Global priority areas for ecosystem restoration.

Animals Biodiversity Conservation of Natural Resources / economics Cost-Benefit Analysis Ecosystem Environmental Restoration and Remediation / economics Geographic Mapping Global Warming / economics International Cooperation

Journal

Nature
ISSN: 1476-4687
Titre abrégé: Nature
Pays: England
ID NLM: 0410462

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
10 2020
Historique:
received: 14 08 2019
accepted: 08 09 2020
pubmed: 16 10 2020
medline: 15 1 2021
entrez: 15 10 2020
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Extensive ecosystem restoration is increasingly seen as being central to conserving biodiversity

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2784-9 PMID: 33057198
pubmed: 33057198
doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2784-9
pii: 10.1038/s41586-020-2784-9
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

724-729

Commentaires et corrections

Type : CommentIn
Type : CommentIn
Type : ErratumIn
Type : CommentIn

Références

IPBES. Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES Secretariat, 2019).
IPCC. An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes In Terrestrial Ecosystems (SRCCL) (World Meteorological Organization, 2019).
Di Marco, M., Ferrier, S., Harwood, T. D., Hoskins, A. J. & Watson, J. E. M. Wilderness areas halve the extinction risk of terrestrial biodiversity. Nature 573, 582–585 (2019).
pubmed: 31534225
Maron, M., Simmonds, J. S. & Watson, J. E. M. Bold nature retention targets are essential for the global environment agenda. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 2, 1194–1195 (2018).
pubmed: 29915340
IPBES. The IPBES Assessment Report on Land Degradation and Restoration (IPBES Secretariat, 2018).
Bastin, J. F. et al. The global tree restoration potential. Science 365, 76–79 (2019).
pubmed: 31273120
Chazdon, R. & Brancalion, P. Restoring forests as a means to many ends. Science 365, 24–25 (2019).
pubmed: 31273109
Temperton, V. M. et al. Step back from the forest and step up to the Bonn challenge: how a broad ecological perspective can promote successful landscape restoration. Restor. Ecol. 27, 705–719 (2019).
Strassburg, B. B. N. et al. Strategic approaches to restoring ecosystems can triple conservation gains and halve costs. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 3, 62–70 (2019).
pubmed: 30568285
Brancalion, P. H. S. et al. Global restoration opportunities in tropical rainforest landscapes. Sci. Adv. 5, eaav3223 (2019).
pubmed: 31281881 pmcid: 6609219
Mappin, B. et al. Restoration priorities to achieve the global protected area target. Conserv. Lett. 12, e12646 (2019).
Brooks, T. M. et al. Global biodiversity conservation priorities. Science 313, 58–61 (2006).
pubmed: 16825561
Joppa, L. N., Visconti, P., Jenkins, C. N. & Pimm, S. L. Achieving the convention on biological diversity’s goals for plant conservation. Science 341, 1100–1103 (2013).
pubmed: 24009391
Montesino Pouzols, F. et al. Global protected area expansion is compromised by projected land-use and parochialism. Nature 516, 383–386 (2014).
pubmed: 25494203
Ando, A., Camm, J., Polasky, S. & Solow, A. Species distributions, land values, and efficient conservation. Science 279, 2126–2128 (1998).
pubmed: 9516117
Naidoo, R. et al. Global mapping of ecosystem services and conservation priorities. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 9495–9500 (2008).
pubmed: 18621701 pmcid: 2474481
Beyer, H. L., Dujardin, Y., Watts, M. E. & Possingham, H. P. Solving conservation planning problems with integer linear programming. Ecol. Modell. 328, 14–22 (2016).
Cabeza, M. & Moilanen, A. Design of reserve networks and the persistence of biodiversity. Trends Ecol. Evol. 16, 242–248 (2001).
pubmed: 11301153
European Space Agency. Climate Change Initiative (ESA CCI).  https://www.esa-landcover-cci.org/?q=node/158 (accessed May 2018).
Veldman, J. W. et al. Where tree planting and forest expansion are bad for biodiversity and ecosystem services. Bioscience 65, 1011–1018 (2015).
Thomas, C. D. et al. Extinction risk from climate change. Nature 427, 145–148 (2004).
pubmed: 14712274
Strassburg, B. B. N. et al. Impacts of incentives to reduce emissions from deforestation on global species extinctions. Nat. Clim. Chang. 2, 350–355 (2012).
Strassburg, B. B. N. et al. Moment of truth for the Cerrado hotspot. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 0099 (2017).
IUCN. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2019-3  http://www.iucnredlist.org (accessed 10 December 2019).
Brooks, T. M. et al. Measuring terrestrial area of habitat (AOH) and its utility for the IUCN Red List. Trends Ecol. Evol. 34, 977–986 (2019).
pubmed: 31324345
Erb, K.-H. et al. Unexpectedly large impact of forest management and grazing on global vegetation biomass. Nature 553, 73–76 (2018).
