COVID-19-Related Anosmia: The Olfactory Pathway Hypothesis and Early Intervention.
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2
anosmia
olfactory bulb
olfactory receptors
Journal
Frontiers in neurology
ISSN: 1664-2295
Titre abrégé: Front Neurol
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101546899
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
2020
2020
Historique:
received:
20
05
2020
accepted:
23
07
2020
entrez:
5
10
2020
pubmed:
6
10
2020
medline:
6
10
2020
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Anosmia is a well-described symptom of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Several respiratory viruses are able to cause post-viral olfactory dysfunction, suggesting a sensorineural damage. Since the olfactory bulb is considered an immunological organ contributing to prevent the invasion of viruses, it could have a role in host defense. The inflammatory products locally released in COVID-19, leading to a local damage and causing olfactory loss, simultaneously may interfere with the viral spread into the central nervous system. In this context, olfactory receptors could play a role as an alternative way of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells locally, in the central nervous system, and systemically. Differences in olfactory bulb due to sex and age may contribute to clarify the different susceptibility to infection and understand the role of age in transmission and disease severity. Finally, evaluation of the degree of functional impairment (grading), central/peripheral anosmia (localization), and the temporal course (evolution) may be useful tools to counteract COVID-19.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33013637
doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00956
pmc: PMC7511833
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Pagination
956Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2020 Gori, Leone, Loffredo, Cinicola, Brindisi, De Castro, Spalice, Duse and Zicari.
Références
Cell Death Discov. 2016 May 09;2:16010
pubmed: 27551504
Virus Res. 2014 Dec 19;194:145-58
pubmed: 25281913
J Exp Med. 1990 Oct 1;172(4):1127-32
pubmed: 1698910
ACS Chem Neurosci. 2020 Jul 1;11(13):1909-1913
pubmed: 32525657
Laryngoscope. 2007 Feb;117(2):272-7
pubmed: 17277621
Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020 Jun 05;7(6):ofaa199
pubmed: 32548209
J Gen Virol. 2000 Jun;81(Pt 6):1413-29
pubmed: 10811925
Autoimmun Rev. 2006 Nov;6(1):54-60
pubmed: 17110318
Neuroscience. 1990;35(2):355-63
pubmed: 1696362
Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jul 28;71(15):889-890
pubmed: 32215618
Science. 2020 Mar 13;367(6483):1260-1263
pubmed: 32075877
J Med Virol. 2020 Jun;92(6):552-555
pubmed: 32104915
Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020 Jun;4(6):414-416
pubmed: 32458804
Front Psychol. 2019 Feb 13;10:242
pubmed: 30814965
PLoS One. 2014 Nov 05;9(11):e111733
pubmed: 25372872
J Alzheimers Dis. 2020;76(1):3-19
pubmed: 32538857
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Apr 2;116(14):7043-7052
pubmed: 30894498
Virulence. 2011 Jul-Aug;2(4):367-70
pubmed: 21758005
Pharmacol Ther. 1997;74(3):299-316
pubmed: 9352586
Nat Rev Immunol. 2009 Sep;9(9):645-55
pubmed: 19696766
J Neurol Sci. 2020 May 15;412:116824
pubmed: 32299010
Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1990 Mar;99(3 Pt 1):205-10
pubmed: 1689979
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991 May;117(5):519-28
pubmed: 2021470
Cell Signal. 2018 Jan;41:82-88
pubmed: 28167233
JAMA Neurol. 2020 Aug 1;77(8):1028-1029
pubmed: 32469400
J Virol. 2008 Aug;82(15):7264-75
pubmed: 18495771
ACS Chem Neurosci. 2016 Apr 20;7(4):464-9
pubmed: 27058872
Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020 Aug;277(8):2251-2261
pubmed: 32253535
Cell Rep. 2020 Sep 22;32(12):108175
pubmed: 32946807
Nature. 2003 Nov 27;426(6965):450-4
pubmed: 14647384
Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1988;245(5):316-20
pubmed: 3245805
Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2020 Aug;10(8):944-950
pubmed: 32301284
Genome Res. 2001 May;11(5):685-702
pubmed: 11337468
Front Aging Neurosci. 2018 Mar 27;10:86
pubmed: 29636678
J Med Internet Res. 2020 Aug 10;22(8):e19611
pubmed: 32530816
medRxiv. 2020 Jun 16;:
pubmed: 32587994
ACS Chem Neurosci. 2020 Apr 1;11(7):995-998
pubmed: 32167747
Physiol Rev. 2018 Jul 1;98(3):1739-1763
pubmed: 29897292
World J Pediatr. 2020 Jun;16(3):251-259
pubmed: 32193831
J Virol. 2011 May;85(9):4122-34
pubmed: 21325420
Laryngoscope. 2020 Jul;130(7):1787
pubmed: 32237238
Neuron. 2005 Nov 3;48(3):417-30
pubmed: 16269360
Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2012 May-Jun;26(3):204-8
pubmed: 22643947
PLoS One. 2013 Nov 21;8(11):e80148
pubmed: 24278251
Cell Death Discov. 2016 Jan 25;2:15070
pubmed: 27551494
Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020 Nov;277(11):3213-3216
pubmed: 32488374
Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2001 Jan 15;113(1-2):52-7
pubmed: 11233469
Front Aging Neurosci. 2016 Jul 05;8:163
pubmed: 27458372
J Cell Physiol. 2018 Mar;233(3):2104-2115
pubmed: 28338216
Vaccines (Basel). 2019 Jul 22;7(3):
pubmed: 31336680
Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2011 Dec;21(6):806-11
pubmed: 21889328
Rhinology. 1994 Sep;32(3):113-8
pubmed: 7530857
Head Neck. 2020 Jul;42(7):1560-1569
pubmed: 32437022
ACS Chem Neurosci. 2020 Apr 15;11(8):1192-1194
pubmed: 32233443
J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014 Feb;62(2):384-6
pubmed: 24521370
Genome Biol. 2007;8(5):R86
pubmed: 17509148
J Neurovirol. 2005 Apr;11(2):129-37
pubmed: 16036791
Front Neuroanat. 2020 Jun 16;14:37
pubmed: 32612515
Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2020 Nov;18(11):1165-1170
pubmed: 32673122
Sci Adv. 2020 Jul 31;6(31):
pubmed: 32937591
Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2004 Dec;37(6):1159-66
pubmed: 15563908
J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2021 Feb;54(1):93-96
pubmed: 32576457
Behav Brain Res. 2010 Dec 1;213(2):208-17
pubmed: 20466023
Brain Imaging Behav. 2018 Oct;12(5):1355-1362
pubmed: 29234959
Virology. 2006 Apr 10;347(2):410-21
pubmed: 16413043
Results Probl Cell Differ. 2009;47:25-36
pubmed: 19132320
Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2017 Jan 1;31(1):3-7
pubmed: 28234141
Cell. 2020 Apr 16;181(2):271-280.e8
pubmed: 32142651
AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2020 Sep;41(9):1703-1706
pubmed: 32586960
Mol Neurobiol. 2019 Mar;56(3):2057-2072
pubmed: 29984401
Mol Biol Evol. 2014 Apr;31(4):917-27
pubmed: 24441035
J Virol. 2004 Aug;78(16):8824-34
pubmed: 15280490
JAMA Neurol. 2020 Jun 1;77(6):683-690
pubmed: 32275288
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2005;29(4-5):627-47
pubmed: 15925697
Neurol Sci. 2020 Jul;41(7):1667-1671
pubmed: 32483687