Practice effects vs. transfer effects in the Simon task.
Journal
Psychological research
ISSN: 1430-2772
Titre abrégé: Psychol Res
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 0435062
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Jul 2021
Jul 2021
Historique:
received:
13
03
2019
accepted:
08
07
2020
pubmed:
10
8
2020
medline:
31
7
2021
entrez:
10
8
2020
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
The Simon effect refers to the fact that, even though stimulus position is task-irrelevant, responses to a task-relevant stimulus dimension are faster and more accurate when the stimulus and response spatially correspond than when they do not. Although the Simon effect is a very robust phenomenon, it is modulated by practice or transfer from previous tasks. Practice refers to the modulation of the Simon effect as a function of number of trials. Transfer refers to the modulation of the Simon effect as a function of preceding tasks. The aim of the present study is to disentangle the role of practice and transfer in modulating the Simon effect and to investigate whether such modulation can be extended to a different response modality. Three experiments were conducted, which included three sessions: the Baseline session, the Inducer session and the Diagnostic session. The task performed in the Baseline and the Diagnostic sessions were comprised of location-irrelevant trials (i.e., they were Simon tasks). The task performed in the Inducer session required performing location-relevant trials (i.e., it was a spatial compatibility task with a compatible or an incompatible stimulus-response mapping). In the first and third experiments, participants were required to respond manually in all sessions. In the second experiment, the task performed in the Inducer session required manual response, while in the Baseline and Diagnostic sessions the tasks required ocular response. Results showed a reduced-Diagnostic Simon effect after both compatible and incompatible mapping in the Inducer session, regardless of whether response modality was the same or different. These results support the notion that the practice effect prevails over the transfer effect.
Identifiants
pubmed: 32770264
doi: 10.1007/s00426-020-01386-1
pii: 10.1007/s00426-020-01386-1
pmc: PMC8289792
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1955-1969Informations de copyright
© 2020. The Author(s).
Références
Altoè, G. (2014). Approccio bayesiano e replica dei risultati: La dignità dell’ipotesi nulla. Giornale Italiano di Psicologia., 41, 55–60.
Buetti, S., & Kerzel, D. (2010). Effects of saccades and response type on the Simon effect: If you look at the stimulus, the Simon effect may be gone. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology., 63, 2172–2189.
doi: 10.1080/17470211003802434
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
D’Ascenzo, S., Iani, C., Guidotti, R., Laeng, B., & Rubichi, S. (2016). Practice-induced and sequential modulations in the Simon task: Evidence from pupil dilation. International Journal of Psychophysiology., 110, 187–193.
pubmed: 27503609
doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.08.002
D’Ascenzo, S., Lugli, L., Baroni, G., Guidotti, R., Rubichi, S., Iani, C., et al. (2018). Visual versus auditory Simon effect: A behavioural and physiological investigation. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology., 71(4), 917–930. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1307429 .
doi: 10.1080/17470218.2017.1307429
De Jong, R., Liang, C.-C., & Lauber, E. (1994). Conditional and unconditional automaticity: A dual-process model of effects of spatial stimulus–response correspondence. Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance., 20, 731–750. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.20.4.731 .
doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.20.4.731
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175–191.
pubmed: 17695343
pmcid: 17695343
doi: 10.3758/BF03193146
Hallett, P. E. (1978). Primary and secondary saccades to goals defined by instructions. Vision Research, 18, 1279–1296.
pubmed: 726270
doi: 10.1016/0042-6989(78)90218-3
Hedge, A., & Marsh, N. W. A. (1975). The effect of irrelevant spatial correspondences on two-choice response time. Acta Psychologica., 39, 427–439.
pubmed: 1199779
doi: 10.1016/0001-6918(75)90041-4
Hommel, B., & Prinz, W. (1997). Theoretical Issues on Stimulus-Response Compatibility. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Iani, C., Rubichi, S., Gherri, E., & Nicoletti, R. (2009). Co-occurrence of sequential and practice effects in the Simon task: Evidence for two independent mechanisms affecting response selection. Memory & Cognition., 37, 358–367.
doi: 10.3758/MC.37.3.358
Khalid, S., & Ansorge, U. (2013). The Simon effect of spatial words in eye movements: Comparison of vertical and horizontal effects and of eye and finger responses. Vision Research., 86, 6–14.
pubmed: 23597583
doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2013.04.001
Kingstone, A., & Praat, J. (1999). Inhibition of return is composed of attentional and oculomotor processes. Perception & Psychophysics, 61, 1046–1054.
doi: 10.3758/BF03207612
Kornblum, S., Hasbroucq, T., & Osman, A. (1990). Dimensional overlap: cognitive basis for stimulus-response compatibility: A model and taxonomy. Psychological Review., 97, 253–270. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.97.2.253 .