pubmed: 29258288
Sanderman, J., Hengl, T. & Fiske, G. J. Soil carbon debt of 12,000 years of human land use. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 9575–9580 (2017).
pubmed: 28827323 pmcid: 5594668
IPCC. in Global Warming of 1.5°C (eds Masson-Delmotte, V. et al.) 3–24 (World Meteorological Organization, 2018).
Poorter, L. et al. Biomass resilience of Neotropical secondary forests. Nature 530, 211–214 (2016).
pubmed: 26840632
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., da Fonseca, G. A. & Kent, J. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403, 853–858 (2000).
pubmed: 10706275
Strassburg, B. B. N. et al. Increasing Agricultural Output While Avoiding Deforestation—A Case Study for Mato Grosso, Brazil (International Institute for Sustainability, 2012).
Latawiec, A. E., Strassburg, B. B. N., Brancalion, P. H. S., Rodrigues, R. R. & Gardner, T. Creating space for large-scale restoration in tropical agricultural landscapes. Front. Ecol. Environ. 13, 211–218 (2015).
Anderson, C. B. et al. Determining nature’s contributions to achieve the sustainable development goals. Sustain. Sci. 14, 543–547 (2019).
Martín-López, B. et al. Nature’s contributions to people in mountains: a review. PLoS ONE 14, e0217847 (2019).
pubmed: 31185055 pmcid: 6559649
Latawiec, A. E., Strassburg, B. B. N., Valentim, J. F., Ramos, F. & Alves-Pinto, H. N. Intensification of cattle ranching production systems: socioeconomic and environmental synergies and risks in Brazil. Animal 8, 1255–1263 (2014).
pubmed: 26263189
Newbold, T. et al. Global effects of land use on local terrestrial biodiversity. Nature 520, 45–50 (2015).
pubmed: 25832402
Balmford, A. et al. The environmental costs and benefits of high-yield farming. Nat. Sustain. 1, 477–485 (2018).
pubmed: 30450426 pmcid: 6237269
Garnett, T. et al. Sustainable intensification in agriculture: premises and policies. Science 341, 33–34 (2013).
pubmed: 23828927
Erb, K.-H. et al. Exploring the biophysical option space for feeding the world without deforestation. Nat. Commun. 7, 11382 (2016).
pubmed: 27092437 pmcid: 4838894
Reyes-García, V. et al. The contributions of Indigenous Peoples and local communities to ecological restoration. Restor. Ecol. 27, 3–8 (2019).
Possingham, H. P., Bode, M. & Klein, C. J. Optimal conservation outcomes require both restoration and protection. PLoS Biol. 13, e1002052 (2015).
pubmed: 25625277 pmcid: 4308106
Beresford, A. et al. Minding the protection gap: estimates of species’ range sizes and holes in the protected area network. Anim. Conserv. 14, 114–116 (2011).
Rondinini, C. et al. Global habitat suitability models of terrestrial mammals. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 366, 2633–2641 (2011).
Di Marco, M. et al. Synergies and trade-offs in achieving global biodiversity targets. Conserv. Biol. 30, 189–195 (2016).
pubmed: 26041135
Betts, M. G. et al. Global forest loss disproportionately erodes biodiversity in intact landscapes. Nature 547, 441–444 (2017).
pubmed: 28723892
Venter, O. et al. Targeting global protected area expansion for imperiled biodiversity. PLoS Biol. 12, e1001891 (2014).
pubmed: 24960185 pmcid: 4068989
Joppa, L. N. et al. Filling in biodiversity threat gaps. Science 352, 416–418 (2016).
pubmed: 27102469
Knight, A. T., Cowling, R. M. & Campbell, B. M. An operational model for implementing conservation action. Conserv. Biol. 20, 408–419 (2006).
pubmed: 16903102
Ban, N. C. et al. A social–ecological approach to conservation planning: embedding social considerations. Front. Ecol. Environ. 11, 194–202 (2013).
Halpern, B. S. et al. Achieving the triple bottom line in the face of inherent trade-offs among social equity, economic return, and conservation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 6229–6234 (2013).
pubmed: 23530207 pmcid: 3625307
Dinerstein, E. et al. An ecoregion-based approach to protecting half the terrestrial realm. Bioscience 67, 534–545 (2017).
pubmed: 28608869 pmcid: 5451287
Robinson, T. P. et al. Mapping the global distribution of livestock. PLoS ONE 9, e96084 (2014).
pubmed: 24875496 pmcid: 4038494
Gibbs, H. K., Brown, S., Niles, J. O. & Foley, J. A. Monitoring and estimating tropical forest carbon stocks: making REDD a reality. Environ. Res. Lett. 2, 045023 (2007).
Baccini, A. et al. Estimated carbon dioxide emissions from tropical deforestation improved by carbon-density maps. Nat. Clim. Chang. 2, 182–185 (2012).
Saatchi, S. S. et al. Benchmark map of forest carbon stocks in tropical regions across three continents. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 9899–9904 (2011).
pubmed: 21628575 pmcid: 3116381
Erb, K.-H. et al. A comprehensive global 5 min resolution land-use data set for the year 2000 consistent with national census data. J. Land Use Sci. 2, 191–224 (2007).
