Non-Equilibrium Synthesis of Highly Active Nanostructured, Oxygen-Incorporated Amorphous Molybdenum Sulfide HER Electrocatalyst.

a‐MoSx electrocatalysis hydrogen evolution reaction non‐equilibrium synthesis pulsed laser deposition

Journal

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)
ISSN: 1613-6829
Titre abrégé: Small
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 101235338

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
08 Oct 2020
Historique:
received: 05 07 2020
revised: 08 08 2020
entrez: 22 10 2020
pubmed: 23 10 2020
medline: 23 10 2020
Statut: aheadofprint

Résumé

Molybdenum sulfide emerged as promising hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalyst thanks to its high intrinsic activity, however its limited active sites exposure and low conductivity hamper its performance. To address these drawbacks, the non-equilibrium nature of pulsed laser deposition (PLD) is exploited to synthesize self-supported hierarchical nanoarchitectures by gas phase nucleation and sequential attachment of defective molybdenum sulfide clusters. The physics of the process are studied by in situ diagnostics and correlated to the properties of the resulting electrocatalyst. The as-synthesized architectures have a disordered nanocrystalline structure, with nanodomains of bent, defective S-Mo-S layers embedded in an amorphous matrix, with excess sulfur and segregated molybdenum particles. Oxygen incorporation in this structure fosters the creation of amorphous oxide/oxysulfide nanophases with high electrical conductivity, enabling fast electron transfer to the active sites. The combined effect of the nanocrystalline pristine structure and the surface oxidation enhances the performance leading to small overpotentials, very fast kinetics (35.1 mV dec

Identifiants

pubmed: 33090682
doi: 10.1002/smll.202004047
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

e2004047

Subventions

Organisme : Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences at Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Organisme : Basic Energy Sciences

Informations de copyright

© 2020 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.

