Meta-Analyses of Fraternal and Sororal Birth Order Effects in Homosexual Pedophiles, Hebephiles, and Teleiophiles.
Fraternal birth order
Hebephilia
Homosexuality
Maternal–fetal immune interactions
Meta-analysis
Pedophilia
Sexual orientation
Journal
Archives of sexual behavior
ISSN: 1573-2800
Titre abrégé: Arch Sex Behav
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 1273516
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
04 2021
04 2021
Historique:
received:
09
03
2020
accepted:
05
08
2020
revised:
19
07
2020
pubmed:
9
9
2020
medline:
5
6
2021
entrez:
8
9
2020
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
This study investigated the relations between numbers of older brothers, numbers of older sisters, and the odds of homosexuality in later-born males, including males who are most attracted sexually to prepubescent or early pubescent children (pedohebephiles) and males who are most attracted sexually to adults (teleiophiles). The authors meta-analyzed data from 24 samples of homosexual and heterosexual men, originally reported in 18 studies, and totaling 18,213 subjects. The results confirmed that older brothers increase the odds of same-sex preference in pedohebephiles as they do in teleiophiles. They also replicated the recent finding that older sisters have a similar but weaker statistical association with the odds of homosexuality. These findings have two theoretical implications. First, the findings for older brothers and older sisters indicate some commonality in the factors that influence sexual preference in teleiophiles and those that influence sexual preference in pedohebephiles. Second, the finding for older sisters confirms a prediction stemming from the hypothesis that male fetuses stimulate maternal antibodies that increase the odds of homosexuality in later-born males. Such immunization could result from miscarried as well as full-term fetuses, and number of older sisters should correlate with number of male fetuses miscarried before gestation of the subject.
Identifiants
pubmed: 32895872
doi: 10.1007/s10508-020-01819-3
pii: 10.1007/s10508-020-01819-3
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Meta-Analysis
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
779-796Références
ACSF Investigators. (1992). AIDS and sexual behaviour in France. Nature, 360, 407–409.
Andrade, C. (2015). Understanding relative risk, odds ratio, and related terms: As simple as it can get. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76, e857–e861.
Apostolou, M. (2020). Does fraternal birth order predict male homosexuality, bisexuality, and heterosexual orientation with same-sex attraction? Evidence from a Greek-speaking sample from Greece. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49, 575–579.
pubmed: 31119421
Bailey, J. M., Vasey, P. L., Diamond, L. M., Breedlove, S. M., Vilain, E., & Epprecht, M. (2016). Sexual orientation, controversy, and science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 17, 45–101.
pubmed: 27113562
Bailey, J. M., & Zucker, K. J. (1995). Childhood sex-typed behavior and sexual orientation: A conceptual analysis and quantitative review. Developmental Psychology, 31, 43–55.
Balthazart, J. (2020). Sexual partner preference in animals and humans. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 115, 34–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.024 .
doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.024
pubmed: 32450091
Beier, K. M., Grundmann, D., Kuhle, L. F., Scherner, G., Konrad, A., & Amelung, T. (2015). The German Dunkelfeld Project: A pilot study to prevent child sexual abuse and the use of child abusive images. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 12, 529–542.
Bell, A. P., Weinberg, M. S., & Hammersmith, S. K. (1981). Sexual preference: Its development in men and women. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Bem, D. (1996). Exotic becomes erotic: A developmental theory of sexual orientation. Psychological Review, 103, 320–335.
Bieber, I., Dain, H. J., Dince, P. R., Drellich, M. G., Grand, H. G., Gundlach, R. H., … Bieber, T. B. (1962). Homosexuality: A psychoanalytic study of male homosexuals. New York: Basic Books.
Billy, J. O. G., Tanfer, K., Grady, W. R., & Klepinger, D. H. (1993). The sexual behavior of men in the United States. Family Planning Perspectives, 25, 52–60.
pubmed: 8491287
Blanchard, R. (1989). The concept of autogynephilia and the typology of male gender dysphoria. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 177, 616–623.
