Expanding the phenotypic and molecular spectrum of RNA polymerase III-related leukodystrophy.

Journal

Neurology. Genetics
ISSN: 2376-7839
Titre abrégé: Neurol Genet
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101671068

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
Jun 2020
Historique:
received: 06 11 2019
accepted: 25 03 2020
entrez: 26 6 2020
pubmed: 26 6 2020
medline: 26 6 2020
Statut: epublish

Résumé

To expand the phenotypic spectrum of severity of POLR3-related leukodystrophy and identify genotype-phenotype correlations through study of patients with extremely severe phenotypes. We performed an international cross-sectional study on patients with genetically proven POLR3-related leukodystrophy and atypical phenotypes to identify 6 children, 3 males and 3 females, with an extremely severe phenotype compared with that typically reported. Clinical, radiologic, and molecular features were evaluated for all patients, and functional and neuropathologic studies were performed on 1 patient. Each patient presented between 1 and 3 months of age with failure to thrive, severe dysphagia, and developmental delay. Four of the 6 children died before age 3 years. MRI of all patients revealed a novel pattern with atypical characteristics, including progressive basal ganglia and thalami abnormalities. Neuropathologic studies revealed patchy areas of decreased myelin in the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord, with astrocytic gliosis in the white matter and microglial activation. Cellular vacuolization was observed in the thalamus and basal ganglia, and neuronal loss was evident in the putamen and caudate. Genotypic similarities were also present between all 6 patients, with one allele containing a We describe genotype-phenotype correlations at the extreme end of severity of the POLR3-related leukodystrophy spectrum and shed light on the complex disease pathophysiology.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1212/NXG.0000000000000425 PMID: 32582862 PMC: PMC7238899
pubmed: 32582862
doi: 10.1212/NXG.0000000000000425
pii: NG2019012377
pmc: PMC7238899
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Pagination

e425

Informations de copyright

Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.

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Auteurs

Stefanie Perrier (S)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.P., L.G., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, K.P., G.B.), McGill University; Child Health and Human Development Program (S.P., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Department of Pediatrics (L.G., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics (L.G.), Division of Neurology, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology (C.F.-B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.K.D.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; Department of Human Genetics (L.T.T., K.G., L.D., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill University (K.P.), Brain Tumour Research Center Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.L.R.), Department of Clinical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Pediatrics (M. Saito), University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside Medical Clinic, CA; Department of Pediatrics (S.C.), Beaver Medical Group, Redlands, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (B.A., T.B.H.), Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (T.B.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.T.-M., F.I.M., N.R.-E.), Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (S.N.) and Department of Neurology (A.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Adult and Paediatric National Metabolic Service (E.G.), Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; and Division of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada.

Laurence Gauquelin (L)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.P., L.G., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, K.P., G.B.), McGill University; Child Health and Human Development Program (S.P., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Department of Pediatrics (L.G., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics (L.G.), Division of Neurology, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology (C.F.-B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.K.D.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; Department of Human Genetics (L.T.T., K.G., L.D., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill University (K.P.), Brain Tumour Research Center Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.L.R.), Department of Clinical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Pediatrics (M. Saito), University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside Medical Clinic, CA; Department of Pediatrics (S.C.), Beaver Medical Group, Redlands, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (B.A., T.B.H.), Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (T.B.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.T.-M., F.I.M., N.R.-E.), Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (S.N.) and Department of Neurology (A.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Adult and Paediatric National Metabolic Service (E.G.), Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; and Division of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada.

Catherine Fallet-Bianco (C)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.P., L.G., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, K.P., G.B.), McGill University; Child Health and Human Development Program (S.P., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Department of Pediatrics (L.G., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics (L.G.), Division of Neurology, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology (C.F.-B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.K.D.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; Department of Human Genetics (L.T.T., K.G., L.D., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill University (K.P.), Brain Tumour Research Center Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.L.R.), Department of Clinical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Pediatrics (M. Saito), University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside Medical Clinic, CA; Department of Pediatrics (S.C.), Beaver Medical Group, Redlands, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (B.A., T.B.H.), Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (T.B.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.T.-M., F.I.M., N.R.-E.), Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (S.N.) and Department of Neurology (A.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Adult and Paediatric National Metabolic Service (E.G.), Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; and Division of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada.
ORCID: 0000-0001-8213-8748

