Characteristics of the Diffuse Astrophysical Electron and Tau Neutrino Flux with Six Years of IceCube High Energy Cascade Data.

Journal

Physical review letters
ISSN: 1079-7114
Titre abrégé: Phys Rev Lett
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0401141

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
18 Sep 2020
Historique:
received: 26 01 2020
revised: 02 06 2020
accepted: 20 07 2020
entrez: 5 10 2020
pubmed: 6 10 2020
medline: 6 10 2020
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

We report on the first measurement of the astrophysical neutrino flux using particle showers (cascades) in IceCube data from 2010-2015. Assuming standard oscillations, the astrophysical neutrinos in this dedicated cascade sample are dominated (∼90%) by electron and tau flavors. The flux, observed in the sensitive energy range from 16 TeV to 2.6 PeV, is consistent with a single power-law model as expected from Fermi-type acceleration of high energy particles at astrophysical sources. We find the flux spectral index to be γ=2.53±0.07 and a flux normalization for each neutrino flavor of ϕ_{astro}=1.66_{-0.27}^{+0.25} at E_{0}=100  TeV, in agreement with IceCube's complementary muon neutrino results and with all-neutrino flavor fit results. In the measured energy range we reject spectral indices γ≤2.28 at ≥3σ significance level. Because of high neutrino energy resolution and low atmospheric neutrino backgrounds, this analysis provides the most detailed characterization of the neutrino flux at energies below ∼100  TeV compared to previous IceCube results. Results from fits assuming more complex neutrino flux models suggest a flux softening at high energies and a flux hardening at low energies (p value ≥0.06). The sizable and smooth flux measured below ∼100  TeV remains a puzzle. In order to not violate the isotropic diffuse gamma-ray background as measured by the Fermi Large Area Telescope, it suggests the existence of astrophysical neutrino sources characterized by dense environments which are opaque to gamma rays.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.121104 PMID: 33016752
pubmed: 33016752
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.121104
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

121104

Auteurs

M G Aartsen (MG)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.

M Ackermann (M)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

J Adams (J)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.

J A Aguilar (JA)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

M Ahlers (M)

Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.

M Ahrens (M)

Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

C Alispach (C)

Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.

K Andeen (K)

Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA.

T Anderson (T)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

I Ansseau (I)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

G Anton (G)

Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.

C Argüelles (C)

Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

J Auffenberg (J)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

S Axani (S)

Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

P Backes (P)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

H Bagherpour (H)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.

X Bai (X)

Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA.

A Balagopal V (A)

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.

A Barbano (A)

Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.

S W Barwick (SW)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.

B Bastian (B)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

V Baum (V)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

S Baur (S)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

R Bay (R)

Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

J J Beatty (JJ)

Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.

K-H Becker (KH)

Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.

J Becker Tjus (J)

Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.

S BenZvi (S)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.

D Berley (D)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

E Bernardini (E)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

D Z Besson (DZ)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA.

G Binder (G)

Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

D Bindig (D)

Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.

E Blaufuss (E)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

S Blot (S)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

C Bohm (C)

Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

S Böser (S)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

O Botner (O)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.

J Böttcher (J)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

E Bourbeau (E)

Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.

J Bourbeau (J)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

F Bradascio (F)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

J Braun (J)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

S Bron (S)

Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.

J Brostean-Kaiser (J)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

A Burgman (A)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.

J Buscher (J)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

R S Busse (RS)

Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.

T Carver (T)

Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.

C Chen (C)

School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.

E Cheung (E)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

D Chirkin (D)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

S Choi (S)

Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.

K Clark (K)

SNOLAB, 1039 Regional Road 24, Creighton Mine 9, Lively, Ontario, Canada P3Y 1N2.

L Classen (L)

Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.

A Coleman (A)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

G H Collin (GH)

Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

J M Conrad (JM)

Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

P Coppin (P)

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

P Correa (P)

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

D F Cowen (DF)

Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

R Cross (R)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.

P Dave (P)

School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.

C De Clercq (C)

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

J J DeLaunay (JJ)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

H Dembinski (H)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

K Deoskar (K)

Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

S De Ridder (S)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.

P Desiati (P)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

K D de Vries (KD)

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

G de Wasseige (G)

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

M de With (M)

Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.

T DeYoung (T)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

A Diaz (A)

Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

J C Díaz-Vélez (JC)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

H Dujmovic (H)

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.

M Dunkman (M)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

E Dvorak (E)

Physics Department, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA.