Blanchard, R. (2004). Quantitative and theoretical analyses of the relation between older brothers and homosexuality in men. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 230, 173–187.
pubmed: 15302549
Blanchard, R. (2008). Review and theory of handedness, birth order, and homosexuality in men. Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition, 13, 51–70.
Blanchard, R. (2014). Detecting and correcting for family size differences in the study of sexual orientation and fraternal birth order. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43, 845–852.
pubmed: 24578105
Blanchard, R. (2018a). Fraternal birth order, family size, and male homosexuality: Meta-analysis of studies spanning 25 years. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47, 1–15.
pubmed: 28608293
Blanchard, R. (2018b). Response to commentaries: Meta-analysis of probability samples and other new evidence. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47, 49–57.
pubmed: 29256150
Blanchard, R. (2018c). Older brothers and older sisters odds ratios in 36 samples of homosexual males [Letter to the Editor]. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47, 829–832.
pubmed: 29396612
Blanchard, R. (2020). Comparison of two methods for studying fraternal birth order and homosexuality in men [Letter to the Editor]. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49, 57–60.
pubmed: 31535243
Blanchard, R., Barbaree, H. E., Bogaert, A. F., Dickey, R., Klassen, P., Kuban, M. E., & Zucker, K. J. (2000). Fraternal birth order and sexual orientation in pedophiles. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 29, 463–478.
pubmed: 10983250
Blanchard, R., & Bogaert, A. F. (1996a). Biodemographic comparisons of homosexual and heterosexual men in the Kinsey interview data. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 25, 551–579.
pubmed: 8931880
Blanchard, R., & Bogaert, A. F. (1996b). Homosexuality in men and number of older brothers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 27–31.
Blanchard, R., & Bogaert, A. F. (1998). Birth order in homosexual versus heterosexual sex offenders against children, pubescents, and adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 27, 595–603.
pubmed: 9883307
Blanchard, R., Cantor, J. M., Bogaert, A. F., Breedlove, S. M., & Ellis, L. (2006). Interaction of fraternal birth order and handedness in the development of male homosexuality. Hormones and Behavior, 49, 405–414.
pubmed: 16246335
Blanchard, R., & Collins, P. I. (1993). Men with sexual interest in transvestites, transsexuals, and she-males. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181, 570–575.
Blanchard, R., Klassen, P., Dickey, R., Kuban, M. E., & Blak, T. (2001). Sensitivity and specificity of the phallometric test for pedophilia in nonadmitting sex offenders. Psychological Assessment, 13, 118–126.
pubmed: 11281033
Blanchard, R., Krupp, J., VanderLaan, D. P., Vasey, P. L., & Zucker, K. J. (2020). A method yielding comparable estimates of the fraternal birth order and female fecundity effects in male homosexuality. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 287(1923), 20192907. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2907 .
doi: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2907
pubmed: 32183625
Blanchard, R., Kuban, M. E., Blak, T., Klassen, P. E., Dickey, R., & Cantor, J. M. (2012). Sexual attraction to others: A comparison of two models of alloerotic responding in men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41, 13–29.
pubmed: 20848175
Blanchard, R., & Lippa, R. A. (2020). Reassessing the effect of older sisters on sexual orientation in men. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Blanchard, R., & Sheridan, P. M. (1992). Sibship size, sibling sex ratio, birth order, and parental age in homosexual and nonhomosexual gender dysphorics. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 40–47.
Blanchard, R., Watson, M. S., Choy, A., Dickey, R., Klassen, P., Kuban, M., & Ferren, D. J. (1999). Pedophiles: Mental retardation, maternal age, and sexual orientation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 28, 111–127.
pubmed: 10483505
Blanchard, R., & Zucker, K. J. (1994). Reanalysis of Bell, Weinberg, and Hammersmith’s data on birth order, sibling sex ratio, and parental age in homosexual men. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1375–1376.
Blanchard, R., Zucker, K. J., Bradley, S. J., & Hume, C. S. (1995). Birth order and sibling sex ratio in homosexual male adolescents and probably prehomosexual feminine boys. Developmental Psychology, 31, 22–30.