Megan K Dishop (MK)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.P., L.G., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, K.P., G.B.), McGill University; Child Health and Human Development Program (S.P., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Department of Pediatrics (L.G., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics (L.G.), Division of Neurology, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology (C.F.-B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.K.D.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; Department of Human Genetics (L.T.T., K.G., L.D., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill University (K.P.), Brain Tumour Research Center Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.L.R.), Department of Clinical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Pediatrics (M. Saito), University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside Medical Clinic, CA; Department of Pediatrics (S.C.), Beaver Medical Group, Redlands, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (B.A., T.B.H.), Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (T.B.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.T.-M., F.I.M., N.R.-E.), Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (S.N.) and Department of Neurology (A.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Adult and Paediatric National Metabolic Service (E.G.), Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; and Division of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada.

Mackenzie A Michell-Robinson (MA)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.P., L.G., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, K.P., G.B.), McGill University; Child Health and Human Development Program (S.P., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Department of Pediatrics (L.G., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics (L.G.), Division of Neurology, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology (C.F.-B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.K.D.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; Department of Human Genetics (L.T.T., K.G., L.D., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill University (K.P.), Brain Tumour Research Center Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.L.R.), Department of Clinical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Pediatrics (M. Saito), University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside Medical Clinic, CA; Department of Pediatrics (S.C.), Beaver Medical Group, Redlands, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (B.A., T.B.H.), Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (T.B.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.T.-M., F.I.M., N.R.-E.), Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (S.N.) and Department of Neurology (A.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Adult and Paediatric National Metabolic Service (E.G.), Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; and Division of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada.
ORCID: 0000-0001-8712-2665

Luan T Tran (LT)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.P., L.G., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, K.P., G.B.), McGill University; Child Health and Human Development Program (S.P., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Department of Pediatrics (L.G., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics (L.G.), Division of Neurology, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology (C.F.-B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.K.D.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; Department of Human Genetics (L.T.T., K.G., L.D., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill University (K.P.), Brain Tumour Research Center Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.L.R.), Department of Clinical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Pediatrics (M. Saito), University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside Medical Clinic, CA; Department of Pediatrics (S.C.), Beaver Medical Group, Redlands, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (B.A., T.B.H.), Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (T.B.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.T.-M., F.I.M., N.R.-E.), Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (S.N.) and Department of Neurology (A.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Adult and Paediatric National Metabolic Service (E.G.), Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; and Division of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada.

Kether Guerrero (K)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.P., L.G., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, K.P., G.B.), McGill University; Child Health and Human Development Program (S.P., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Department of Pediatrics (L.G., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics (L.G.), Division of Neurology, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology (C.F.-B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.K.D.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; Department of Human Genetics (L.T.T., K.G., L.D., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill University (K.P.), Brain Tumour Research Center Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.L.R.), Department of Clinical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Pediatrics (M. Saito), University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside Medical Clinic, CA; Department of Pediatrics (S.C.), Beaver Medical Group, Redlands, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (B.A., T.B.H.), Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (T.B.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.T.-M., F.I.M., N.R.-E.), Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (S.N.) and Department of Neurology (A.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Adult and Paediatric National Metabolic Service (E.G.), Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; and Division of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada.

Lama Darbelli (L)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.P., L.G., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, K.P., G.B.), McGill University; Child Health and Human Development Program (S.P., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Department of Pediatrics (L.G., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics (L.G.), Division of Neurology, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology (C.F.-B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.K.D.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; Department of Human Genetics (L.T.T., K.G., L.D., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill University (K.P.), Brain Tumour Research Center Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.L.R.), Department of Clinical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Pediatrics (M. Saito), University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside Medical Clinic, CA; Department of Pediatrics (S.C.), Beaver Medical Group, Redlands, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (B.A., T.B.H.), Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (T.B.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.T.-M., F.I.M., N.R.-E.), Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (S.N.) and Department of Neurology (A.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Adult and Paediatric National Metabolic Service (E.G.), Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; and Division of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada.