IPCC. Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, 2006).
Olson, D. M. et al. Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on earth: a new global map of terrestrial ecoregions provides an innovative tool for conserving biodiversity. Bioscience 51, 933–938 (2001).
Harrell, F. E. Jr et al. Hmisc: Harrell Miscellaneous. R package version 4.1-1.  https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Hmisc/Hmisc.pdf (2018).
Goldewijk, K. K., Beusen, A., Van Drecht, G. & De Vos, M. The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human-induced global land-use change over the past 12,000 years. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 20, 73–86 (2011).
Fonseca, W. et al. Carbon accumulation in the biomass and soil of different aged secondary forests in the humid tropics of Costa Rica. For. Ecol. Manage. 262, 1400–1408 (2011).
Guo, L. B. & Gifford, R. M. Soil carbon stocks and land use change: a meta analysis. Glob. Change Biol. 8, 345–360 (2002).
Yang, Y., Tilman, D., Furey, G. & Lehman, C. Soil carbon sequestration accelerated by restoration of grassland biodiversity. Nat. Commun. 10, 718 (2019).
pubmed: 30755614 pmcid: 6372642
Mitchard, E. T. et al. Uncertainty in the spatial distribution of tropical forest biomass: a comparison of pan-tropical maps. Carbon Balance Manag. 8, 10 (2013).
pubmed: 24161143 pmcid: 4175488
Hengl, T. et al. SoilGrids250m: global gridded soil information based on machine learning. PLoS ONE 12, e0169748 (2017).
pubmed: 28207752 pmcid: 5313206
BirdLife International & NatureServe. Bird Species Distribution Maps of the World. Version 2018.1  http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/requestdis (BirdLife International and Handbook of the Birds of the World, 2018).
Beresford, A. et al. Poor overlap between the distribution of protected areas and globally threatened birds in Africa. Anim. Conserv. 14, 99–107 (2011).
Staude, I. R. et al. Range size predicts the risk of local extinction from habitat loss. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 29, 16–25 (2020).
Carrasco, L. R., Webb, E. L., Symes, W. S., Koh, L. P. & Sodhi, N. S. Global economic trade-offs between wild nature and tropical agriculture. PLoS Biol. 15, e2001657 (2017).
pubmed: 28732022 pmcid: 5521733
Naidoo, R & Iwamura, T. Global-scale mapping of economic benefits from agricultural lands: implications for conservation priorities. Biol. Conserv. 140, 40–49 (2007).
Polasky, S. et al. Where to put things? Spatial land management to sustain biodiversity and economic returns. Biol. Conserv. 141, 1505–1524 (2008).
Sulser, T. B. et al. in Beyond a Middle Income Africa: Transforming African Economies for Sustained Growth with Rising Employment and Incomes (ReSAKSS Annual Trends and Outlook Report 2014 (eds. Badiane, O. et al.) Ch. 2 (International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 2014).
Robinson, S. et al. The International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT): Model Description for Version 3 (IFPRI Discussion Paper 1483) (International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), (2015).
IIASA & FAO. Global Agro-ecological Zones (GAEZ v.3.0) (IIASA & FAO, 2012).
Hoppe, R. A. Structure and Finances of U.S. Farms: Family Farm Report (EIB-132) (US Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, 2014).
Baležentis, T. et al. Decomposing dynamics in the farm profitability: an application of index decomposition analysis to Lithuanian FADN sample. Sustainability 11, 2861 (2019).
Statistic Canada. Table 32-10-0136-01, Farm Operating Revenues and Expenses, Annual.  https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/59ca6332-391b-4fdf-bb3a-31e5e45f6bb7 (2008).
De Groot, R. S. et al. Benefits of investing in ecosystem restoration. Conserv. Biol. 27, 1286–1293 (2013).
International Labour Organization. ILOSTAT database.  https://ilostat.ilo.org/data (accessed March 2020).
United Nations Statistics Division. UN Comtrade Database.  https://comtrade.un.org/ (accessed March 2020).
Brancalion, P. H. S. et al. What makes ecosystem restoration expensive? A systematic cost assessment of projects in Brazil. Biol. Conserv. 240, 108274 (2019).
Mueller, N. D. et al. Closing yield gaps through nutrient and water management. Nature 490, 254–257 (2012).
pubmed: 22932270
Mueller, N. D. et al. Declining spatial efficiency of global cropland nitrogen allocation. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 31, 245–257 (2017).
Foley, J. A. et al. Solutions for a cultivated planet. Nature 478, 337–342 (2011).
pubmed: 21993620
Hornik, K. et al. SYMPHONY in R, an R interface to the SYMPHONY solver for mixed-integer linear programs.  http://R-Forge.R-project.org/projects/rsymphony/ (2019).
Popp, A. et al. Land-use futures in the shared socio-economic pathways. Glob. Environ. Change 42, 331–345 (2017).

