The Effectiveness of Collaborative Augmented Reality in Gross Anatomy Teaching: A Quantitative and Qualitative Pilot Study.
Gross anatomy education
assessment
augmented reality
novel teaching modalities
outcomes
spatial understanding
team-based learning
undergraduate education
Journal
Anatomical sciences education
ISSN: 1935-9780
Titre abrégé: Anat Sci Educ
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101392205
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Sep 2021
Sep 2021
Historique:
revised:
20
08
2020
received:
28
11
2019
accepted:
29
08
2020
pubmed:
7
9
2020
medline:
16
10
2021
entrez:
6
9
2020
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
In the context of gross anatomy education, novel augmented reality (AR) systems have the potential to serve as complementary pedagogical tools and facilitate interactive, student-centered learning. However, there is a lack of AR systems that enable multiple students to engage in collaborative, team-based learning environments. This article presents the results of a pilot study in which first-year medical students (n = 16) had the opportunity to work with such a collaborative AR system during a full-day gross anatomy seminar. Student performance in an anatomy knowledge test, conducted after an extensive group learning session, increased significantly compared to a pre-test in both the experimental group working with the collaborative AR system (P < 0.01) and in the control group working with traditional anatomy atlases and three-dimensional (3D) models (P < 0.01). However, no significant differences were found between the test results of both groups. While the experienced mental effort during the collaborative learning session was considered rather high (5.13 ± 2.45 on a seven-point Likert scale), both qualitative and quantitative feedback during a survey as well as the results of a System Usability Scale (SUS) questionnaire (80.00 ± 13.90) outlined the potential of the collaborative AR system for increasing students' 3D understanding of topographic anatomy and its advantages over comparable AR systems for single-user experiences. Overall, these outcomes show that collaborative AR systems such as the one evaluated within this work stimulate interactive, student-centered learning in teams and have the potential to become an integral part of a modern, multi-modal anatomy curriculum.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
590-604Subventions
Organisme : Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
ID : FA 1138/4-1
Informations de copyright
© 2020 The Authors. Anatomical Sciences Education published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Association of Anatomy.
Références
Adams H, Shinn J, Morrel WG, Noble J, Bodenheimer B. 2019. Development and evaluation of an immersive virtual reality system for medical imaging of the ear. In: Fei B, Linte CA (Editors). Proceedings of the SPIE 2019 Conference: Medical Imaging 2019. Image-Guided Procedures, Robotic Interventions, and Modeling. Volume 10951; San Diego, CA, 2019 February 16-21. ID 1095111. International Society for Optics and Photonics, Bellingham, WA.
Akçayır M, Akçayır G. 2017. Advantages and challenges associated with augmented reality for education: A systematic review of the literature. Educ Res Rev 20:1-11.
Anand MK, Singel TC. 2014. A comparative study of learning with “Anatomage” virtual dissection table versus traditional dissection method in neuroanatomy. Ind J Clin Anat Physiol 4:177-180.
Azuma R. 1997. A survey of augmented reality. Presence Teleop Virt Environ 6:355-385.
Azuma R, Baillot Y, Behringer R, Feiner S, Julier S, MacIntyre B. 2001. Recent advances in augmented reality. IEEE Comp Graph 21:34-47.
Bacca J, Baldiris S, Fabregat R, Graf S, Kinshuk K. 2014. Augmented reality trends in education: A Systematic review of research and applications. Educ Technol Soc 17:133-149.
Battulga B, Konishi T, Tamura Y, Moriguchi H. 2012. The effectiveness of an interactive 3-dimensional computer graphics model for medical education. Interact J Med Res 1:e2.
Bauer A, Neog DR, Dicko AH, Pai DK, Faure F, Palombi O, Troccaz J. 2017. Anatomical augmented reality with 3D commodity tracking and image-space alignment. Comput Graph 69:140-153.
Billinghurst M, Clark A, Lee G. 2015. A survey of augmented reality. Found Trends Hum Comput Interact 8:73-272.