pubmed: 2186425
doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.97.2.253
Kornblum, S., Stevens, G. T., Whipple, A., & Requin, J. (1999). The effects of irrelevant stimuli: 1. The time course of stimulus–stimulus and stimulus–response consistency effects with Stroop-like stimuli, Simon-like tasks, and their factorial combinations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 25(3), 688–714. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.25.3.688 .
doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.25.3.688
Loftus, G. R., & Masson, M. E. J. (1994). Using confidence intervals in within-subject designs. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1(4), 476–490.
doi: 10.3758/BF03210951
Lugli, L., Baroni, G., Nicoletti, R., & Umiltà, C. A. (2016). The Simon effect with saccadic eye movements. Experimental Psychology., 63, 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000319 .
pubmed: 27221601
doi: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000319
Lugli, L., D’Ascenzo, S., Nicoletti, R., & Umiltà, C. (2017). The Role of Visual Distractors in the Simon Effect. Experimental Psychology., 64, 387–397. https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000382 .
pubmed: 29268675
doi: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000382
Lugli, L., Iani, C., Milanese, N., Sebanz, N., & Rubichi, S. (2015). Spatial parameters at the basis of social transfer of learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance., 41, 840–849.
pubmed: 25867503
Lugli, L., Iani, C., Nicoletti, R., & Rubichi, S. (2013). Emergence of the go/no-go Simon effect by means of practice and mixing paradigms. Acta Psychologica., 144, 19–24.
pubmed: 23743341
doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.04.021
Marble, J. G., & Proctor, R. W. (2000). Mixing location-relevant and location-irrelevant choice–reaction tasks: Influences of location mapping on the Simon effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance., 26, 1515–1533.
pubmed: 11039482
Olk, B., & Kingstone, A. (2003). Why are antisaccades slower than prosaccades? A novel finding using a new paradigm. NeuroReport, 14, 151–155.
pubmed: 12544848
doi: 10.1097/00001756-200301200-00028
Prinz, W., Aschersleben, G., Hommel, B., & Vogt, S. (1995). Handlungen als Ereignisse [Actions as events]. In D. Dorner & E. van der Meer (Eds.), Gedachtnis: Trends. Probleme, Perspektiven (pp. 129–168). Gottingen: Hogrefe.
Proctor, R. W., & Lu, C. H. (1994). Referential coding and attention-shifting accounts of the Simon effect. Psychological Research Psychologische Forschung, 56, 185–195.
pubmed: 8008781
doi: 10.1007/BF00419706
Proctor, R. W., & Lu, C. H. (1999). Processing irrelevant location information: Practice and transfer effects in choice-reaction tasks. Memory & Cognition., 27, 63–77. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03201214 .
doi: 10.3758/BF03201214
Proctor, R. W., Marble, J. G., & Vu, K. P. L. (2000). Mixing incompatibly mapped location-relevant trials with location-irrelevant trials: Effects of stimulus mode on the reverse Simon effect. Psychological Research Psychologische Forschung, 64, 11–24.
pubmed: 11109864
doi: 10.1007/s004260000041
Proctor, R. W., & Vu, K. P. L. (2006). Stimulus-Response Compatibility Principle: Data, Theory, and Application. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis.
doi: 10.1201/9780203022795
Proctor, R. W., Yamaguchi, M., Zhang, Y., & Vu, K.-P. L. (2009). Influence of visual stimulus mode on transfer of acquired spatial associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition., 35(2), 434–445.
pubmed: 19271857
Rubichi, S., Gherri, E., Nicoletti, R., & Umiltà, C. (2005). Modulation of the vertical Simon effect in two-dimensional tasks: The effect of learning. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology., 17, 686–694. https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440540000040 .
doi: 10.1080/09541440540000040
Rubichi, S., Vu, K., Nicoletti, R., & Proctor, R. (2006). Two-dimensional spatial coding. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review., 13, 201–216. .
doi: 10.3758/BF03193832
Salzer, Y., Aisenberg, D., Oron-Gilad, T., & Henik, A. (2013). In touch with the Simon effect. Experimental Psychology., 61, 165–179. https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000236 .
doi: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000236
Simon, J. R. (1990). The effects of an irrelevant directional cue on human information processing. In R. W. Proctor & T. G. Reeve (Eds.), Stimulus-Response Compatibility: An Integrated Perspective (pp. 31–86). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Simon, J. R., & Rudell, A. P. (1967). Auditory S-R compatibility: The effect of an irrelevant cue on information processing. Journal of Applied Psychology., 51, 300–304. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0020586 .
