Spinal Surgery Site Infection Leading to Implant Loosening Is Influenced by the Number of Prior Operations.

Retrospective Cohort Study. Spinal surgery site infection and chronic implant infection are possible causes for ongoing pain, implant loosening, and failed back surgery syndrome. Evidence of chronic infection was found in 29.1% of revision cases but is also found in a considerable number of degenerative cases without prior surgery. Infection mechanisms and possible clinical correlations are unclear. Retrospective analysis of standardized surgery site screening (swab, tissue samples, implant sonication) in 181 cases without clinical evidence of preoperative surgery site infection. Screening results of cases without prior spinal surgery (n = 49, 10.2% positive) were compared to cases with prior spine surgery without implant placement (e.g. micro discectomy) (n = 21, 23.8% positive), revision cases following singular spinal fusion (n = 73, 23.2% positive), and cases with multiple revisions (n = 38, 50.0% positive). Propionibacterium spp. detection rate increased to 80% in positive cases with multiple revisions. Implants in place during revision surgery had a significantly higher infection rate (32.4%) compared to no implant (14.2%, Previous spinal surgery is a risk factor for chronic surgery site infection, leading to chronic pain, implant loosening, and revision. The presence of Propionibacterium spp. was correlated with chronic implant loosening and was more likely with cumulative surgeries.