Références

R. de Levie, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1999, 44, 120.
S. Anantharaj, S. R. Ede, K. Sakthikumar, K. Karthick, S. Mishra, S. Kundu, ACS Catal. 2016, 6, 8069.
L. Barreto, A. Makihira, K. Riahi, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2003, 28, 267.
G. Marbán, T. Valdés‐Solís, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2007, 32, 1625.
M. G. Walter, E. L. Warren, J. R. McKone, S. W. Boettcher, Q. Mi, E. A. Santori, N. S. Lewis, Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 6446.
M. Carmo, D. L. Fritz, J. Mergel, D. Stolten, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2013, 38, 4901.
X. Zou, Y. Zhang, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 5148.
I. Roger, M. A. Shipman, M. D. Symes, Nat. Rev. Chem. 2017, 1, 0003.
A. J. Smith, Y. H. Chang, K. Raidongia, T. Y. Chen, L. J. Li, J. Huang, Adv. Energy Mater. 2014, 4, 1400398.
J. Lin, Z. Peng, G. Wang, D. Zakhidov, E. Larios, M. J. Yacaman, J. M. Tour, Adv. Energy Mater. 2014, 4, 1301875.
Y. Yin, Y. Zhang, T. Gao, T. Yao, X. Zhang, J. Han, X. Wang, Z. Zhang, P. Xu, P. Zhang, X. Cao, B. Song, S. Jin, Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1700311.
A. B. Laursen, S. Kegnæs, S. Dahl, I. Chorkendorff, Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 5577.
B. Hinnemann, P. G. Moses, J. Bonde, K. P. Jørgensen, J. H. Nielsen, S. Horch, I. Chorkendorff, J. K. Nørskov, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 5308.
T. F. Jaramillo, K. P. Jorgensen, J. Bonde, J. H. Nielsen, S. Horch, I. Chorkendorff, Science 2007, 317, 100.
P. D. Tran, T. V. Tran, M. Orio, S. Torelli, Q. D. Truong, K. Nayuki, Y. Sasaki, S. Y. Chiam, R. Yi, I. Honma, J. Barber, V. Artero, Nat. Mater. 2016, 15, 640.
L. R. L. Ting, Y. Deng, L. Ma, Y. J. Zhang, A. A. Peterson, B. S. Yeo, ACS Catal. 2016, 6, 861.
X. Geng, W. Sun, W. Wu, B. Chen, A. Al‐hilo, M. Benamara, H. Zhu, F. Watanabe, J. Cui, T. Chen, Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 10672.
X. Chia, A. Y. S. Eng, A. Ambrosi, S. M. Tan, M. Pumera, Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 11941.
A. Lu, X. Yang, C. Tseng, S. Min, S. Lin, C. Hsu, H. Li, H. Idriss, J. Kuo, K. Huang, L. Li, Small 2016, 12, 5530.
Z. Ye, J. Yang, B. Li, L. Shi, H. Ji, L. Song, H. Xu, Small 2017, 13, 1700111.
Z. Lu, W. Zhu, X. Yu, H. Zhang, Y. Li, X. Sun, X. Wang, H. Wang, J. Wang, J. Luo, X. Lei, L. Jiang, Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 2683.
Z. Zhang, Y. Wang, X. Leng, V. H. Crespi, F. Kang, R. Lv, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2018, 1, 1268.
Z. Chen, D. Cummins, B. N. Reinecke, E. Clark, M. K. Sunkara, T. F. Jaramillo, Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 4168.
J. Xie, H. Qu, J. Xin, X. Zhang, G. Cui, X. Zhang, J. Bao, B. Tang, Y. Xie, Nano Res. 2017, 10, 1178.
Y. Luo, L. Tang, U. Khan, Q. Yu, H.‐M. Cheng, X. Zou, B. Liu, Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 1.
L. Liao, J. Zhu, X. Bian, L. Zhu, M. D. Scanlon, H. H. Girault, B. Liu, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013, 23, 5326.
Y. J. Tang, Y. Wang, X. L. Wang, S. L. Li, W. Huang, L. Z. Dong, C. H. Liu, Y. F. Li, Y. Q. Lan, Adv. Energy Mater. 2016, 6, 1600116.
J. Cao, J. Zhou, Y. Zhang, Y. Zou, X. Liu, PLoS One 2017, 12, e0177258.
L. Najafi, S. Bellani, B. Martín‐García, R. Oropesa‐Nunez, A. E. Del Rio Castillo, M. Prato, I. Moreels, F. Bonaccorso, Chem. Mater. 2017, 29, 5782.
J. Huang, M. Chen, X. Li, X. Zhang, L. Lin, W. Liu, Y. Liu, Electrochim. Acta 2019, 300, 235.
Q. Wu, T. Jiang, H. Li, M. Li, Electrochim. Acta 2020, 338, 135888.
J. Ekspong, T. Sharifi, A. Shchukarev, A. Klechikov, T. Wågberg, E. Gracia‐Espino, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2016, 26, 6766.
K. E. Lee, S. P. Sasikala, H. J. Lee, G. Y. Lee, S. H. Koo, T. Yun, H. J. Jung, I. H. Kim, S. O. Kim, Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 2017, 34, 1600375.
K. C. Pham, Y. H. Chang, D. S. McPhail, C. Mattevi, A. T. S. Wee, D. H. C. Chua, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 5961.