Blanchard, R., Zucker, K. J., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Gooren, L. J. G., & Bailey, J. M. (1996). Birth order and sibling sex ratio in two samples of Dutch gender-dysphoric homosexual males. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 25, 495–514.
pubmed: 8899142
Blanchard, R., Zucker, K. J., Siegelman, M., Dickey, R., & Klassen, P. (1998). The relation of birth order to sexual orientation in men and women. Journal of Biosocial Science, 30, 511–519.
pubmed: 9818557
Bogaert, A. F. (2006). Biological versus nonbiological older brothers and men’s sexual orientation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 103, 10771–10774.
pubmed: 16807297
Bogaert, A. F. (2007). Extreme right-handedness, older brothers, and sexual orientation in men. Neuropsychology, 21, 141–148.
pubmed: 17201537
Bogaert, A. F., Bezeau, S., Kuban, M., & Blanchard, R. (1997). Pedophilia, sexual orientation, and birth order. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 331–335.
pubmed: 9131853
Bogaert, A. F., Skorska, M. N., Wang, C., Gabrie, J., MacNeil, A. J., Hoffarth, M. R., … Blanchard, R. (2018). Male homosexuality and maternal immune responsivity to the Y-linked protein NLGN4Y. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115, 302–306.
pubmed: 29229842
Bozkurt, A., Bozkurt, O. H., & Sonmez, I. (2015). Birth order and sibling sex ratio in a population with high fertility: Are Turkish male to female transsexuals different? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44, 1331–1337.
pubmed: 25351529
Camperio-Ciani, A., Corna, F., & Capiluppi, C. (2004). Evidence for maternally inherited factors favoring male homosexuality and promoting female fecundity. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences, 271, 2217–2221.
Cantor, J. M., Blanchard, R., Christensen, B. K., Dickey, R., Klassen, P. E., Beckstead, A. L., … Kuban, M. E. (2004). Intelligence, memory, and handedness in pedophilia. Neuropsychology, 18, 3–14.
pubmed: 14744183
Cantor, J. M., Blanchard, R., Paterson, A. D., & Bogaert, A. F. (2002). How many gay men owe their sexual orientation to fraternal birth order? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31, 63–71.
pubmed: 11910793
Cantor, J. M., Klassen, P. E., Dickey, R., Christensen, B. K., Kuban, M. E., Blak, T., … Blanchard, R. (2005). Handedness in pedophilia and hebephilia. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 447–459.
pubmed: 16010467
Currin, J. M., Gibson, L., & Hubach, R. D. (2015a). Multidimensional assessment of sexual orientation and the fraternal birth order effect. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2, 113–122.
Currin, J. M., Gibson, L., & Hubach, R. D. (2015b). “Multidimensional assessment of sexual orientation and the fraternal birth order effect”: Correction to Currin, Gibson, and Hubach (2015). Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2, 265.
Deeks, J. J., Higgins, J. P. T., & Altman, D. G. (Eds.). (2011). Chapter 9: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In J. P. T. Higgins & S. Green (Eds.), Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Retrieved from http://handbook.cochrane.org/ .
Ellis, L., & Blanchard, R. (2001). Birth order, sibling sex ratio, and maternal miscarriages in homosexual and heterosexual men and women. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 543–552.
Fay, R. E., Turner, C. F., Klassen, A. D., & Gagnon, J. H. (1989). Prevalence and patterns of same gender sexual contact among men. Science, 243, 338–348.
pubmed: 2911744
Freund, K., & Blanchard, R. (1987). Feminine gender identity and physical aggressiveness in heterosexual and homosexual pedophiles. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 13, 25–34.
pubmed: 3573049
Freund, K., Heasman, G., Racansky, I. G., & Glancy, G. (1984). Pedophilia and heterosexuality vs. homosexuality. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 10, 193–200.
pubmed: 6512871
Freund, K., & Kuban, M. (1993). Toward a testable developmental model of pedophilia: The development of erotic age preference. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 315–324.
pubmed: 8472184
Freund, K., Scher, H., Chan, S., & Ben-Aron, M. (1982). Experimental analysis of pedophilia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 20, 105–112.
pubmed: 7073641
Freund, K., & Watson, R. J. (1992). The proportions of heterosexual and homosexual pedophiles among sex offenders against children: An exploratory study. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 18, 34–43.
pubmed: 1556756
Gebhard, P. H., Gagnon, J. H., Pomeroy, W. B., & Christenson, C. V. (1965). Sex offenders: An analysis of types. New York: Harper & Row.