Myriam Srour (M)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.P., L.G., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, K.P., G.B.), McGill University; Child Health and Human Development Program (S.P., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Department of Pediatrics (L.G., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics (L.G.), Division of Neurology, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology (C.F.-B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.K.D.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; Department of Human Genetics (L.T.T., K.G., L.D., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill University (K.P.), Brain Tumour Research Center Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.L.R.), Department of Clinical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Pediatrics (M. Saito), University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside Medical Clinic, CA; Department of Pediatrics (S.C.), Beaver Medical Group, Redlands, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (B.A., T.B.H.), Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (T.B.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.T.-M., F.I.M., N.R.-E.), Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (S.N.) and Department of Neurology (A.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Adult and Paediatric National Metabolic Service (E.G.), Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; and Division of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada.

Kevin Petrecca (K)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.P., L.G., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, K.P., G.B.), McGill University; Child Health and Human Development Program (S.P., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Department of Pediatrics (L.G., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics (L.G.), Division of Neurology, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology (C.F.-B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.K.D.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; Department of Human Genetics (L.T.T., K.G., L.D., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill University (K.P.), Brain Tumour Research Center Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.L.R.), Department of Clinical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Pediatrics (M. Saito), University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside Medical Clinic, CA; Department of Pediatrics (S.C.), Beaver Medical Group, Redlands, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (B.A., T.B.H.), Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (T.B.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.T.-M., F.I.M., N.R.-E.), Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (S.N.) and Department of Neurology (A.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Adult and Paediatric National Metabolic Service (E.G.), Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; and Division of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada.

Deborah L Renaud (DL)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.P., L.G., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, K.P., G.B.), McGill University; Child Health and Human Development Program (S.P., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Department of Pediatrics (L.G., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics (L.G.), Division of Neurology, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology (C.F.-B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.K.D.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; Department of Human Genetics (L.T.T., K.G., L.D., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill University (K.P.), Brain Tumour Research Center Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.L.R.), Department of Clinical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Pediatrics (M. Saito), University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside Medical Clinic, CA; Department of Pediatrics (S.C.), Beaver Medical Group, Redlands, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (B.A., T.B.H.), Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (T.B.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.T.-M., F.I.M., N.R.-E.), Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (S.N.) and Department of Neurology (A.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Adult and Paediatric National Metabolic Service (E.G.), Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; and Division of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada.

Michael Saito (M)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.P., L.G., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, K.P., G.B.), McGill University; Child Health and Human Development Program (S.P., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Department of Pediatrics (L.G., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics (L.G.), Division of Neurology, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology (C.F.-B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.K.D.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; Department of Human Genetics (L.T.T., K.G., L.D., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill University (K.P.), Brain Tumour Research Center Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.L.R.), Department of Clinical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Pediatrics (M. Saito), University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside Medical Clinic, CA; Department of Pediatrics (S.C.), Beaver Medical Group, Redlands, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (B.A., T.B.H.), Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (T.B.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.T.-M., F.I.M., N.R.-E.), Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (S.N.) and Department of Neurology (A.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Adult and Paediatric National Metabolic Service (E.G.), Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; and Division of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada.

Seth Cohen (S)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.P., L.G., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, K.P., G.B.), McGill University; Child Health and Human Development Program (S.P., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Department of Pediatrics (L.G., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics (L.G.), Division of Neurology, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology (C.F.-B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.K.D.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; Department of Human Genetics (L.T.T., K.G., L.D., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill University (K.P.), Brain Tumour Research Center Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.L.R.), Department of Clinical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Pediatrics (M. Saito), University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside Medical Clinic, CA; Department of Pediatrics (S.C.), Beaver Medical Group, Redlands, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (B.A., T.B.H.), Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (T.B.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.T.-M., F.I.M., N.R.-E.), Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (S.N.) and Department of Neurology (A.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Adult and Paediatric National Metabolic Service (E.G.), Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; and Division of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada.

Steffen Leiz (S)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.P., L.G., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, K.P., G.B.), McGill University; Child Health and Human Development Program (S.P., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Department of Pediatrics (L.G., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics (L.G.), Division of Neurology, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology (C.F.-B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.K.D.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; Department of Human Genetics (L.T.T., K.G., L.D., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill University (K.P.), Brain Tumour Research Center Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.L.R.), Department of Clinical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Pediatrics (M. Saito), University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside Medical Clinic, CA; Department of Pediatrics (S.C.), Beaver Medical Group, Redlands, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (B.A., T.B.H.), Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (T.B.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.T.-M., F.I.M., N.R.-E.), Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (S.N.) and Department of Neurology (A.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Adult and Paediatric National Metabolic Service (E.G.), Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; and Division of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada.