Billinghurst M, Duenser A. 2012. Augmented reality in the classroom. Computer 45:56-63.
Billinghurst M, Kato H. 1999. Collaborative mixed reality. In: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Mixed Reality (ISMR 1999): Mixed Reality - Merging Real and Virtual Worlds; Yokohama, Japan, 1999 March 9-11. p 261-284. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Piscataway, NJ.
Bimber O, Raskar R. 2006. Modern approaches to augmented reality. In: Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques Conference (SIGGRAPH 2006); Boston, MA, 2006 July 30-August 3. TR2006-105. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), New York, NY.
Birt J, Stromberga Z, Cowling M, Moro C. 2018. Mobile mixed reality for experimental learning and simulation in medical and health sciences education. Information 9:31.
Bloom BS(Editor). 1956. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. Handbook 1: Cognitive Domain. 1st Ed. New York, NY: David McKay Co, Inc. 201 p.
Blum T, Kleeberger V, Bichlmeier C, Navab N. 2012. Mirracle: An augmented reality Magic Mirror system for anatomy education. In: Proceedings of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Virtual Reality Workshop (VRW); Costa Mesa, CA, 2012 March 4-8. p 115-116. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Piscataway, NJ.
Bork F, Barmaki R, Eck U, Fallavollita P, Fuerst B, Navab N. 2017a. Exploring non-reversing Magic Mirrors for screen-based augmented reality systems. In: Proceedings of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) virtual reality (VR) Conference (IEEE VR 2017); Los Angeles, CA, 2017 March 18-22. p 373-374. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Piscataway, NJ.
Bork F, Barmaki R, Eck U, Yu K, Sandor C, Navab N. 2017b. Empirical study of non-reversing Magic Mirrors for augmented reality anatomy learning. In Proceedings of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR 2017); Nantes, France, 2017 October 9-13. p 169-176. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Piscataway, NJ.
Bork F, Lehner A, Kugelmann D, Eck U, Waschke J, Navab N. 2019b. VesARlius: An augmented reality system for large-group co-located anatomy learning. In: Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality Adjunct (ISMAR-Adjunct 2019); Beijing, China, 2019 October 14-18. p 122-123. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Piscataway, NJ.
Bork F, Stratmann L, Enssle S, Eck U, Navab N, Waschke J, Kugelmann D. 2019a. The benefits of an augmented reality magic mirror system for integrated radiology teaching in gross anatomy. Anat Sci Educ 12:585-598.
Brooke J. 1996. SUS: A “quick and dirty” usability scale. In: Jordan PW, Thomas B, Weerdmeester BA, McClelland AL (Editors). Usability Evaluation in Industry. 1st Ed. London, UK: Taylor & Francis. p 189-194.
Bühner M. 2011. Einführung in die Test- und Fragebogenkonstruktion. 3rd Ed. Munich, Germany: Pearson Deutschland GmbH. 642 p.
Chen YC. 2008. Peer learning in an AR-based learning environment. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computers in Education (ICCE 2008); Taipei, Taiwan, 2008 October 27-31. p 291-295. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Piscataway, NJ.
Cheng KH. 2017. Reading an augmented reality book: An exploration of learners' cognitive load, motivation, and attitudes. Australas J Educ Technol 33:53-69.
Cheng KH, Tsai CC. 2013. Affordances of augmented reality in science learning: Suggestions for future research. J Sci Educ Technol 22:449-462.
Chien CH, Chen CH, Jeng TS. 2010. An interactive augmented reality system for learning anatomy structure. In: Ao SI, Castillo O, Douglas C, Feng DD, Lee JA (Editors). Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists (IMECS 2010); Volume 1; Hong Kong, PR China, 2010 March 17-19. p 370-375. International Association of Engineers: Hong Kong, PR China.
Chittano L, Ranon R. 2007. Web3D technologies in learning, education and training: Motivations, issues, opportunities. Comput Educ 40:3-18.
