Plasmonic antenna coupling to hyperbolic phonon-polaritons for sensitive and fast mid-infrared photodetection with graphene.
Journal
Nature communications
ISSN: 2041-1723
Titre abrégé: Nat Commun
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101528555
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
25 Sep 2020
25 Sep 2020
Historique:
received:
04
04
2020
accepted:
24
08
2020
entrez:
26
9
2020
pubmed:
27
9
2020
medline:
27
9
2020
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Integrating and manipulating the nano-optoelectronic properties of Van der Waals heterostructures can enable unprecedented platforms for photodetection and sensing. The main challenge of infrared photodetectors is to funnel the light into a small nanoscale active area and efficiently convert it into an electrical signal. Here, we overcome all of those challenges in one device, by efficient coupling of a plasmonic antenna to hyperbolic phonon-polaritons in hexagonal-BN to highly concentrate mid-infrared light into a graphene pn-junction. We balance the interplay of the absorption, electrical and thermal conductivity of graphene via the device geometry. This approach yields remarkable device performance featuring room temperature high sensitivity (NEP of 82 pW[Formula: see text]) and fast rise time of 17 nanoseconds (setup-limited), among others, hence achieving a combination currently not present in the state-of-the-art graphene and commercial mid-infrared detectors. We also develop a multiphysics model that shows very good quantitative agreement with our experimental results and reveals the different contributions to our photoresponse, thus paving the way for further improvement of these types of photodetectors even beyond mid-infrared range.
Identifiants
pubmed: 32978380
doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18544-z
pii: 10.1038/s41467-020-18544-z
pmc: PMC7519130
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
4872Références
Caldwell, J. D. et al. Sub-diffractional volume-confined polaritons in the natural hyperbolic material hexagonal boron nitride. Nat. Commun. 5, 5221 (2014).
pubmed: 25323633
doi: 10.1038/ncomms6221
Caldwell, J. D. et al. Low-loss, infrared and terahertz nanophotonics using surface phonon polaritons. Nanophotonics 4, 44–68 (2015).
doi: 10.1515/nanoph-2014-0003
Basov, D. N., Fogler, M. M. & García De Abajo, F. J. Polaritons in van der Waals materials. Science 354, aag1992 (2016).
Low, T. et al. Polaritons in layered two-dimensional materials. Nat. Mater. 16, 182–194 (2016).
pubmed: 27893724
doi: 10.1038/nmat4792
pmcid: 27893724
Giles, A. J. et al. Ultralow-loss polaritons in isotopically pure boron nitride. Nat. Mater. 17, 134–139 (2018).
pubmed: 29251721
doi: 10.1038/nmat5047
pmcid: 29251721
Hu, G., Shen, J., Qiu, C. W., Alù, A. & Dai, S. Phonon polaritons and hyperbolic response in van der Waals materials. Adv. Optical Mater. 1901393, 1–19 (2019).
Foteinopoulou, S., Devarapu, G. C. R., Subramania, G. S., Krishna, S. & Wasserman, D. Phonon-polaritonics: enabling powerful capabilities for infrared photonics. Nanophotonics 8, 2129–2175 (2019).
doi: 10.1515/nanoph-2019-0232
Dai, S. et al. Graphene on hexagonal boron nitride as a tunable hyperbolic metamaterial. Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 682–686 (2015).
pubmed: 26098228
doi: 10.1038/nnano.2015.131
pmcid: 26098228
Nikitin, A. Y. et al. Nanofocusing of hyperbolic phonon polaritons in a tapered boron nitride slab. ACS Photonics 3, 924–929 (2016).
doi: 10.1021/acsphotonics.6b00186
Tamagnone, M. et al. Ultra-confined mid-infrared resonant phonon polaritons in van der Waals nanostructures. Sci. Adv. 4, 4–10 (2018).
doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aat7189
Autore, M. et al. Boron nitride nanoresonators for Phonon-Enhanced molecular vibrational spectroscopy at the strong coupling limit. Light Sci. Appl. 7, 17172–17178 (2018).