Bader Alhaddad (B)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.P., L.G., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, K.P., G.B.), McGill University; Child Health and Human Development Program (S.P., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Department of Pediatrics (L.G., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics (L.G.), Division of Neurology, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology (C.F.-B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.K.D.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; Department of Human Genetics (L.T.T., K.G., L.D., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill University (K.P.), Brain Tumour Research Center Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.L.R.), Department of Clinical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Pediatrics (M. Saito), University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside Medical Clinic, CA; Department of Pediatrics (S.C.), Beaver Medical Group, Redlands, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (B.A., T.B.H.), Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (T.B.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.T.-M., F.I.M., N.R.-E.), Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (S.N.) and Department of Neurology (A.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Adult and Paediatric National Metabolic Service (E.G.), Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; and Division of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada.
ORCID: 0000-0003-4542-5267

Tobias B Haack (TB)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.P., L.G., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, K.P., G.B.), McGill University; Child Health and Human Development Program (S.P., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Department of Pediatrics (L.G., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics (L.G.), Division of Neurology, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology (C.F.-B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.K.D.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; Department of Human Genetics (L.T.T., K.G., L.D., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill University (K.P.), Brain Tumour Research Center Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.L.R.), Department of Clinical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Pediatrics (M. Saito), University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside Medical Clinic, CA; Department of Pediatrics (S.C.), Beaver Medical Group, Redlands, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (B.A., T.B.H.), Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (T.B.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.T.-M., F.I.M., N.R.-E.), Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (S.N.) and Department of Neurology (A.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Adult and Paediatric National Metabolic Service (E.G.), Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; and Division of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada.

Ingrid Tejera-Martin (I)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.P., L.G., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, K.P., G.B.), McGill University; Child Health and Human Development Program (S.P., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Department of Pediatrics (L.G., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics (L.G.), Division of Neurology, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology (C.F.-B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.K.D.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; Department of Human Genetics (L.T.T., K.G., L.D., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill University (K.P.), Brain Tumour Research Center Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.L.R.), Department of Clinical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Pediatrics (M. Saito), University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside Medical Clinic, CA; Department of Pediatrics (S.C.), Beaver Medical Group, Redlands, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (B.A., T.B.H.), Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (T.B.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.T.-M., F.I.M., N.R.-E.), Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (S.N.) and Department of Neurology (A.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Adult and Paediatric National Metabolic Service (E.G.), Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; and Division of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada.

Fernando I Monton (FI)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.P., L.G., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, K.P., G.B.), McGill University; Child Health and Human Development Program (S.P., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Department of Pediatrics (L.G., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics (L.G.), Division of Neurology, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology (C.F.-B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.K.D.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; Department of Human Genetics (L.T.T., K.G., L.D., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill University (K.P.), Brain Tumour Research Center Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.L.R.), Department of Clinical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Pediatrics (M. Saito), University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside Medical Clinic, CA; Department of Pediatrics (S.C.), Beaver Medical Group, Redlands, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (B.A., T.B.H.), Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (T.B.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.T.-M., F.I.M., N.R.-E.), Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (S.N.) and Department of Neurology (A.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Adult and Paediatric National Metabolic Service (E.G.), Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; and Division of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada.

Norberto Rodriguez-Espinosa (N)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.P., L.G., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, K.P., G.B.), McGill University; Child Health and Human Development Program (S.P., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Department of Pediatrics (L.G., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics (L.G.), Division of Neurology, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology (C.F.-B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.K.D.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; Department of Human Genetics (L.T.T., K.G., L.D., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill University (K.P.), Brain Tumour Research Center Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.L.R.), Department of Clinical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Pediatrics (M. Saito), University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside Medical Clinic, CA; Department of Pediatrics (S.C.), Beaver Medical Group, Redlands, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (B.A., T.B.H.), Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (T.B.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.T.-M., F.I.M., N.R.-E.), Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (S.N.) and Department of Neurology (A.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Adult and Paediatric National Metabolic Service (E.G.), Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; and Division of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada.