Gebhard, P. H., & Johnson, A. B. (1979). The Kinsey data: Marginal tabulations of the 1938–1963 interviews conducted by the Institute for Sex Research. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
Gliga, T., & Dehaene-Lambertz, G. (2005). Structural encoding of body and face in human infants and adults. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 17, 1328–1340.
pubmed: 16197687
Gómez Jiménez, F. R., Semenyna, S. W., & Vasey, P. L. (2020). The relationship between fraternal birth order and childhood sex-atypical behavior among the Istmo Zapotec muxes. Developmental Psychobiology, 62, 792–803. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21987 .
doi: 10.1002/dev.21987
pubmed: 32520424
Gómez-Gil, E., Esteva, I., Carrasco, R., Cruz Almaraz, M., Pasaro, E., Salamero, M., & Guillamon, A. (2011). Birth order and ratio of brothers to sisters in Spanish transsexuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40, 505–510.
pubmed: 20232130
Green, R. (2000). Birth order and ratio of brothers to sisters in transsexuals. Psychological Medicine, 30, 789–795.
pubmed: 11037086
Hock, A., White, H., Jubran, R., & Bhatt, R. S. (2016). The whole picture: Holistic body posture recognition in infancy. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 23, 426–431.
Hsu, K. J., Rosenthal, A. M., Miller, D. I., & Bailey, J. M. (2016). Who are gynandromorphophilic men? Characterizing men with sexual interest in transgender women. Psychological Medicine, 46, 819–827.
pubmed: 26498424
Johnson, A. M., Wadsworth, J., Wellings, K., Bradshaw, S., & Field, J. (1992). Sexual lifestyles and HIV risk. Nature, 360, 410–412.
pubmed: 1448163
Khorashad, B. S., Zucker, K. J., Talaei, A., Farid, F., Fayyazi Bordbar, M. R., Rajabzadeh, F., … Blanchard, R. (2020). Birth order and sibling sex ratio in androphilic males and gynephilic females diagnosed with gender dysphoria from Iran. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 17, 1195–1202.
Khovanova, T. (2020). On the mathematics of the fraternal birth order effect and the genetics of homosexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49, 551–555.
pubmed: 31691074
King, M., Green, J., Osborn, D. P. J., Arkell, J., Hetherton, J., & Pereira, E. (2005). Family size in white gay and heterosexual men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 117–122.
pubmed: 15772775
Kishida, M., & Rahman, Q. (2015). Fraternal birth order and extreme right-handedness as predictors of sexual orientation and gender nonconformity in men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44, 1493–1501.
pubmed: 25663238
Krupp, J. (2014). Birth order effect and handedness of pedo- and hebephilic men within the Prevention Project Dunkelfeld. Unpublished manuscript, Charité Universitätsmedizin & Humboldt-University Berlin.
Li, G., & Wong, W. I. (2018). Single-sex schooling: Friendships, dating, and sexual orientation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47, 1025–1039.
pubmed: 29536261
Lippa, R. A. (2020). Interest, personality, and sexual traits that distinguish heterosexual, bisexual, and homosexual individuals: Are there two dimensions that underlie variations in sexual orientation? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49, 607–622.
pubmed: 31989410
Marshall, V. A., & Tanner, J. M. (1969). Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in girls. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 44, 291–303.
pubmed: 5785179
pmcid: 2020314
Marshall, V. A., & Tanner, J. M. (1970). Variation in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 45, 13–23.
pubmed: 5440182
pmcid: 2020414
Mohr, J. W., Turner, R. E., & Jerry, M. B. (1964). Pedophilia and exhibitionism. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
Nila, S., Barthes, J., Crochet, P.-A., Suryobroto, B., & Raymond, M. (2018). Kin selection and male homosexual preference in Indonesia. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47, 2455–2465.
pubmed: 29797146
Nila, S., Crochet, P.-A., Barthes, J., Rianti, P., Juliandi, B., Suryobroto, B., & Raymond, M. (2019). Male homosexual preference: Femininity and the older brother effect in Indonesia. Evolutionary Psychology, 17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474704919880701 .