Cook M, Payne A, Seo JH, Pine M, McLaughlin T. 2019. InNervate AR: Dynamic interaction system for motor nerve anatomy education in augmented reality. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (HCII 2019); Orlando, FL, 2019 July 26-31. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), New York, NY.
Delello JA, McWorther RP, Camp KM. 2015. Integrating augmented reality in higher education: A multidisciplinary study of student perceptions. J Educ Multimedia Hypermedia 24:209-233.
Diegmann P, Schmidt-Kraepelin M, van den Eynden S, Basten D. 2015. Benefits of augmented reality in educational environments - A systematic literature review. In: Thomas O, Teuteberg F (Editors). Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI 2015); Osnabrück, Germany, 2015 March 4-6. p 1542-1556. Association for Information Systems, Atlanta, GA.
Dixit I, Prakitpong R, Blumer P, He E, Jeong E, Kim J, Oh J, Ghomi M, Krebs C, Cerron D. 2019. The pocket pelvis: Developing an augmented reality app for better understanding of pelvis anatomy. FASEB J 33:S444.6.
Drake RL, Vogl AW, Mitchell AW, Tibbitts RM, Richardson PE. 2014. Gray's Atlas of Anatomy. 2nd Ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Health Sciences. 640 p.
Dunleavy M, Dede C, Mitchell R. 2009. Affordances and limitations of immersive participatory augmented reality simulations for teaching and learning. J Sci Educ Technol 18:7-22.
Estai M, Bunt S. 2016. Best teaching practices in anatomy education: A critical review. Ann Anat 208:151-157.
Evans DJ, Cuffe T. 2009. Near-peer teaching in anatomy: An approach for deeper learning. Anat Sci Educ 2:227-233.
Fairén González M, Farrés M, Moyes Ardiaca J, Insa E. 2017. Virtual Reality to teach anatomy. In: Proceedings of the 38 Annual Conference of the European Association for Computer Graphics (Eurographics 2017); Lyon, France, 2017 April 24-28. p 51-58. European Association for Computer Graphics (Eurographics), Geneva, Switzerland.
Foo JL, Martinet-Escobar M, Juhnke B, Cassidy K, Hisley K, Lobe T, Winer E. 2013. Evaluating mental workload of two-dimensional and three-dimensional visualization for anatomical structure localization. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 23:65-70.
Fyfe S, Fyfe G, Dye D, Radley-Crabb H. 2018. The Anatomage table: Differences in student ratings between initial implementation and established use. Focus Health Prof Educ 19:41-52.
Ganis G, Kievit R. 2015. A new set of three-dimensional shapes for investigating mental rotation processes: Validation data and stimulus set. J Open Psychol Data 3:e3.
Garg AX, Normal G, Sperotable L. 2001. How medical students learn spatial ability. Lancet 357:364.
Hackett M, Proctor M. 2016. Three-dimensional display technologies for anatomical education: A literature review. J Sci Educ Tech 25:641-654.
Hackett M, Proctor M. 2018. The effect of autostereoscopic holograms on anatomical knowledge: A randomised trial. Med Educ 52:1147-1155.
Hanna MG, Ishtiaque A, Nine J, Prajapati S, Pantanowith L. 2018. Augmented reality technology using Microsoft HoloLens in anatomic pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 142:638-644.
Henssen DJ, van der Heuvel L, De Jong G, Vorstenbosch MA, van Cappellen van Walsum AM, Van den Hurk MM, Kolos JG,Bartels RH. 2020. Neuroanatomy learning: Augmented reality vs. cross-sections. Anat Sci Educ 13:353-365.
Hollenberg S. 2016. Fragebögen - Fundierte Konstruktion, sachgerechte Anwendung und aussagekräftige Auswertung. 1st Ed. Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer-Verlag. 43 p.
Holman P, Bodnar T, Ghomi M, Choi R, Moukhles H, Krebs C. 2019. 3D neuroanatomy: Using the HoloLens for an augmented reality approach in neuroanatomy education. FASEB J 32:S25.3.