B Eberhardt (B)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

T Ehrhardt (T)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

P Eller (P)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

R Engel (R)

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.

P A Evenson (PA)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

S Fahey (S)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

A R Fazely (AR)

Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA.

J Felde (J)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

K Filimonov (K)

Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

C Finley (C)

Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

D Fox (D)

Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

A Franckowiak (A)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

E Friedman (E)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

A Fritz (A)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

T K Gaisser (TK)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

J Gallagher (J)

Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

E Ganster (E)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

S Garrappa (S)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

L Gerhardt (L)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

K Ghorbani (K)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

T Glauch (T)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

T Glüsenkamp (T)

Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.

A Goldschmidt (A)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

J G Gonzalez (JG)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

D Grant (D)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

T Grégoire (T)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

Z Griffith (Z)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

S Griswold (S)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA.

M Günder (M)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

M Gündüz (M)

Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.

C Haack (C)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

A Hallgren (A)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.

R Halliday (R)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

L Halve (L)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

F Halzen (F)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

K Hanson (K)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

A Haungs (A)

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.

D Hebecker (D)

Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.

D Heereman (D)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

P Heix (P)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

K Helbing (K)

Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.

R Hellauer (R)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

F Henningsen (F)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

S Hickford (S)

Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.

J Hignight (J)

Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.

G C Hill (GC)

Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.

K D Hoffman (KD)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

R Hoffmann (R)

Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.

T Hoinka (T)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

B Hokanson-Fasig (B)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

K Hoshina (K)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

F Huang (F)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

M Huber (M)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

T Huber (T)

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

K Hultqvist (K)

Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

M Hünnefeld (M)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

R Hussain (R)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

S In (S)

Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.

N Iovine (N)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

A Ishihara (A)

Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.

M Jansson (M)

Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

G S Japaridze (GS)

CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, USA.

M Jeong (M)

Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.

K Jero (K)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

B J P Jones (BJP)

Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates Street, Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA.

F Jonske (F)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

R Joppe (R)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

D Kang (D)

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.

W Kang (W)

Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.

A Kappes (A)

Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.

D Kappesser (D)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

T Karg (T)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

M Karl (M)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

A Karle (A)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

U Katz (U)

Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.

M Kauer (M)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

J L Kelley (JL)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

A Kheirandish (A)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

J Kim (J)

Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.

T Kintscher (T)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

J Kiryluk (J)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA.

T Kittler (T)

Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.

S R Klein (SR)

Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

R Koirala (R)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

H Kolanoski (H)

Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.

L Köpke (L)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

C Kopper (C)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

S Kopper (S)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA.

D J Koskinen (DJ)

Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.

M Kowalski (M)

Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

K Krings (K)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

G Krückl (G)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

N Kulacz (N)

Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.

N Kurahashi (N)

Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

A Kyriacou (A)

Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.

J L Lanfranchi (JL)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

M J Larson (MJ)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

F Lauber (F)

Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.

J P Lazar (JP)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

K Leonard (K)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

M Lesiak-Bzdak (M)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA.

A Leszczyńska (A)

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.

M Leuermann (M)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

Q R Liu (QR)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

E Lohfink (E)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

C J Lozano Mariscal (CJ)

Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.

L Lu (L)

Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.

F Lucarelli (F)

Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.

J Lünemann (J)

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

W Luszczak (W)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

Y Lyu (Y)

Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

W Y Ma (WY)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

J Madsen (J)

Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA.

G Maggi (G)

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

K B M Mahn (KBM)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

Y Makino (Y)

Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.

P Mallik (P)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

K Mallot (K)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

S Mancina (S)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

I C Mariş (IC)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

R Maruyama (R)

Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.

K Mase (K)

Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.

R Maunu (R)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

F McNally (F)

Department of Physics, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia 31207-0001, USA.

K Meagher (K)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

M Medici (M)

Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.

A Medina (A)

Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.

M Meier (M)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

S Meighen-Berger (S)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

G Merino (G)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

T Meures (T)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

J Micallef (J)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

D Mockler (D)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

G Momenté (G)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

T Montaruli (T)

Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland.

R W Moore (RW)

Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.

R Morse (R)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

M Moulai (M)

Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

P Muth (P)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

R Nagai (R)

Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.

U Naumann (U)

Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.

G Neer (G)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

H Niederhausen (H)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA.

M U Nisa (MU)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

S C Nowicki (SC)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

D R Nygren (DR)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

A Obertacke Pollmann (A)

Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.

M Oehler (M)

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.