Öhman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001). Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review, 108, 483–522.
pubmed: 11488376
Roselli, C. E. (2018). Neurobiology of gender identity and sexual orientation. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 30, e12562. https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.12562 .
doi: 10.1111/jne.12562
pubmed: 29211317
pmcid: 6677266
Schagen, S. E. E., Delemarre-van de Waal, H. A., Blanchard, R., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2012). Sibling sex ratio and birth order in early-onset gender dysphoric adolescents. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41, 541–549.
pubmed: 21674256
Schmidt, C. O., & Kohlmann, T. (2008). When to use the odds ratio or the relative risk? International Journal of Public Health, 53, 165–167.
pubmed: 19127890
Schwartz, G., Kim, R. M., Kolundzija, A. B., Rieger, G., & Sanders, A. R. (2010). Biodemographic and physical correlates of sexual orientation in men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 93–109.
pubmed: 19387815
Sheldrick, R. C., Chung, P. J., & Jacobson, R. M. (2017). Math matters: How misinterpretation of odds ratios and risk ratios may influence conclusions. Academic Pediatrics, 17, 1–3.
pubmed: 27989279
Siegelman, M. (1972). Adjustment of male homosexuals and heterosexuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2, 9–25.
pubmed: 4668541
Siegelman, M. (1973). Birth order and family size of homosexual men and women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 41, 164.
pubmed: 4726704
Siegelman, M. (1974). Parental background of male homosexuals and heterosexuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 3, 3–18.
pubmed: 4808625
Siegelman, M. (1978). Psychological adjustment of homosexual and heterosexual men: A cross-national replication. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 7, 1–11.
pubmed: 637683
Siegelman, M. (1981). Parental backgrounds of homosexual and heterosexual men: A cross national replication. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 10, 505–513.
pubmed: 7332484
Simon, S. D. (2001). Understanding the odds ratio and the relative risk. Journal of Andrology, 22, 533–536.
pubmed: 11451349
Swift-Gallant, A., Coome, L. A., Aitken, M., Monks, D. A., & VanderLaan, D. P. (2019). Evidence for distinct biodevelopmental influences on male sexual orientation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116, 12787–12792.
pubmed: 31182568
pmcid: 6600923
Tanner, J. M. (1978). Foetus into man: Physical growth from conception to maturity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
The Cochrane Collaboration. (2014). Review Manager (RevMan) (Version 5.3) [Computer software]. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre.
VanderLaan, D. P., Blanchard, R., Wood, H., & Zucker, K. J. (2014). Birth order and sibling sex ratio of children and adolescents referred to a gender identity service. PLoS ONE, 9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090257 .
VanderLaan, D. P., Blanchard, R., Zucker, K. J., Massuda, R., Fontanari, A. M. V., Borba, A. O., … Lobato, M. I. R. (2017). Birth order and androphilic male-to-female transsexualism in Brazil. Journal of Biosocial Science, 49, 527–535.
pubmed: 27817755
VanderLaan, D. P., & Vasey, P. L. (2011). Male sexual orientation in Independent Samoa: Evidence for fraternal birth order and maternal fecundity effects. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40, 495–503.
pubmed: 20039114
Vasey, P. L., & VanderLaan, D. P. (2007). Birth order and male androphilia in Samoan fa’afafine. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences, 274, 1437–1442.
Wampold, C. H. (2018). The association between fraternal birth order and anal-erotic roles of men who have sex with men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47, 2445–2454.
pubmed: 29956083
Zucker, K. J., & Blanchard, R. (1994). Reanalysis of Bieber et al’.s 1962 data on sibling sex ratio and birth order in male homosexuals. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 182, 528–530.