Huang HM, Rauch U, Liaw WW. 2010. Investigating learners' attitudes toward virtual reality learning environments: Based on a constructivist approach. Comput Educ 55:1171-1182.
Huitt TW, Killins A, Brooks WS. 2015. Team-based learning in the gross anatomy laboratory improves academic performance and students' attitudes toward teamwork. Anac Sci Educ 8:95-103.
Jain N, Youngblood P, Hasel M, Srivastava S. 2017. An augmented reality tool for learning spatial anatomy on mobile devices. Clin Anat 30:736-741.
Jamali SS, Shiratuddin MF, Wong KW, Oskam CL. 2015. Utilising mobile-augmented reality for learning human anatomy. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 197:659-668.
John NW, Phillips NI, ap Cenydd L, Pop SR, Coope D, Kamaly-Asl I, de Souza C, Watt SJ. 2016. The use of stereoscopy in a neurosurgery training virtual environment. Presence 25:289-298.
Kamphuis C, Barsom E, Schijven M, Christoph N. 2014. Augmented reality in medical education? Perspect Med Educ 3:300-311.
Khalid F, Ali AI, Ali RR, Bhatti MS. 2019. AREd: Anatomy learning using augmented reality application. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET), Lahore, Pakistan, 2019 February 21-22. p 1-6. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Piscataway, NJ.
Korf HW, Wicht H, Snipes RL, Timmermans JP, Paulsen F, Rune G, Baumgart-Vogt E. 2008. The dissection course - Necessary and indispensable for teaching anatomy to medical students. Ann Anat 190:16-22.
Küçük S, Kapakin S, Göktaş Y. 2016. Learning anatomy via mobile augmented reality: Effects on achievement and cognitive load. Anat Sci Educ 9:411-421.
Kugelmann D, Stratmann L, Nuehlen N, Bork F, Hoffmann S, Samarbarksh G, Pferschy A, von der Heide AM, Eimannsberger A, Fallavollita P, Navab N, Waschke J. 2018. An augmented reality magic mirror as additive teaching device for gross anatomy. Ann Anat 215:71-77.
Kurniawan MH, Suharjito D, Witjaksono G. 2018. Human anatomy learning systems using augmented reality on mobile application. Procedia Comput Sci 135:80-88.
Kyaw BM, Saxena N, Posadzki P, Vseteckova J, Nikolaou CK, George PP, Divakar U, Masiello I, Kononowicz AA, Zary N, Car LT. 2019. Virtual reality for health professions education: Systematic review and meta-analysis by the digital health education collaboration. J Med Internet Res 21:e12959.
Lao J, Gonzales S, Burbidge D, Dombou C, Salama M, Zeroual M, Désilets M, Fallavollita P. 2019. A mixed reality technology as a supplemental learning tool of the cardiovascular system. Can Med Biol Eng Soc Proc 42:1-3.
Lee EA, Wong KW. 2008. A review of using virtual reality for learning. In: Pan Z, Cheok AD, Müller W (Editors). Transactions on Edutainmaint I. 1st Ed. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. p 231-241.
Lee EA, Wong KW. 2014. Learning with desktop virtual reality: Low spatial ability learners are more positively affected. Comput Educ 79:49-58.
Lufler RS, Zumwalt AC, Romney CA, Hoagland TM. 2012. Effect on visual-spatial ability on medical students' performance in gross anatomy course. Anat Sci Educ 5:3-9.
Ma M, Fallavollita P, Blum T, Eck U, Sandor C, Weidert S, Waschke J, Navab N. 2013. Kinect for interactive AR anatomy learning. In: Proceedings of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR 2013), Adelaide, SA, Australia; 2013 October 1-4. p 277-278. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Piscataway, NJ.
Ma M, Fallavollita F, Seelbach I, von der Heide AM, Euler E, Waschke J, Navab N. 2016b. Personalized augmented reality for anatomy education. Clin Anat 29:446-453.