Auteurs

Bernardo B N Strassburg (BBN)

Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontifical Catholic University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. b.strassburg@iis-rio.org.
International Institute for Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. b.strassburg@iis-rio.org.
Programa de Pós Graduacão em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. b.strassburg@iis-rio.org.
Botanical Garden Research Institute of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. b.strassburg@iis-rio.org.
ORCID: 0000-0002-8598-3020

Alvaro Iribarrem (A)

Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontifical Catholic University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
International Institute for Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Hawthorne L Beyer (HL)

School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.

Carlos Leandro Cordeiro (CL)

Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontifical Catholic University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
International Institute for Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Renato Crouzeilles (R)

Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontifical Catholic University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
International Institute for Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Programa de Pós Graduacão em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Catarina C Jakovac (CC)

Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontifical Catholic University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
International Institute for Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Forest Ecology and Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

André Braga Junqueira (A)

Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontifical Catholic University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
International Institute for Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Eduardo Lacerda (E)

Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontifical Catholic University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
International Institute for Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Geography, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil.

Agnieszka E Latawiec (AE)

Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontifical Catholic University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
International Institute for Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Production Engineering, Logistics and Applied Computer Science, Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Kraków, Poland.
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.

Andrew Balmford (A)

Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

Thomas M Brooks (TM)

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Gland, Switzerland.
World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), University of the Philippines, Los Baños, The Philippines.
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.

