Endocrine and Growth Abnormalities in 4H Leukodystrophy Caused by Variants in POLR3A, POLR3B, and POLR1C.

Adolescent Adult Biological Variation, Population Child Child, Preschool Cohort Studies Cross-Sectional Studies DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases / genetics Endocrine System Diseases / epidemiology Female Genetic Heterogeneity Growth Disorders / epidemiology Hereditary Central Nervous System Demyelinating Diseases / complications Humans Hypogonadism / epidemiology Infant Infant, Newborn Male Mitochondrial Diseases / complications Mutation RNA Polymerase III / genetics Retrospective Studies Young Adult
4H leukodystrophy POLR3-related leukodystrophy hypogonadotropic hypogonadism hypomyelination

Journal

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism
ISSN: 1945-7197
Titre abrégé: J Clin Endocrinol Metab
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0375362

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
23 01 2021
Historique:
received: 29 05 2020
pubmed: 3 10 2020
medline: 9 9 2021
entrez: 2 10 2020
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

4H or POLR3-related leukodystrophy is an autosomal recessive disorder typically characterized by hypomyelination, hypodontia, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in POLR3A, POLR3B, POLR1C, and POLR3K. The endocrine and growth abnormalities associated with this disorder have not been thoroughly investigated to date. To systematically characterize endocrine abnormalities of patients with 4H leukodystrophy. An international cross-sectional study was performed on 150 patients with genetically confirmed 4H leukodystrophy between 2015 and 2016. Endocrine and growth abnormalities were evaluated, and neurological and other non-neurological features were reviewed. Potential genotype/phenotype associations were also investigated. This was a multicenter retrospective study using information collected from 3 predominant centers. A total of 150 patients with 4H leukodystrophy and pathogenic variants in POLR3A, POLR3B, or POLR1C were included. Variables used to evaluate endocrine and growth abnormalities included pubertal history, hormone levels (estradiol, testosterone, stimulated LH and FSH, stimulated GH, IGF-I, prolactin, ACTH, cortisol, TSH, and T4), and height and head circumference charts. The most common endocrine abnormalities were delayed puberty (57/74; 77% overall, 64% in males, 89% in females) and short stature (57/93; 61%), when evaluated according to physician assessment. Abnormal thyroid function was reported in 22% (13/59) of patients. Our results confirm pubertal abnormalities and short stature are the most common endocrine features seen in 4H leukodystrophy. However, we noted that endocrine abnormalities are typically underinvestigated in this patient population. A prospective study is required to formulate evidence-based recommendations for management of the endocrine manifestations of this disorder.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa700 PMID: 33005949 PMC: PMC7823228
pubmed: 33005949
pii: 5917135
doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa700
pmc: PMC7823228
doi:

Substances chimiques

DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases EC 2.7.7.6
POLR1C protein, human EC 2.7.7.6
POLR3A protein, human EC 2.7.7.6
POLR3B protein, human EC 2.7.7.6
RNA Polymerase III EC 2.7.7.6

Types de publication

Journal Article Multicenter Study Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

e660-e674

Subventions

Organisme : NINDS NIH HHS
ID : R01 NS082094
Pays : United States
Organisme : CIHR
ID : 201610PJT-377869
Pays : Canada
Organisme : CIHR
ID : MOP-G2-341146-159133-BRIDG
Pays : Canada
Organisme : CIHR
ID : 201603PJT-148695
Pays : Canada

Informations de copyright

© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society.

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Auteurs

Félixe Pelletier (F)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Department of Specialized Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.

Stefanie Perrier (S)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.

Ferdy K Cayami (FK)

Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Center of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia.

Amytice Mirchi (A)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Department of Specialized Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.

Stephan Saikali (S)

Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec City, QC, Canada.

Luan T Tran (LT)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.

Nicole Ulrick (N)

Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Kether Guerrero (K)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.

Emmanouil Rampakakis (E)

Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.

Rosalina M L van Spaendonk (RML)

Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Sakkubai Naidu (S)

Department of Neurogenetics, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Daniela Pohl (D)

Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.

William T Gibson (WT)

Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Michelle Demos (M)

Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Cyril Goizet (C)

Centre de Référence Neurogénétique, Service de Génétique Médicale, Bordeaux University Hospital, and Laboratoire MRGM, INSERM U1211, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.

Ingrid Tejera-Martin (I)

Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.

Ana Potic (A)

Department of Neurology, Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Medical Faculty University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.

Brent L Fogel (BL)

Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Bernard Brais (B)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.

Michel Sylvain (M)

Centre Mère Enfant, CHU de Québec, Québec City, QC, Canada.

Guillaume Sébire (G)

Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Department of Pediatrics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.

Charles Marques Lourenço (CM)

Faculdade de Medicina, Centro Universitario Estácio de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.

Joshua L Bonkowsky (JL)

Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.

Coriene Catsman-Berrevoets (C)

Department of Paediatric Neurology, Erasmus University Hospital - Sophia Children's Hospital, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Pedro S Pinto (PS)

Neuroradiology Department, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal.

