Characteristics of Olfactory Disorder With and Without Reported Flavor Loss.
Smell disorder
flavor
olfaction
orthonasal
retronasal
Journal
The Laryngoscope
ISSN: 1531-4995
Titre abrégé: Laryngoscope
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 8607378
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
12 2020
12 2020
Historique:
received:
23
04
2020
revised:
07
06
2020
accepted:
07
07
2020
pubmed:
24
9
2020
medline:
22
1
2021
entrez:
23
9
2020
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Quality of life related to olfactory disorder (OD) depends on the perceived impairment. It is not known why some patients with OD report smell and flavor loss while others report smell loss only. In order to understand this, we compared the two clinical presentation forms in terms of demographics, clinical features, and orthonasal olfaction test results. Observational, analytic, cross-sectional study. A total of 401 patients with measured orthonasal OD presenting at a tertiary referral center were divided in 2 groups according to their subjective reports (smell loss only = 129 patients vs. smell and flavor loss = 272 patients). Groups were compared in terms of demographic (age, sex), clinical features (duration of disease, type of onset, etiology, degree of impairment due to the disorder) and test results (taste and orthonasal olfaction). Groups did not differ in terms of age, sex distribution, orthonasal olfactory, or taste function. Patients reporting smell and flavor loss were characterized by a mainly sudden onset of the disorder and a predominance of postinfectious olfactory loss. They also have a shorter disease duration and a higher disease impairment. For patients reporting smell loss only, disease duration is longer, they feel less impaired, the onset of the disorder is to a higher degree protracted and the main cause is idiopathic. Patients with orthonasal OD reporting smell and flavor loss feel more impaired and present significant different clinical features compared to patients reporting smell loss only. Future studies measuring retronasal olfaction are necessary to fully understand flavor perception in OD. 4 Laryngoscope, 130:2869-2873, 2020.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Observational Study
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
2869-2873Informations de copyright
© 2020 American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society Inc, "The Triological Society" and American Laryngological Association (ALA).
Références
Doty RL, Shaman P, Applebaum SL, Giberson R, Sikorski L, Rosenberg L. Smell identification ability: changes with age. Science 1984;226:1441-1443.
Sorokowska A, Schriever VA, Gudziol V, et al. Changes of olfactory abilities in relation to age: odor identification in more than 1400 people aged 4 to 80 years. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015;272:1937-1944.
Bramerson A, Johansson L, Ek L, Nordin S, Bende M. Prevalence of olfactory dysfunction: the skovde population-based study. Laryngoscope 2004;114:733-737.
Murphy C, Schubert CR, Cruickshanks KJ, Klein BE, Klein R, Nondahl DM. Prevalence of olfactory impairment in older adults. JAMA 2002;288:2307-2312.
Fark T, Hummel T. Olfactory disorders: distribution according to age and gender in 3,400 patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2013;270:777-779.
Croy I, Nordin S, Hummel T. Olfactory disorders and quality of life-an updated review. Chem Senses 2014;39:185-194.
Croy I, Hummel T. Olfaction as a marker for depression. J Neurol 2017;264:631-638.
Oleszkiewicz A, Hummel T. Whose nose does not know? Demographical characterization of people unaware of anosmia. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2019;276:1849-1852.
Wehling E, Lundervold AJ, Espeset T, Reinvang I, Bramerson A, Nordin S. Even cognitively well-functioning adults are unaware of their olfactory dysfunction: implications for ENT clinicians and researchers. Rhinology 2015;53:89-94.
Murr J, Hummel T, Ritschel G, Croy I. Individual significance of olfaction: a comparison between normosmic and dysosmic people. Psychosomatics 2018;59:283-292.
Rozin P. "Taste-smell confusions" and the duality of the olfactory sense. Percept Psychophys 1982;31:397-401.
Negoias S, Visschers R, Boelrijk AEM, Hummel T. New ways to understand aroma perception. Food Chem 2008;1084:1247-1254.
Murphy C, Cain WS. Taste and olfaction: independence vs interaction. Physiol Behav 1980;24:601-605.
Oleszkiewicz A, Park D, Resler K, et al. Quality of life in patients with olfactory loss is better predicted by flavor identification than by orthonasal olfactory function. Chem Senses 2019;44:371-377.
Landis BN, Giger R, Ricchetti A, et al. Retronasal olfactory function in nasal polyposis. Laryngoscope 2003;113:1993-1997.
Landis BN, Frasnelli J, Reden J, Lacroix JS, Hummel T. Differences between orthonasal and retronasal olfactory functions in patients with loss of the sense of smell. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;131:977-981.
Liu DT, Besser G, Renner B, Seyferth S, Hummel T, Mueller CA. Retronasal olfactory function in patients with smell loss but subjectively normal flavor perception. Laryngoscope 2020;130(7):1629-1633.
Hummel T, Whitcroft KL, Andrews P, et al. Position paper on olfactory dysfunction. Rhinol Suppl 2017;54:1-30.
Oleszkiewicz A, Schriever VA, Croy I, Hahner A, Hummel T. Updated Sniffin' Sticks normative data based on an extended sample of 9139 subjects. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2019;276:719-728.
Hummel T, Sekinger B, Wolf S, Pauli E, Kobal G. "Sniffin' Sticks": olfactory performance assessed by the combined testing of odor identification, odor discrimination, and olfactory threshold. Chem Senses 1997;22:39-52.
Hummel T, Kobal G, Gudziol H, Mackay-Sim A. Normative data for the "Sniffin' Sticks" including tests of odor identification, odor discrimination, and olfactory thresholds: an upgrade based on a group of more than 3,000 subjects. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2007;264:237-243.
Walliczek U, Negoias S, Hahner A, Hummel T. Assessment of chemosensory function using “Sniffin' Sticks”, taste strips, taste sprays, and retronasal olfactory tests. Curr Pharm Des 2016;22:2245-2252.
Othieno F, Schlosser RJ, Storck KA, Rowan NR, Smith TL, Soler ZM. Retronasal olfaction in chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 2018;128:2437-2442.
Ganjaei KG, Soler ZM, Storck KA, Rowan NR, Othieno FA, Schlosser RJ. Variability in Retronasal odor identification among patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2018;32:424-431.
Nordin S, Monsch AU, Murphy C. Unawareness of smell loss in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease: discrepancy between self-reported and diagnosed smell sensitivity. J Gerontol 1995;50:P187-P192.
Schopf V, Kollndorfer K. Clinical assessment of olfactory performance - why patient interviews are not enough: a report on lessons learned in planning studies with anosmic patients. HNO 2015;63:511-515.
Landis BN, Hummel T, Hugentobler M, Giger R, Lacroix JS. Ratings of overall olfactory function. Chem Senses 2003;28:691-694.
Enriquez K, Lehrer E, Mullol J. The optimal evaluation and management of patients with a gradual onset of olfactory loss. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014;22:34-41.
Stevenson R, Boakes R, Prescott J. Changes in odor sweetness resulting from implicit learning of a simultaneous odor-sweetness association: an example of learned synesthesia. Learn Motiv 1998;29:113-132.
Mojet J, Koster EP. Texture and flavor memory in foods: an incidental learning experiment. Appetite 2002;38:110-117.