The impact of COVID-19 control measures on social contacts and transmission in Kenyan informal settlements.
Adult
Betacoronavirus
COVID-19
Communicable Disease Control
/ methods
Coronavirus Infections
/ economics
Disease Transmission, Infectious
/ prevention & control
Female
Humans
Interpersonal Relations
Kenya
/ epidemiology
Male
Outcome Assessment, Health Care
Pandemics
/ economics
Pneumonia, Viral
/ economics
Poverty
/ statistics & numerical data
SARS-CoV-2
Social Isolation
Socioeconomic Factors
Surveys and Questionnaires
COVID-19
Physical distancing
SARS-CoV-2
Social contacts
Journal
BMC medicine
ISSN: 1741-7015
Titre abrégé: BMC Med
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101190723
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
05 10 2020
05 10 2020
Historique:
received:
09
06
2020
accepted:
09
09
2020
entrez:
5
10
2020
pubmed:
6
10
2020
medline:
21
10
2020
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Many low- and middle-income countries have implemented control measures against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, it is not clear to what extent these measures explain the low numbers of recorded COVID-19 cases and deaths in Africa. One of the main aims of control measures is to reduce respiratory pathogen transmission through direct contact with others. In this study, we collect contact data from residents of informal settlements around Nairobi, Kenya, to assess if control measures have changed contact patterns, and estimate the impact of changes on the basic reproduction number (R We conducted a social contact survey with 213 residents of five informal settlements around Nairobi in early May 2020, 4 weeks after the Kenyan government introduced enhanced physical distancing measures and a curfew between 7 pm and 5 am. Respondents were asked to report all direct physical and non-physical contacts made the previous day, alongside a questionnaire asking about the social and economic impact of COVID-19 and control measures. We examined contact patterns by demographic factors, including socioeconomic status. We described the impact of COVID-19 and control measures on income and food security. We compared contact patterns during control measures to patterns from non-pandemic periods to estimate the change in R We estimate that control measures reduced physical contacts by 62% and non-physical contacts by either 63% or 67%, depending on the pre-COVID-19 comparison matrix used. Masks were worn by at least one person in 92% of contacts. Respondents in the poorest socioeconomic quintile reported 1.5 times more contacts than those in the richest. Eighty-six percent of respondents reported a total or partial loss of income due to COVID-19, and 74% reported eating less or skipping meals due to having too little money for food. COVID-19 control measures have had a large impact on direct contacts and therefore transmission, but have also caused considerable economic and food insecurity. Reductions in R
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
Many low- and middle-income countries have implemented control measures against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, it is not clear to what extent these measures explain the low numbers of recorded COVID-19 cases and deaths in Africa. One of the main aims of control measures is to reduce respiratory pathogen transmission through direct contact with others. In this study, we collect contact data from residents of informal settlements around Nairobi, Kenya, to assess if control measures have changed contact patterns, and estimate the impact of changes on the basic reproduction number (R
METHODS
We conducted a social contact survey with 213 residents of five informal settlements around Nairobi in early May 2020, 4 weeks after the Kenyan government introduced enhanced physical distancing measures and a curfew between 7 pm and 5 am. Respondents were asked to report all direct physical and non-physical contacts made the previous day, alongside a questionnaire asking about the social and economic impact of COVID-19 and control measures. We examined contact patterns by demographic factors, including socioeconomic status. We described the impact of COVID-19 and control measures on income and food security. We compared contact patterns during control measures to patterns from non-pandemic periods to estimate the change in R
RESULTS
We estimate that control measures reduced physical contacts by 62% and non-physical contacts by either 63% or 67%, depending on the pre-COVID-19 comparison matrix used. Masks were worn by at least one person in 92% of contacts. Respondents in the poorest socioeconomic quintile reported 1.5 times more contacts than those in the richest. Eighty-six percent of respondents reported a total or partial loss of income due to COVID-19, and 74% reported eating less or skipping meals due to having too little money for food.
CONCLUSION
COVID-19 control measures have had a large impact on direct contacts and therefore transmission, but have also caused considerable economic and food insecurity. Reductions in R
Identifiants
pubmed: 33012285
doi: 10.1186/s12916-020-01779-4
pii: 10.1186/s12916-020-01779-4
pmc: PMC7533154
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
316Subventions
Organisme : Wellcome Trust
ID : 206471/Z/17/Z
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MR/N014693/1
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
ID : INV-003174
Pays : International
Organisme : European Research Council
ID : 757699
Pays : International
Organisme : Wellcome Trust
ID : 208812/Z/17/Z
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Horizon 2020
ID : 101003688
Pays : International
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MC_PC_19065
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Wellcome Trust
ID : 210758/Z/18/Z
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
ID : INV-001754
Pays : International
Organisme : UKRI GCRF
ID : ES/P010873/1
Pays : International
Organisme : DFID
ID : 221303/Z/20/Z
Pays : International
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MR/P002404/1
Pays : United Kingdom
Investigateurs
Nikos I Bosse
(NI)
Graham Medley
(G)
Kathleen O'Reilly
(K)
Quentin J Leclerc
(QJ)
Mark Jit
(M)
Rachel Lowe
(R)
Nicholas G Davies
(NG)
Arminder K Deol
(AK)
Gwenan M Knight
(GM)
Megan Auzenbergs
(M)
W John Edmunds
(WJ)
Katherine E Atkins
(KE)
Thibaut Jombart
(T)
Rosalind M Eggo
(RM)
Anna M Foss
(AM)
Stefan Flasche
(S)
Carl A B Pearson
(CAB)
Emily S Nightingale
(ES)
James D Munday
(JD)
Sam Abbott
(S)
Billy J Quilty
(BJ)
Hamish P Gibbs
(HP)
David Simons
(D)
Jon C Emery
(JC)
Stéphane Hué
(S)
Yang Liu
(Y)
Damien C Tully
(DC)
Alicia Rosello
(A)
Simon R Procter
(SR)
Akira Endo
(A)
Timothy W Russell
(TW)
Eleanor M Rees
(EM)
Charlie Diamond
(C)
Sophie R Meakin
(SR)
Adam J Kucharski
(AJ)
Georgia R Gore-Langton
(GR)
Petra Klepac
(P)
Joel Hellewell
(J)
Fiona Yueqian Sun
(FY)
Rein M G J Houben
(RMGJ)
C Julian Villabona-Arenas
(CJ)
Sebastian Funk
(S)
Samuel Clifford
(S)
Oliver Brady
(O)
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