Sandya Tirupathi (S)

Department of Paediatric Neurology, Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, Belfast, UK.

Petter Strømme (P)

Division of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, 0450 Oslo, and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

Ton de Grauw (T)

Department of Pediatrics, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Dorota Gieruszczak-Bialek (D)

Department of Medical Genetics, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.

Ingeborg Krägeloh-Mann (I)

Department of Child Neurology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.

Hanna Mierzewska (H)

Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland.

Heike Philippi (H)

Center of Developmental Neurology (SPZ Frankfurt Mitte), Frankfurt, Germany.

Julia Rankin (J)

Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK.

Tahir Atik (T)

Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.

Brenda Banwell (B)

Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

William S Benko (WS)

Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA, USA.

Astrid Blaschek (A)

Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.

Annette Bley (A)

University Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

Eugen Boltshauser (E)

Department of Child Neurology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Drago Bratkovic (D)

Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

Klara Brozova (K)

Department of Child Neurology, Thomayers Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.

Icíar Cimas (I)

Department of Neurology, Povisa Hospital, Vigo, Spain.

Christopher Clough (C)

Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital, London, UK.

Bernard Corenblum (B)

Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.

Argirios Dinopoulos (A)

Third Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Attikon" Hospital, Athens, Greece.

Gail Dolan (G)

Bristow Pediatrics, Bristow, VA, USA.

Flavio Faletra (F)

Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy.

Raymond Fernandez (R)

Pediatric Neurology Associates, Tampa, FL, USA.

Janice Fletcher (J)

Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.

Maria Eugenia Garcia Garcia (ME)

Department of Neurology, The Royal London Hospital, London, UK.

Paolo Gasparini (P)

Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, 34100 Trieste, and University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.

Janina Gburek-Augustat (J)

Division of Neuropaediatrics, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.

Dolores Gonzalez Moron (D)

Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital JM Ramos Mejia, ADC, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Aline Hamati (A)

Department of Child Neurology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.

Inga Harting (I)

Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.

Christoph Hertzberg (C)

Department of Child Neurology, Vivantes Klinikum, Berlin, Germany.

Alan Hill (A)

Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Grace M Hobson (GM)

Nemours Biomedical Research, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA.

A Micheil Innes (AM)

Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.

Marcelo Kauffman (M)

Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital JM Ramos Mejia and CONICET, ADC, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Susan M Kirwin (SM)

Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA.

Gerhard Kluger (G)

PMU Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Clinic for Neuropediatrics and Neurorehabilitation, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Schön Klinik Vogtareuth, Vogtareuth, Germany.

Petra Kolditz (P)

Department of Child Neurology, Kantonsspital Luzern, Luzern, Switzerland.

Urania Kotzaeridou (U)

Department of Child Neurology, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.

Roberta La Piana (R)

Department of Neuroradiology, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.

Eriskay Liston (E)

Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.

William McClintock (W)

Pediatric Specialists of Virginia, Fairfax, VA, USA.
Department of Neurology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.

Meriel McEntagart (M)

South West Thames Regional Genetics Service, St. George's Hospital, London, UK.

Fiona McKenzie (F)

Genetic Services of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia.
School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.

Serge Melançon (S)

Department of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.

Anjum Misbahuddin (A)

Essex Centre for Neurological Sciences, Queen's Hospital, Romford, UK.

Mohnish Suri (M)

Nottingham Clinical Genetics Service, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.

Fernando I Monton (FI)

Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.

Sebastien Moutton (S)

Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.

Raymond P J Murphy (RPJ)

Department of Neurology, Tallaght University Hospital, Tallaght, Ireland.

Miriam Nickel (M)

Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.

Hüseyin Onay (H)

Department of Medical Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.

Simona Orcesi (S)

Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.

Ferda Özkınay (F)

Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Pediatric Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.

Steffi Patzer (S)

Children's Hospital St. Elisabeth and St. Barbara, Halle (Saale), Germany.

Helio Pedro (H)

Department of Pediatrics, The Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA.

Sandra Pekic (S)

Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Diseases of Metabolism, University Clinical Center, Belgrade & School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.

Mercedes Pineda Marfa (M)

Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Passeig de Sant Joan de Deu nº2, Barcelona, Spain.

Amy Pizzino (A)

Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Department of Genetics, MetroHealth Hospital, Cleveland, OH, USA.

Barbara Plecko (B)

Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.

Bwee Tien Poll-The (BT)

Department of Pediatric Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Vera Popovic (V)

Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.

Dietz Rating (D)

Department of Paediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.

Marie-France Rioux (MF)

Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke - Hôpital Fleurimont, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.

Norberto Rodriguez Espinosa (N)

Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.

Anne Ronan (A)

Hunter New England LHD, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia.

John R Ostergaard (JR)

Centre for Rare Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.

Elsa Rossignol (E)

Departments of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, CHU-Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.

Rocio Sanchez-Carpintero (R)

Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.

Anna Schossig (A)

Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.

Nesrin Senbil (N)

Department of Child Neurology, Kırıkkale University Medical Faculty, Kırıkkale, Turkey.