Daniela Pohl (D)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.P., L.G., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, K.P., G.B.), McGill University; Child Health and Human Development Program (S.P., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Department of Pediatrics (L.G., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics (L.G.), Division of Neurology, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology (C.F.-B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.K.D.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; Department of Human Genetics (L.T.T., K.G., L.D., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill University (K.P.), Brain Tumour Research Center Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.L.R.), Department of Clinical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Pediatrics (M. Saito), University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside Medical Clinic, CA; Department of Pediatrics (S.C.), Beaver Medical Group, Redlands, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (B.A., T.B.H.), Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (T.B.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.T.-M., F.I.M., N.R.-E.), Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (S.N.) and Department of Neurology (A.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Adult and Paediatric National Metabolic Service (E.G.), Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; and Division of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada.

Savithri Nageswaran (S)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.P., L.G., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, K.P., G.B.), McGill University; Child Health and Human Development Program (S.P., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Department of Pediatrics (L.G., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics (L.G.), Division of Neurology, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology (C.F.-B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.K.D.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; Department of Human Genetics (L.T.T., K.G., L.D., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill University (K.P.), Brain Tumour Research Center Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.L.R.), Department of Clinical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Pediatrics (M. Saito), University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside Medical Clinic, CA; Department of Pediatrics (S.C.), Beaver Medical Group, Redlands, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (B.A., T.B.H.), Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (T.B.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.T.-M., F.I.M., N.R.-E.), Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (S.N.) and Department of Neurology (A.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Adult and Paediatric National Metabolic Service (E.G.), Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; and Division of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada.

Annette Grefe (A)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.P., L.G., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, K.P., G.B.), McGill University; Child Health and Human Development Program (S.P., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Department of Pediatrics (L.G., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics (L.G.), Division of Neurology, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology (C.F.-B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.K.D.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; Department of Human Genetics (L.T.T., K.G., L.D., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill University (K.P.), Brain Tumour Research Center Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.L.R.), Department of Clinical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Pediatrics (M. Saito), University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside Medical Clinic, CA; Department of Pediatrics (S.C.), Beaver Medical Group, Redlands, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (B.A., T.B.H.), Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (T.B.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.T.-M., F.I.M., N.R.-E.), Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (S.N.) and Department of Neurology (A.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Adult and Paediatric National Metabolic Service (E.G.), Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; and Division of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada.

Emma Glamuzina (E)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.P., L.G., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, K.P., G.B.), McGill University; Child Health and Human Development Program (S.P., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Department of Pediatrics (L.G., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics (L.G.), Division of Neurology, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology (C.F.-B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.K.D.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; Department of Human Genetics (L.T.T., K.G., L.D., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill University (K.P.), Brain Tumour Research Center Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.L.R.), Department of Clinical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Pediatrics (M. Saito), University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside Medical Clinic, CA; Department of Pediatrics (S.C.), Beaver Medical Group, Redlands, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (B.A., T.B.H.), Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (T.B.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.T.-M., F.I.M., N.R.-E.), Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (S.N.) and Department of Neurology (A.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Adult and Paediatric National Metabolic Service (E.G.), Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; and Division of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada.

Geneviève Bernard (G)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.P., L.G., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, K.P., G.B.), McGill University; Child Health and Human Development Program (S.P., M.A.M.-R., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre; Department of Pediatrics (L.G., L.T.T., K.G., L.D., M. Srour, G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics (L.G.), Division of Neurology, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pathology (C.F.-B.), CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M.K.D.), Phoenix Children's Hospital, AZ; Department of Human Genetics (L.T.T., K.G., L.D., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; McGill University (K.P.), Brain Tumour Research Center Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Quebec, Canada; Department of Neurology (D.L.R.), Department of Clinical Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Pediatrics (M. Saito), University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside Medical Clinic, CA; Department of Pediatrics (S.C.), Beaver Medical Group, Redlands, CA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (S.L.), Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dritter Orden, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics (B.A., T.B.H.), Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (T.B.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology (I.T.-M., F.I.M., N.R.-E.), Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.P.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Pediatrics (S.N.) and Department of Neurology (A.G.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Adult and Paediatric National Metabolic Service (E.G.), Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand; and Division of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Department of Specialized Medicine, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada.

Classifications MeSH