Dietary Sodium Intake and Sodium Density in the United States: Estimates From NHANES 2005-2006 and 2015-2016.
NHANES
blood pressure
health disparities
hypertension
sodium consumption
sodium density
Journal
American journal of hypertension
ISSN: 1941-7225
Titre abrégé: Am J Hypertens
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 8803676
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
10 09 2020
10 09 2020
Historique:
received:
01
05
2020
accepted:
29
06
2020
pubmed:
4
7
2020
medline:
7
9
2021
entrez:
4
7
2020
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
In the United States, current guidelines recommend a total sodium intake <2,300 mg/day, a guideline which does not consider kilocalorie intake. However, kilocalorie intake varies substantially by age and sex. We hypothesized that compared with sodium density, total sodium intake overestimates adherence to sodium recommendations, especially in adults consuming fewer kilocalories. In the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we estimated the prevalence of adherence to sodium intake recommendations (<2,300 mg/day) and corresponding sodium density intake (<1.1 mg/kcal = 2,300 mg at 2,100 kcal) by sex, age, race/ethnicity, and kilocalorie level. Adherence estimates were compared between the 2005-2006 (n = 5,060) and 2015-2016 (n = 5,266) survey periods. In 2005-2006, 23.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 21.5, 24.9) of the US population consumed <2,300 mg of sodium/day, but only 8.5% (CI: 7.6, 9.4) consumed <1.1 mg/kcal in sodium density. In 2015-2016, these figures were 20.9% (CI: 18.8, 23.2) and 5.1% (CI: 4.4, 6.0), respectively. In 2015-2016, compared with 2005-2006, adherence by sodium density decreased more substantially (odds ratio = 0.59; CI: 0.48, 0.72; P < 0.001) than adherence by total sodium consumption (odds ratio = 0.85; CI: 0.73, 0.98; P = 0.03). The difference in adherence between total sodium and sodium density goals was greater among those with lower kilocalorie intake, namely, older adults, women, and Hispanic adults. Adherence estimated by sodium density is substantially less than adherence estimated by total sodium intake, especially among persons with lower kilocalorie intake. Further efforts to achieve population-wide reduction in sodium density intake are urgently needed.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
In the United States, current guidelines recommend a total sodium intake <2,300 mg/day, a guideline which does not consider kilocalorie intake. However, kilocalorie intake varies substantially by age and sex. We hypothesized that compared with sodium density, total sodium intake overestimates adherence to sodium recommendations, especially in adults consuming fewer kilocalories.
METHODS
In the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we estimated the prevalence of adherence to sodium intake recommendations (<2,300 mg/day) and corresponding sodium density intake (<1.1 mg/kcal = 2,300 mg at 2,100 kcal) by sex, age, race/ethnicity, and kilocalorie level. Adherence estimates were compared between the 2005-2006 (n = 5,060) and 2015-2016 (n = 5,266) survey periods.
RESULTS
In 2005-2006, 23.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 21.5, 24.9) of the US population consumed <2,300 mg of sodium/day, but only 8.5% (CI: 7.6, 9.4) consumed <1.1 mg/kcal in sodium density. In 2015-2016, these figures were 20.9% (CI: 18.8, 23.2) and 5.1% (CI: 4.4, 6.0), respectively. In 2015-2016, compared with 2005-2006, adherence by sodium density decreased more substantially (odds ratio = 0.59; CI: 0.48, 0.72; P < 0.001) than adherence by total sodium consumption (odds ratio = 0.85; CI: 0.73, 0.98; P = 0.03). The difference in adherence between total sodium and sodium density goals was greater among those with lower kilocalorie intake, namely, older adults, women, and Hispanic adults.
CONCLUSIONS
Adherence estimated by sodium density is substantially less than adherence estimated by total sodium intake, especially among persons with lower kilocalorie intake. Further efforts to achieve population-wide reduction in sodium density intake are urgently needed.
Identifiants
pubmed: 32619231
pii: 5867024
doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa104
pmc: PMC7481988
doi:
Substances chimiques
Sodium, Dietary
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
825-830Subventions
Organisme : NIA NIH HHS
ID : P30 AG031679
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIDDK NIH HHS
ID : P30 DK072488
Pays : United States
Organisme : NHLBI NIH HHS
ID : K23 HL135273
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIA NIH HHS
ID : R01 AG051728
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIA NIH HHS
ID : T32 AG023480
Pays : United States
Informations de copyright
© American Journal of Hypertension, Ltd 2020. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.
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