Bioactive Natural Small Molecule-Tuned Coassembly of Photosensitive Drugs for Highly Efficient Synergistic and Enhanced Type I Photochemotherapy.

Self-assembling natural small molecules (NSMs) with favorable anticancer activity are of increasing interest as novel drug delivery platforms without structural modification for biomedical applications. However, a lack of knowledge and practicability of NSMs as drug carriers limited their current biomedical application. Here, via a green and facile supramolecular coassembly strategy, we report and develop a series of carrier-free terpenoid natural small molecule-mediated coassembled photosensitive drugs for enhanced and synergistic chemo/photodynamic therapy. After screening 17 terpenoid NSMs, we identified 11 compounds that could form coassembled NSMs-Ce6 NPs with regulatable drug sizes. Analysis of the representative betulonic acid (BC)-mediated nano-coassemblies (BC-Ce6 NPs) reveals the high efficiency of the coassembly strategy and highlights the tremendous potential of NSMs as novel drug delivery platforms. Through molecular dynamics simulation and theoretical calculations, we elucidate the mystery of the coassembly process, indicating that the linear coplanar arrangement of BC dimeric units is primarily responsible for the formation of rod-like or spherical morphology. Meanwhile, we demonstrated that the reduced energy gap between the singlet and triplet excited states (Δ