A Olivas (A)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

A O'Murchadha (A)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

E O'Sullivan (E)

Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

T Palczewski (T)

Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

H Pandya (H)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

D V Pankova (DV)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

N Park (N)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

P Peiffer (P)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

C Pérez de Los Heros (C)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.

S Philippen (S)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

D Pieloth (D)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

S Pieper (S)

Department of Physics, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.

E Pinat (E)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

A Pizzuto (A)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

M Plum (M)

Department of Physics, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA.

A Porcelli (A)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.

P B Price (PB)

Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

G T Przybylski (GT)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

C Raab (C)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

A Raissi (A)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.

M Rameez (M)

Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.

L Rauch (L)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

K Rawlins (K)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA.

I C Rea (IC)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

A Rehman (A)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

R Reimann (R)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

B Relethford (B)

Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

M Renschler (M)

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.

G Renzi (G)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

E Resconi (E)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

W Rhode (W)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

M Richman (M)

Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

S Robertson (S)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

M Rongen (M)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

C Rott (C)

Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.

T Ruhe (T)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

D Ryckbosch (D)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.

D Rysewyk (D)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

I Safa (I)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

S E Sanchez Herrera (SE)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

A Sandrock (A)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

J Sandroos (J)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

M Santander (M)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA.

S Sarkar (S)

Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom.

S Sarkar (S)

Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.

K Satalecka (K)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

M Schaufel (M)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

H Schieler (H)

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.

P Schlunder (P)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

T Schmidt (T)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

A Schneider (A)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

J Schneider (J)

Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.

F G Schröder (FG)

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

L Schumacher (L)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

S Sclafani (S)

Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

D Seckel (D)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

S Seunarine (S)

Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA.

S Shefali (S)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

M Silva (M)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

R Snihur (R)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

J Soedingrekso (J)

Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany.

D Soldin (D)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

M Song (M)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

G M Spiczak (GM)

Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin 54022, USA.

C Spiering (C)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

J Stachurska (J)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

M Stamatikos (M)

Department of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.

T Stanev (T)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

R Stein (R)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

J Stettner (J)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

A Steuer (A)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

T Stezelberger (T)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

R G Stokstad (RG)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

A Stößl (A)

Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.

N L Strotjohann (NL)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

T Stürwald (T)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

T Stuttard (T)

Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.

G W Sullivan (GW)

Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

I Taboada (I)

School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.

F Tenholt (F)

Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.

S Ter-Antonyan (S)

Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA.

A Terliuk (A)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

S Tilav (S)

Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.

K Tollefson (K)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

L Tomankova (L)

Fakultät für Physik & Astronomie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.

C Tönnis (C)

Institute of Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.

S Toscano (S)

Université Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

D Tosi (D)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

A Trettin (A)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

M Tselengidou (M)

Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.

C F Tung (CF)

School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.

A Turcati (A)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

R Turcotte (R)

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.

C F Turley (CF)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

B Ty (B)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

E Unger (E)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden.

M A Unland Elorrieta (MA)

Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.

M Usner (M)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

J Vandenbroucke (J)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

W Van Driessche (W)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.

D van Eijk (D)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

N van Eijndhoven (N)

Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

J van Santen (J)

DESY, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany.

S Verpoest (S)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.

M Vraeghe (M)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Gent, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.

C Walck (C)

Oskar Klein Centre and Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.

A Wallace (A)

Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.

M Wallraff (M)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

N Wandkowsky (N)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

T B Watson (TB)

Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, 502 Yates Street, Science Hall Rm 108, Box 19059, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA.

C Weaver (C)

Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.

A Weindl (A)

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut für Kernphysik, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.

M J Weiss (MJ)

Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.

J Weldert (J)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

C Wendt (C)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

J Werthebach (J)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

B J Whelan (BJ)

Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.

N Whitehorn (N)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.

K Wiebe (K)

Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.

C H Wiebusch (CH)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

L Wille (L)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

D R Williams (DR)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA.

L Wills (L)

Department of Physics, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

M Wolf (M)

Physik-department, Technische Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.

J Wood (J)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

T R Wood (TR)

Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.

K Woschnagg (K)

Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

G Wrede (G)

Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.

D L Xu (DL)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

X W Xu (XW)

Department of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70813, USA.

Y Xu (Y)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA.

J P Yanez (JP)

Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1.

G Yodh (G)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.

S Yoshida (S)

Department of Physics and Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.

T Yuan (T)

Department of Physics and Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.

M Zöcklein (M)

III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany.

Classifications MeSH