Ma M, Jutzi P, Bork F, Seelbach I, von der Heide AM, Navab N, Fallavollita P. 2016a. Interactive mixed reality for muscle structure and function learning. In: Zheng G, Liao H, Jannin P, Cattin F, Lee SL (Editors). Medical Imaging and Augmented Reality: 7th International Conference, MIAR 2016 Bern, Switzerland, August 14-27, 2016 Proceedings. 1st Ed. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. p 117-128.
Manrique-Juan C, Grostieta-Dominguez ZV, Rojas-Ruiz R, Alencastre-Miranda M, Muñoz-Gómez L, Silva-Muñoz C. 2017. A portable augmented-reality anatomy learning system using a depth camera in real time. Am Biol Teach 79:176-183.
Maresky HS, Oikonomou A, Ali I, Ditkofsky N, Pakkal M, Ballyk B. 2018. Virtual reality and cardiac anatomy: Exploring immersive three-dimensional cardiac imaging, a pilot study in undergraduate medical anatomy education. Clin Anat 32:238-243.
Marks S, White D, Singh M. 2017. Getting up your nose: A virtual reality education tool for nasal cavity anatomy. In: Proceedings of the Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH Asia 2017) Symposium on Education; Bangkok, Thailand, 2017 November 27-30. Art 1. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), New York, NY.
Martín-Gutiérrez J, Fabiani P, Benesova W, Dolores M, Mora CE. 2015. Augmented reality to promote collaborative and autonomous learning in higher education. Comput Hum Behav 51:752-761.
Masuoka Y, Morikawa H, Kawai T, Nakagohri T. 2019. Use of smartphone-based head-mounted display devices to view a three-dimensional dissection model in a virtual reality environment: Pilot questionnaire study. JMIR Med Educ 5:e11921.
Michalski C, Cowan M, Bohinsky J, Dickerson R, James B, Plochocki JH. 2019. Visualization of heart electrocardiographic activity using a mixed reality system. FASEB J 33:S444.22.
Moro C, Štromberga Z, Raikos A, Stirling A. 2017. The effectiveness of virtual and augmented reality in health sciences and medical anatomy. Anat Sci Educ 10:549-559.
Naeger DM, Conrad M, Nguyen J, Kohi MP, Webb EM. 2013. Students teaching students: Evaluation of a “near-peer” teaching experience. Acad Radiol 20:1177-1182.
Nelson AJ, Nelson SV, Linn AM, Raw LE, Kildea HB, Tonkin AL. 2013. Tomorrow's educators…today? Implementing near-peer teaching for medical students. Med Teach 35:156-159.
Nieder GL, Parmelee DX, Stolfi A, Hudes PD. 2005. Team-based learning in a medical gross anatomy and embryology course. Clin Anat 18:56-63.
Owen AM, Ward-Smith P. 2014. Collaborative learning in nursing simulation: Near-peer teaching using standardized patients. J Nurs Educ 54:170-173.
Paas FG. 1992. Training strategies for attaining transfer of problem-solving skill in statistics: A cognitive-load approach. J Educ Psych 84:429-434.
Paech D, Giesel FL, Unterhinninghofen R, Schlemmer HP, Kuner T, Doll S. 2017. Cadaver-specific CT scans visualized at the dissection table combined with virtual dissection tables improve learning performance in general gross anatomy. Eur Radiol 27:2153-2160.
Paech D, Klopries K, Doll S, Nawrotzki R, Schlemmer HP, Giesel FL, Kuner T. 2018. Contrast-enhanced cadaver-specific computed tomography in gross anatomy teaching. Anat Sci Educ 28:2838-2844.
Pan Z, Cheok AD, Yang H, Zhu J, Shi J. 2006. Virtual reality and mixed reality for virtual learning environments. Comput Graph 30:20-28.
Paulsen F, Waschke J. 2011. Sobotta, Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen Band 1: Allgemeine Anatomie und Bewegungsapparat. 23 Ed. Munich, Germany: Elsevier GmbH, Urban & Fischer Verlag. 416 p.