Laura K Sønderberg Roos (LK)

Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.

Cathy A Stevens (CA)

Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Chattanooga, TN, USA.

Matthis Synofzik (M)

Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Centre of Neurology, German Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.

László Sztriha (L)

Department of Paediatrics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.

Daniel Tibussek (D)

Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.

Dagmar Timmann (D)

Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.

Davide Tonduti (D)

Child Neurology Unit, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milano, Italy.

Bart P van de Warrenburg (BP)

Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

Maria Vázquez-López (M)

Sección Neuropediatría. Hospital Maternoinfantil Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.

Sunita Venkateswaran (S)

Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada.

Pontus Wasling (P)

Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.

Evangeline Wassmer (E)

Paediatric Neurology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK.

Richard I Webster (RI)

T. Y. Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and the Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Gert Wiegand (G)

Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital Kiel, Germany.
Neuropediatrics Section of the Department of Pediatrics, Asklepios Clinic Hamburg Nord-Heidberg, Hamburg, Germany.

Grace Yoon (G)

Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Joost Rotteveel (J)

Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Pediatric Endocrinology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Raphael Schiffmann (R)

Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA.

Marjo S van der Knaap (MS)

Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Adeline Vanderver (A)

Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Gabriel Á Martos-Moreno (GÁ)

Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
CIBER de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.

Constantin Polychronakos (C)

Division of Endocrinology, Montreal Children's Hospital and the Endocrine Genetics Lab, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.

Nicole I Wolf (NI)

Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Geneviève Bernard (G)

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Department of Specialized Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.

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Classifications MeSH

questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Adolescent › Endocrine and Growth Abnormalities in 4H...
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Adulte › Endocrine and Growth Abnormalities in 4H...
questionsmedicales.fr › Phénomènes biologiques › Variation intra-population › Endocrine and Growth Abnormalities in 4H...
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Enfant › Endocrine and Growth Abnormalities in 4H...
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Enfant › Enfant d'âge préscolaire › Endocrine and Growth Abnormalities in 4H...
questionsmedicales.fr › Environnement et santé publique › Santé publique › Méthodes épidémiologiques › Caractéristiques des études épidémiologiques › Études épidémiologiques › Études de cohortes › Endocrine and Growth Abnormalities in 4H...
questionsmedicales.fr › Environnement et santé publique › Santé publique › Méthodes épidémiologiques › Caractéristiques des études épidémiologiques › Études épidémiologiques › Études transversales › Endocrine and Growth Abnormalities in 4H...
questionsmedicales.fr › Enzymes et coenzymes › Enzymes › Transferases › Phosphotransferases › Nucleotidyltransferases › RNA nucleotidyltransferases › DNA-directed RNA polymerases › Endocrine and Growth Abnormalities in 4H...
questionsmedicales.fr › Maladies endocriniennes › Endocrine and Growth Abnormalities in 4H...
questionsmedicales.fr › Phénomènes génétiques › Variation génétique › Hétérogénéité génétique › Endocrine and Growth Abnormalities in 4H...
questionsmedicales.fr › États, signes et symptômes pathologiques › Processus pathologiques › Troubles de la croissance › Endocrine and Growth Abnormalities in 4H...
questionsmedicales.fr › Maladies métaboliques et nutritionnelles › Maladies métaboliques › Erreurs innées du métabolisme › Encéphalopathies métaboliques congénitales › Maladies démyélinisantes héréditaires du système nerveux central › Endocrine and Growth Abnormalities in 4H...
questionsmedicales.fr › Eucaryotes › Animaux › Chordés › Vertébrés › Mammifères › Eutheria › Primates › Haplorhini › Catarrhini › Hominidae › Humains › Endocrine and Growth Abnormalities in 4H...
questionsmedicales.fr › Maladies endocriniennes › Troubles gonadiques › Hypogonadisme › Endocrine and Growth Abnormalities in 4H...
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Nourrisson › Endocrine and Growth Abnormalities in 4H...
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Nourrisson › Nouveau-né › Endocrine and Growth Abnormalities in 4H...
questionsmedicales.fr › Maladies métaboliques et nutritionnelles › Maladies métaboliques › Maladies mitochondriales › Endocrine and Growth Abnormalities in 4H...
questionsmedicales.fr › Phénomènes génétiques › Variation génétique › Mutation › Endocrine and Growth Abnormalities in 4H...
questionsmedicales.fr › Enzymes et coenzymes › Enzymes › Transferases › Phosphotransferases › Nucleotidyltransferases › RNA nucleotidyltransferases › DNA-directed RNA polymerases › RNA polymerase III › Endocrine and Growth Abnormalities in 4H...
questionsmedicales.fr › Environnement et santé publique › Santé publique › Méthodes épidémiologiques › Caractéristiques des études épidémiologiques › Études épidémiologiques › Études de cohortes › Études rétrospectives › Endocrine and Growth Abnormalities in 4H...
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Adulte › Jeune adulte › Endocrine and Growth Abnormalities in 4H...