pubmed: 30839544
pmcid: 6060053
doi: 10.1038/lsa.2017.172
Lemme, M. C. et al. Gate-activated photoresponse in a graphene p–n junction. Nano Lett. 11, 4134–4137 (2011).
pubmed: 21879753
doi: 10.1021/nl2019068
Gabor, N. M. et al. Hot carrier-assisted intrinsic photoresponse in graphene. Science 334, 648–652 (2011).
pubmed: 21979935
doi: 10.1126/science.1211384
Song, J. C. W., Rudner, M. S., Marcus, C. M. & Levitov, L. S. Hot carrier transport and photocurrent response in graphene. Nano Lett. 11, 4688–4692 (2011).
pubmed: 21936568
doi: 10.1021/nl202318u
Koppens, F. H. L. et al. Photodetectors based on graphene, other two-dimensional materials and hybrid systems. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9, 780–793 (2014).
pubmed: 25286273
doi: 10.1038/nnano.2014.215
Castilla, S. et al. Fast and sensitive terahertz detection using an antenna-integrated graphene pn junction. Nano Lett. 19, 2765–2773 (2019).
pubmed: 30882226
doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04171
Peng, C. et al. Compact mid-infrared graphene thermopile enabled by a nanopatterning technique of electrolyte gates. N. J. Phys. 20, 083050 (2018).
doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/aada75
Schuler, S. et al. Graphene photodetector integrated on a photonic crystal defect waveguide. ACS Photonics 5, 4758–4763 (2018).
doi: 10.1021/acsphotonics.8b01128
Muench, J. E. et al. Waveguide-integrated, plasmonic enhanced graphene photodetectors. Nano Lett. 19, 7632–7644 (2019).
pubmed: 31536362
doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02238
Li, Z. Q. et al. Dirac charge dynamics in graphene by infrared spectroscopy. Nat. Phys. 4, 532–535 (2008).
doi: 10.1038/nphys989
Low, T. & Avouris, P. Graphene plasmonics for terahertz to mid-infrared applications. ACS Nano 8, 1086–1101 (2014).
pubmed: 24484181
doi: 10.1021/nn406627u
pmcid: 24484181
Tielrooij, K.-J. et al. Out-of-plane heat transfer in van der Waals stacks through electron-hyperbolic phonon coupling. Nat. Nanotechnol. 13, 41–46 (2018).
pubmed: 29180742
doi: 10.1038/s41565-017-0008-8
pmcid: 29180742
Tielrooij, K. J. et al. Generation of photovoltage in graphene on a femtosecond timescale through efficient carrier heating. Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 437–443 (2015).
pubmed: 25867941
doi: 10.1038/nnano.2015.54
pmcid: 25867941
Woessner, A. et al. Electrical detection of hyperbolic phonon-polaritons in heterostructures of graphene and boron nitride. npj 2D Mater. Appl. 1, 25 (2017).
doi: 10.1038/s41699-017-0031-5
Pons-Valencia, P. et al. Launching of hyperbolic phonon-polaritons in h-BN slabs by resonant metal plasmonic antennas. Nat. Commun. 10, 3242 (2019).
pubmed: 31324759
pmcid: 6642108
doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11143-7
Bistritzer, R. & MacDonald, A. H. Electronic cooling in graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 13–16 (2009).
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.206410
Herring, P. K. et al. Photoresponse of an electrically tunable ambipolar graphene infrared thermocouple. Nano Lett. 14, 901–907 (2014).
pubmed: 24392716
doi: 10.1021/nl4042627
pmcid: 24392716
Hsu, A. L. et al. Graphene-based thermopile for thermal imaging applications. Nano Lett. 15, 7211–7216 (2015).
pubmed: 26468687
doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01755
pmcid: 26468687
Dai, S. et al. Subdiffractional focusing and guiding of polaritonic rays in a natural hyperbolic material. Nat. Commun. 6, 1–7 (2015).