X. Q. Bao, D. Y. Petrovykh, P. Alpuim, D. G. Stroppa, N. Guldris, H. Fonseca, M. Costa, J. Gaspar, C. Jin, L. Liu, Nano Energy 2015, 16, 130.
D. Voiry, M. Salehi, R. Silva, T. Fujita, M. Chen, T. Asefa, V. B. Shenoy, G. Eda, M. Chhowalla, Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 6222.
Z. C. Xiang, Z. Zhang, X. J. Xu, Q. Zhang, C. Yuan, Carbon 2016, 98, 84.
L. Cai, W. Cheng, T. Yao, Y. Huang, F. Tang, Q. Liu, W. Liu, Z. Sun, F. Hu, Y. Jiang, W. Yan, S. Wei, J. Phys. Chem. C 2017, 121, 15071.
K. Sun, Y. Liu, Y. Pan, H. Zhu, J. Zhao, L. Zeng, Z. Liu, C. Liu, Nano Res. 2018, 11, 4368.
J. Deng, H. Li, J. Xiao, Y. Tu, D. Deng, H. Yang, H. Tian, J. Li, P. Ren, X. Bao, Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8, 1594.
Y. Q. Liang, J. Mao, Z. D. Cui, J. N. He, X. J. Yang, Z. Y. Li, X. M. Zhang, B. B. Li, S. L. Zhu, J. Electrochem. Soc. 2016, 163, H299.
X. Gan, R. Lv, X. Wang, Z. Zhang, K. Fujisawa, Y. Lei, Z. H. Huang, M. Terrones, F. Kang, Carbon 2018, 132, 512.
P. Liu, J. Zhu, J. Zhang, K. Tao, D. Gao, P. Xi, Electrochim. Acta 2018, 260, 24.
X. Ren, Q. Ma, H. Fan, L. Pang, Y. Zhang, Y. Yao, X. Ren, S. Liu, Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 15997.
R. Ding, M. Wang, X. Wang, H. Wang, L. Wang, Y. Mu, B. Lv, Nanoscale 2019, 11, 11217.
Q. Yang, Z. Wang, L. Dong, W. Zhao, Y. Jin, L. Fang, B. Hu, M. Dong, J. Phys. Chem. C 2019, 123, 10917.
J. Xie, J. Zhang, S. Li, F. Grote, X. Zhang, H. Zhang, R. Wang, Y. Lei, B. Pan, Y. Xie, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 17881.
T. Hu, K. Bian, G. Tai, T. Zeng, X. Wang, X. Huang, K. Xiong, K. Zhu, J. Phys. Chem. C 2016, 120, 25843.
A. Liu, L. Zhao, J. Zhang, L. Lin, H. Wu, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 25210.
J. Wang, W. Wang, Z. Wang, J. G. Chen, C. J. Liu, ACS Catal. 2016, 6, 6585.
R. D. Nikam, A. Y. Lu, P. A. Sonawane, U. R. Kumar, K. Yadav, L. J. Li, Y. T. Chen, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 23328.
S. Shin, Z. Jin, S. Y. Ham, S. Lee, D. S. Shin, Y. S. Min, Appl. Surf. Sci. 2019, 487, 981.
D. Escalera‐lópez, Z. Lou, N. V. Rees, Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1802614.
V. Y. Fominski, R. I. Romanov, D. V. Fominski, A. V. Shelyakov, Thin Solid Films 2017, 642, 58.
R. Wang, P. Sun, H. Wang, X. Wang, Electrochim. Acta 2017, 258, 876.
V. Y. Fominski, R. I. Romanov, D. V. Fominski, P. S. Dzhumaev, I. A. Troyan, Opt. Laser Technol. 2018, 102, 74.
F. Di Fonzo, D. Tonini, A. Li Bassi, C. S. Casari, M. G. Beghi, C. E. Bottani, D. Gastaldi, P. Vena, R. Contro, Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process. 2008, 93, 765.
J. N. Leboeuf, K. R. Chen, J. M. Donato, D. B. Geohegan, C. L. Liu, A. A. Puretzky, R. F. Wood, Phys. Plasmas 1996, 3, 2203.
R. F. Wood, K. R. Chen, J. N. Leboeuf, A. A. Puretzky, D. B. Geohegan, Phys. Rev. Lett. 1997, 79, 1571.
R. F. Wood, J. N. Leboeuf, K. R. Chen, D. B. Geohegan, A. A. Puretzky, Appl. Surf. Sci. 1998, 127–129, 151.
M. Mahjouri‐Samani, M. Tian, A. A. Puretzky, M. Chi, K. Wang, G. Duscher, C. M. Rouleau, G. Eres, M. Yoon, J. Lasseter, K. Xiao, D. B. Geohegan, Nano Lett. 2017, 17, 4624.
L. Passoni, F. Ghods, P. Docampo, A. Abrusci, J. Martí‐Rujas, M. Ghidelli, G. Divitini, C. Ducati, M. Binda, S. Guarnera, A. Li Bassi, C. S. Casari, H. J. Snaith, A. Petrozza, F. Di Fonzo, ACS Nano 2013, 7, 10023.
S. Bellani, A. Ghadirzadeh, L. Meda, A. Savoini, A. Tacca, G. Marra, R. Meira, J. Morgado, F. Di Fonzo, M. R. Antognazza, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25, 4531.
A. Perego, G. Giuffredi, P. Mazzolini, M. Colombo, R. Brescia, M. Prato, D. C. Sabarirajan, I. V. Zenyuk, F. Bossola, V. Dal Santo, A. Casalegno, F. Di Fonzo, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2019, 2, 1911.
F. Sauvage, F. Di Fonzo, A. Li Bassi, C. S. Casari, V. Russo, G. Divitini, C. Ducati, C. E. Bottani, P. Comte, M. Graetzel, Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 2562.
R. Giannuzzi, M. Balandeh, A. Mezzetti, L. Meda, P. Pattathil, G. Gigli, F. Di Fonzo, M. Manca, Adv. Opt. Mater. 2015, 3, 1614.