Stuart H M Butchart (SHM)

Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.
ORCID: 0000-0002-1140-4049

Robin L Chazdon (RL)

International Institute for Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
World Resources Institute, Global Restoration Initiative, Washington, DC, USA.
Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia.
ORCID: 0000-0002-7349-5687

Karl-Heinz Erb (KH)

Institute of Social Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
ORCID: 0000-0002-8335-4159

Pedro Brancalion (P)

Department of Forest Sciences, 'Luiz de Queiroz' College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil.

Graeme Buchanan (G)

RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Edinburgh, UK.

David Cooper (D)

Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (SCBD), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
ORCID: 0000-0003-4538-205X

Sandra Díaz (S)

Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
ORCID: 0000-0003-0012-4612

Paul F Donald (PF)

Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.
RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Edinburgh, UK.

Valerie Kapos (V)

UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK.
ORCID: 0000-0002-5739-8262

David Leclère (D)

Ecosystem Services Management (ESM) Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.
ORCID: 0000-0002-8658-1509

Lera Miles (L)

UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK.
ORCID: 0000-0003-0377-5904

Michael Obersteiner (M)

Ecosystem Services Management (ESM) Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.
Environmental Change Institute, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Oxford, UK.
ORCID: 0000-0001-6981-2769

Christoph Plutzar (C)

Institute of Social Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

Carlos Alberto de M Scaramuzza (CA)

International Institute for Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Fabio R Scarano (FR)

Programa de Pós Graduacão em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
ORCID: 0000-0003-3355-9882

Piero Visconti (P)

Ecosystem Services Management (ESM) Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.

Articles similaires

Evaluating the efficacy of telesurgery with dual console SSI Mantra Surgical Robotic System: experiment on animal model and clinical trials.

Sudhir Prem Srivastava, Vishwajyoti Pascual Srivastava, Avinesh Singh et al.
1.00
Robotic Surgical Procedures Animals Humans Telemedicine Models, Animal

Odour generalisation and detection dog training.

Lyn Caldicott, Thomas W Pike, Helen E Zulch et al.
1.00
Animals Odorants Dogs Generalization, Psychological Smell

FBXO22 inhibits colitis and colorectal carcinogenesis by regulating the degradation of the S2448-phosphorylated form of mTOR.

Minle Li, Xuan Chen, Pengfei Qu et al.
1.00
Animals TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases Colorectal Neoplasms Colitis Mice

Use of organic material provided by an automatic enrichment device by weaner pigs and its influence on tail lesions.

Philipp Heseker, Jeanette Probst, Stefanie Ammer et al.
1.00
Animals Tail Swine Behavior, Animal Animal Husbandry

Classifications MeSH

questionsmedicales.fr › Eucaryotes › Animaux › Global priority areas for ecosystem restoration.
questionsmedicales.fr › Environnement et santé publique › Environnement › Écosystème › Biodiversité › Global priority areas for ecosystem restoration.
questionsmedicales.fr › Environnement et santé publique › Environnement › Conservation des ressources naturelles › Global priority areas for ecosystem restoration.
questionsmedicales.fr › Organisations et économie des soins de santé › Économie › Coûts et analyse des coûts › Analyse coût-bénéfice › Global priority areas for ecosystem restoration.
questionsmedicales.fr › Environnement et santé publique › Environnement › Écosystème › Global priority areas for ecosystem restoration.
questionsmedicales.fr › Environnement et santé publique › Santé publique › Pollution de l'environnement › Assainissement et restauration de l'environnement › Global priority areas for ecosystem restoration.
questionsmedicales.fr › Environnement et santé publique › Santé publique › Méthodes épidémiologiques › Statistiques comme sujet › Analyse spatiale › Cartographie géographique › Global priority areas for ecosystem restoration.
questionsmedicales.fr › Phénomènes biologiques › Phénomènes écologiques et environnementaux › Processus climatiques › Changement climatique › Réchauffement de la planète › Global priority areas for ecosystem restoration.
questionsmedicales.fr › Sciences sociales › Internationalité › Coopération internationale › Global priority areas for ecosystem restoration.