doi: 10.1037/h0020586
Simon, J. R., Craft, J. L., & Webster, J. B. (1973). Reactions toward the stimulus source: Analysis of correct responses and errors over a five-day period. Journal of Experimental Psychology., 101, 175–178.
pubmed: 4759634
doi: 10.1037/h0035766
Soetens, E., Maetens, K., & Zeischka, P. (2010). Practice-induced and sequential modulations of the Simon effect. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics., 72, 895–911. https://doi.org/10.3758/APP.72.4.895 .
doi: 10.3758/APP.72.4.895
Tagliabue, M., Zorzi, M., & Umiltà, C. (2002). Cross-modal re-mapping influences the Simon effect. Memory & Cognition., 30, 18–23.
doi: 10.3758/BF03195261
Tagliabue, M., Zorzi, M., Umiltà, C., & Bassignani, F. (2000). The role of long-term memory and short-term memory links in the Simon effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception and Performance., 26, 648–670. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.26.2.648 .
pubmed: 10811168
doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.26.2.648
Treccani, B., Milanese, N., & Umiltà, C. (2010). Influence on Simon and SNARC effects of a nonspatial stimulus-response mapping: Between-task logical recoding. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance., 36, 1239–1254.
pubmed: 20731514
Treccani, B., Ronconi, L., & Umiltà, C. (2017). Role of stimulus and response feature overlap in between-task logical recoding. Psychological Research Psychologische Forschung, 81, 57–167.
doi: 10.1007/s00426-015-0728-z
Umiltà, C., Rubichi, S., & Nicoletti, R. (1999). Facilitation and interference components in the Simon effect. Archives Italiennes de Biologie., 137, 139–149.
pubmed: 10349492
Vallesi, A., Mapelli, D., Schiff, S., Amodio, P., & Umiltà, C. (2005). Horizontal and vertical Simon effect: Different underlying mechanisms? Cognition, 96, B33–B43.
pubmed: 15833304
doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2004.11.009
Verghese, A., Mattingley, J. B., Palmer, P. E., & Dux, P. E. (2017). From eyes to hands: Transfer of learning in the Simon task across motor effectors. Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics., 17, 1–18.
Vu, K. P. L. (2007). Influences on the Simon effect of prior practice with spatially incompatible mappings: Transfer within and between horizontal and vertical dimensions. Memory & Cognition., 35(6), 1463–1471.
doi: 10.3758/BF03193616
Vu, K. P. L., Proctor, R. W., & Pick, D. F. (2000). Horizontal versus vertical compatibility: Right–left prevalence with bimanual responses. Psychological Research Psychologische Forschung, 64, 25–40.
pubmed: 11109865
doi: 10.1007/s004260000035
Vu, K.-P. L., Proctor, R. W., & Urcuioli, P. (2003). Transfer effects of incompatible location-relevant mappings on a subsequent visual or auditory Simon task. Memory & Cognition., 31, 1146–1152. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196135 .
doi: 10.3758/BF03196135
Wagenmakers, E. J. (2007). A practical solution to the pervasive problems of p values. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review., 14, 779–804.
doi: 10.3758/BF03194105
Wang, L., & Weekes, B. (2014). Neural correlates of the Simon effect modulated by practice with spatial mapping. Neuropsychologia., 63, 72–84.
pubmed: 25173713
doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.019
Wascher, E., Schatz, U., Kuder, T., & Verleger, R. (2001). Validity and boundary conditions of automatic response activation in the Simon task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 27, 731–751. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.27.3.731 .
pubmed: 11424658
doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.27.3.731
Weeks, D. J., Proctor, R. W., & Beyak, B. (1995). Stimulus–response compatibility for vertically oriented stimuli and horizontally oriented responses: Evidence for spatial coding. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology., 48A, 367–383.
doi: 10.1080/14640749508401395
Winer, B. J. (1971). Statistical principles in experimental design: Design and analysis of factorial experiments. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Wühr, P. (2006). The Simon effect in vocal responses. Acta Psychologica., 121, 210–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2004.12.003 .
pubmed: 16321353
doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2004.12.003
Wühr, P., & Ansorge, U. (2005). Exploring trial-by-trial modulations of the Simon effect. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology., 58A, 705–731. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724980443000269 .
doi: 10.1080/02724980443000269
Yamaguchi, M., & Proctor, R. W. (2009). Transfer of learning in choice reactions: Contributions of specific and general components of manual responses. Acta Psychologica., 130, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.09.008 .
pubmed: 18952202
doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.09.008
Yamaguchi, M., Chen, J., & Proctor, R. W. (2015). Transfer of learning in choice reactions: The roles of stimulus type, response mode, and set-level compatibility. Memory & Cognition., 43, 825–836.
doi: 10.3758/s13421-015-0518-2