Phillips AW, Eason H, Straus CM. 2018. Student and recent graduate perspectives on radiological imaging instruction during basic anatomy courses. Anat Sci Educ 11:25-31.
Phon DN, Ali MB, Halim ND. 2014. Collaborative augmented reality in education: A review. In: Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) International Conference on Teaching and Learning in Computing and Engineering; Kuching, Malaysia, 2014 April 11-13. p 78-83. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Piscataway, NJ.
Preim B, Saalfeld P. 2018. A survey of virtual human anatomy education systems. Comput Graph 71:132-153.
Seo JH, Smith BM, Cook M, Malone E, Pine M, Leal S, Bai Z, Suh J. 2017. Anatomy Builder VR: Applying a Constructive Learning Method in the Virtual Reality Canine Skeletal System. In: Proceedings of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) virtual reality (VR) Conference (IEEE VR 2017); Los Angeles, CA, 2017 March 18-22. p 399-400. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Piscataway, NJ.
Singh V, Kharb P. 2013. A paradigm shift from teaching to learning gross anatomy: Meta-analysis of implications for instructional methods. J Anat Soc India 62:84-89.
Sugand K, Abrahams P, Khurana A. 2010. The anatomy of anatomy: A review for its modernization. Anat Sci Educ 3:83-93.
Tillmann BM. 2016. Atlas der Anatomie des Menschen: Mit Muskeltrainer. 3rd Ed. Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag. 716 p.
Tourancheau S, Sjöström M, Olsson R, Persson A, Ericson T, Rudling J, Norén B. 2012. Subjective evaluation of user experience in interactive 3D visualization in a medical context. In: Abbey CK, Mello-Thoms CR (Editors); Proceedings of the SPIE 2012 Conference: Medical Imaging 2012, Image Perception, Observer Performance, and Technology Assessment; Volume 8318; San Diego, CA, 2012 February 8-9. ID 831814. International Society for Optics and Photonics, Bellingham, WA.
Triepels CP, Koppes DM, Van Kujik SM, Popeijus HE, Lamers WH, van Gorp T, Futterer JJ, Kruitwagen RF, Notten KJB. 2018. Medical students' perspective on training in anatomy. Ann Anat 217:60-65.
Vasan NS, DeFouw DO, Compton S. 2009. A survey of student perceptions of team-based learning in anatomy curriculum: Favorable views unrelated to grates. Anat Sci Educ 2:150-155.
Vasan NS, DeFouw DO, Compton S. 2011. Team-based learning in anatomy: An efficient, effective, and economical strategy. Anat Sci Educ 4:333-339.
Vorstenbosch MA, Klaassen TP, Kooloos JG, Bolhuis SM, Laan RF. 2013. Do images influence assessment in anatomy? Exploring the effect of images on item difficulty and item discrimination. Anat Sci Educ 6:29-41.
Wainman B, Pukas G, Wolak L, Mohanraj S, Lamb J, Norman GR. 2019. The critical role of stereopsis in virtual and mixed reality learning environments. Anat Sci 13:401-412.
Wang LL, Wu HH, Bilici N, Tenney-Soeiro R. 2016. Gunner goggles: Implementing augmented reality into medical education. Stud Health Technol Inform 220:446-449.
Workman S. 2018. Mixed Reality: A Revolutionary Breakthrough in Teaching and Learning. EDUCAUSE Review, 30 July 2028. EDUCAUSE, Washington, DC.
Yuen SC, Yaoyuneyong G, Johnson E. 2011. Augmented reality: An overview and five directions for AR education. J Educ Technol Dev Exchange 4:119-140.
Yushkevich PA, Piven J, Hazlett HC, Smith RG, Ho S, Gee JC, Gerig G. 2006. User-guided 3D active contour segmentation of anatomical structures: Significantly improved efficiency and reliability. NeuroImage 31:1116-1128.
Zafar S, Zachar J. 2020. Evaluation of HoloHuman augmented reality application as a novel educational tool in dentistry. Eur J Dent Educ 24:259-265.