Guo, Q. et al. Efficient electrical detection of mid-infrared graphene plasmons at room temperature. Nat. Mater. 17, 986–992 (2018).
pubmed: 30150622
doi: 10.1038/s41563-018-0157-7
Cakmakyapan, S., Lu, P. K., Navabi, A. & Jarrahi, M. Gold-patched graphene nano-stripes for high-responsivity and ultrafast photodetection from the visible to infrared regime. Light Sci. Appl. 7, 20 (2018).
pubmed: 30839627
pmcid: 6107021
doi: 10.1038/s41377-018-0020-2
Sassi, U. et al. Graphene-based mid-infrared room-temperature pyroelectric bolometers with ultrahigh temperature coefficient of resistance. Nat. Commun. 8, 14311 (2017).
pubmed: 28139766
pmcid: 5290316
doi: 10.1038/ncomms14311
Yu, X. et al. Narrow bandgap oxide nanoparticles coupled with graphene for high performance mid-infrared photodetection. Nat. Commun. 9, 1–8 (2018).
doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-02088-w
Vicarelli, L. et al. Graphene field-effect transistors as room-temperature terahertz detectors. Nat. Mater. 11, 865–871 (2012).
pubmed: 22961203
doi: 10.1038/nmat3417
Generalov, A. A., Andersson, M. A., Yang, X., Vorobiev, A. & Stake, J. A 400-GHz Graphene FET Detector. IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 7, 614–616 (2017).
doi: 10.1109/TTHZ.2017.2722360
Rogalski, A. Graphene-based materials in the infrared and terahertz detector families: a tutorial. Adv. Opt. Photonics 11, 314 (2019).
doi: 10.1364/AOP.11.000314
Rogalski, A., Martyniuk, P. & Kopytko, M. Challenges of small-pixel infrared detectors: a review. Rep. Prog. Phys. 79, 046501 (2016).
pubmed: 27007242
doi: 10.1088/0034-4885/79/4/046501
Goossens, S. et al. Broadband image sensor array based on graphene-CMOS integration. Nat. Photonics 11, 366–371 (2017).
doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2017.75
Ma, W. et al. In-plane anisotropic and ultra-low-loss polaritons in a natural van der Waals crystal. Nature 562, 557–562 (2018).
pubmed: 30356185
doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0618-9
Zheng, Z. et al. Highly confined and tunable hyperbolic phonon polaritons in van der waals semiconducting transition metal oxides. Adv. Mater. 30, 1–9 (2018).
Zheng, Z. et al. A mid-infrared biaxial hyperbolic van der Waals crystal. Sci. Adv. 5, 1–9 (2019).
Dai, S. et al. Tunable phonon polaritons in atomically thin van der Waals crystals of boron nitride. Science 343, 6175, 1125–1129 (2014).
doi: 10.1126/science.1246833
Kalfagiannis, N., Stoner, J. L., Hillier, J., Vangelidis, I. & Lidorikis, E. Mid- to far-infrared sensing: SrTiO
doi: 10.1039/C9TC01753D
Alfaro-Mozaz, F. J. et al. Deeply subwavelength phonon-polaritonic crystal made of a van der Waals material. Nat. Commun. 10, 42 (2019).
pubmed: 30604741
pmcid: 6318287
doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07795-6
Li, P. et al. Hyperbolic phonon-polaritons in boron nitride for near-field optical imaging and focusing. Nat. Commun. 6, 1–9 (2015).
Wang, L. et al. One-dimensional electrical contact to a two-dimensional material. Science 342, 614–7 (2013).
pubmed: 24179223
doi: 10.1126/science.1244358
pmcid: 24179223
Pizzocchero, F. et al. The hot pick-up technique for batch assembly of van der Waals heterostructures. Nat. Commun. 7, 11894 (2016).
pubmed: 27305833
pmcid: 4912641
doi: 10.1038/ncomms11894
Spirito, D. et al. High performance bilayer-graphene terahertz detectors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 061111 (2014).
doi: 10.1063/1.4864082
Viti, L., Purdie, D. G., Lombardo, A., Ferrari, A. C. & Vitiello, M. S. HBN-encapsulated, graphene-based, room-temperature terahertz receivers, with high speed and low noise. Nano Lett. 20, 3169–3177 (2020).
pubmed: 32301617
doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05207
pmcid: 32301617