2011). Children with generalized anxiety disorder do not have peer problems, just fewer friends. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 42(6), 712–723. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-011-0245-2 .
doi: 10.1007/s10578-011-0245-2
pubmed: 21739298
Slonje, R., & Smith, P. K. (2008). Cyberbullying: another main type of bullying? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49(2), 147–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00611.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00611.x
pubmed: 18352984
Storch, E. A., Crisp, H., Roberti, J. W., Bagner, D. M., & Masia-Warner, C. (2005). Psychometric evaluation of the social experience questionnaire in adolescents: descriptive data, reliability, and factorial validity. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 36(2), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-005-3495-z .
doi: 10.1007/s10578-005-3495-z
pubmed: 16228145
Strayhorn, J. M., & Weidman, C. S. (1988). A parent practices scale and its relation to parent and child mental health. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(5), 613–618. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-198809000-00016 .
doi: 10.1097/00004583-198809000-00016
pubmed: 3182627
Sugimura, N., Berry, D., Troop-Gordon, W., & Rudolph, K. D. (2017). Early social behaviors and the trajectory of peer victimization across the school years. Developmental Psychology, 53(8), 1447. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000346 .
doi: 10.1037/dev0000346
pubmed: 28557475
pmcid: 5548192
Thornberg, R. (2011). “She”s weird!’- the social construction of bullying in school: a review of qualitative research. Children & Society, 25(4), 258–267. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.2011.00374.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1099-0860.2011.00374.x
Toomey, R. B., Card, N. A., & Casper, D. M. (2013). Peers’ perceptions of gender nonconformity. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 34(4), 463–485. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431613495446 .
doi: 10.1177/0272431613495446
Tremblay, R. E., Loeber, R., Gagnon, C., Charlebois, P., Larivee, S., & LeBlanc, M. (1991). Disruptive boys with stable and unstable high fighting behavior patterns during junior elementary school. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 19(3), 285–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00911232 .
doi: 10.1007/BF00911232
pubmed: 1865046
Vaillancourt, T., Hymel, S., & McDougall, P. (2013). The biological underpinnings of peer victimization: understanding why and how the effects of bullying can last a lifetime. Theory Into Practice, 52(4), 241–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2013.829726 .
doi: 10.1080/00405841.2013.829726
van Ingen, D. J., Freiheit, S. R., Steinfeldt, J. A., Moore, L. L., Wimer, D. J., Knutt, A. D., & Roberts, A. (2015). Helicopter parenting: the effect of an overbearing caregiving style on peer attachment and self‐efficacy. Journal of College Counseling, 18(1), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2015.00065.x .
doi: 10.1002/j.2161-1882.2015.00065.x
Vitaro, F., & Brendgen, M. (2011). Subtypes of aggressive behaviors: Etiologies, development and consequences. In T. Bliesner, A. Beelman, & M. Stemmler (Eds), Antisocial behavior and crime: Contributions oftheory and evaluation research to prevention and intervention. Goettingen: Hogrefe.
Wei, H.-S., & Jonson-Reid, M. (2011). Friends can hurt you: examining the coexistence of friendship and bullying among early adolescents. School Psychology International, 32(3), 244–262. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034311402310 .
doi: 10.1177/0143034311402310
Weir, K., & Duveen, G. (1981). Further development and validation of the prosocial behaviour questionnaire for use by teachers. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 22(4), 357–374. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1981.tb00561.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1981.tb00561.x
pubmed: 7287845
Williams, R. L. (2000). A note on robust variance estimation for cluster-correlated data. Biometrics, 56, 645–646. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.00645.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.00645.x
Yahner, J., Dank, M., Zweig, J. M., & Lachman, P. (2014). The co-occurrence of physical and cyber dating violence and bullying among teens. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(7), 1079–1089. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514540324 .
doi: 10.1177/0886260514540324
pubmed: 25038223
Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (1999). Stability, change and individual differences in involvement with friends and romantic partners among adolescent females. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 28(4), 419–438. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021612907073 .
doi: 10.1023/A:1021612907073