A holistic assessment of water quality condition and spatiotemporal patterns in impounded lakes along the eastern route of China's South-to-North water diversion project.

Water quality is one of the key determinants for assessing effectiveness and success of water diversions, but rarely studied at a spatial scale that crosses large river basins. Multiple statistical methods and the water quality index (WQI) were used to assess overall condition and detect spatiotemporal patterns of water quality in a series of impounded lakes along the Eastern Route of China's South-to-North Water Diversion Project. Principal components analysis and analysis of variances identified three groups with distinct water quality characteristics: upstream Gaoyou Lake and Hongze Lake showing relatively higher nutrients, turbidity, and total suspended solids; downstream Dongping lake and Donghu Lake showing higher conductivity, total hardness, and chloride; and Luoma Lake and Nansi Lake intermediate between the two former groups. The WQI indicated overall "Good" water quality with an improving trend from upstream to downstream lakes. The upstream Gaoyou Lake had over 55% of the monitoring sites with "Moderate" water quality in all the seasons. Management should focus on preventing high nitrogen, phosphorus, turbidity, and total suspended solids in upstream lakes, high chloride in downstream lakes, high nitrogen during water diversion seasons, and high phosphorus during non-water diversion seasons. These findings greatly improved our understanding of the spatiotemporal water quality patterns of the impounded lakes, and can be used to develop water quality management strategies. This study exemplifies a methodology for investigating and securing water quality for inter-basin water transfer projects.

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Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare there is no competing interest.