L. Passoni, L. Criante, F. Fumagalli, F. Scotognella, G. Lanzani, F. Di Fonzo, ACS Nano 2014, 8, 12167.
M. Balandeh, A. Mezzetti, A. Tacca, S. Leonardi, G. Marra, G. Divitini, C. Ducati, L. Meda, F. Di Fonzo, J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 6110.
A. Mezzetti, F. Fumagalli, A. Alfano, D. Iadicicco, M. R. Antognazza, F. Di Fonzo, Faraday Discuss. 2016, 157, 243.
A. Ghadirzadeh, F. Fumagalli, A. Mezzetti, S. Bellani, L. Meda, M. R. Antognazza, F. Di Fonzo, ChemPhotoChem 2018, 2, 283.
R. Wood, J. Leboeuf, D. B. Geohegan, A. A. Puretzky, K. Chen, Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 1998, 58, 1533.
Y.‐C. Lin, C. Liu, Y. Yu, E. Zarkadoula, M. Yoon, A. A. Puretzky, L. Liang, X. Kong, Y. Gu, A. Strasser, H. M. Meyer, M. Lorenz, M. F. Chisholm, I. N. Ivanov, C. M. Rouleau, G. Duscher, K. Xiao, D. B. Geohegan, ACS Nano 2020, 14, 3896.
D. Merki, S. Fierro, H. Vrubel, X. Hu, Chem. Sci. 2011, 2, 1262.
J. D. Benck, Z. Chen, L. Y. Kuritzky, A. J. Forman, T. F. Jaramillo, ACS Catal. 2012, 2, 1916.
S. C. Lee, J. D. Benck, C. Tsai, J. Park, A. L. Koh, F. Abild‐Pedersen, T. F. Jaramillo, R. Sinclair, ACS Nano 2016, 10, 624.
H. Vrubel, X. Hu, ACS Catal. 2013, 3, 2002.
A. Davoodi, M. Pakshir, M. Babaiee, G. R. Ebrahimi, Corros. Sci. 2011, 53, 399.
B. E. Conway, L. Bai, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1986, 198, 149.
M. R. G. De Chialvo, A. C. Chialvo, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1994, 372, 209.
T. Shinagawa, A. T. Garcia‐Esparza, K. Takanabe, Sci. Rep. 2015, 5, 13801.
M. Gerosa, C. E. Bottani, Phys. Rev. B 2013, 87, 195312.
J. Kibsgaard, T. F. Jaramillo, F. Besenbacher, Nat. Chem. 2014, 6, 248.
A. J. Bard, L. R. Faulkner, Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd ed., Vol. 8, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 2001.
L. Ling, C. Wang, K. Zhang, T. Li, L. Tang, C. Li, L. Wang, Y. Xu, Q. Song, Y. Yao, RSC Adv. 2016, 6, 18483.
X. Kong, X. Shen, C. Zhang, S. N. Oliaee, Z. Peng, Inorg. Chem. Front. 2016, 3, 1376.
P. Cao, J. Peng, S. Liu, Y. Cui, Y. Hu, B. Chen, J. Li, M. Zhai, Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 16048.
M.‐R. Gao, M. K. Y. Chan, Y. Sun, Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 7493.
A. K. Kunhiraman, S. Ramanathan, B. Pullithadathil, Electrochim. Acta 2018, 264, 329.
H. Li, C. Tsai, A. L. Koh, L. Cai, A. W. Contryman, A. H. Fragapane, J. Zhao, H. S. Han, H. C. Manoharan, F. Abild‐Pedersen, J. K. Nørskov, X. Zheng, Nat. Mater. 2016, 15, 48.
G. Gao, Q. Sun, A. Du, J. Phys. Chem. C 2016, 120, 16761.
M. Tian, O. Dyck, J. Ge, G. Duscher, Ultramicroscopy 2019, 196, 154.
J. C. Bernède, Appl. Surf. Sci. 2001, 171, 15.
S. N. Grigoriev, V. Y. Fominski, A. G. Gnedovets, R. I. Romanov, Appl. Surf. Sci. 2012, 258, 7000.
M. O. Brien, N. Mcevoy, D. Hanlon, T. Hallam, J. N. Coleman, G. S. Duesberg, Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 19476.
L. Liang, J. Zhang, B. G. Sumpter, Q. Tan, P. Tan, ACS Nano 2017, 11, 11777.
Y. Deng, L. R. L. Ting, P. H. L. Neo, Y. J. Zhang, A. A. Peterson, B. S. Yeo, ACS Catal. 2016, 6, 7790.
T. Weber, J. C. Muijsers, J. W. Niemantsverdriet, J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 9194.
M. Vasilopoulou, A. M. Douvas, D. G. Georgiadou, L. C. Palilis, S. Kennou, L. Sygellou, A. Soultati, I. Kostis, G. Papadimitropoulos, D. Davazoglou, P. Argitis, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 16178.
H. G. S. Casalongue, J. D. Benck, C. Tsai, R. K. B. Karlsson, S. Kaya, M. L. Ng, L. G. M. Pettersson, F. Abild‐Pedersen, J. K. Nørskov, H. Ogasawara, T. F. Jaramillo, A. Nilsson, J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 29252.
L. Gong, S. C. Haur, J. Mater. Chem. C 2017, 5, 2090.
G. L. Schrader, C. P. Cheng, J. Catal. 1983, 80, 369.
E. Y. Nevskaya, I. G. Gorichev, A. D. Izotov, B. E. Zaitsev, K. M. Al, A. M. Kutepov, Theor. Found. Chem. Eng. 2004, 38, 316.
J. Guo, F. Li, Y. Sun, X. Zhang, L. Tang, J. Power Sources 2015, 291, 195.
J. Wang, W. Wang, Z. Wang, J. G. Chen, C. J. Liu, ACS Catal. 2016, 6, 6585.
T. Hu, K. Bian, G. Tai, T. Zeng, X. Wang, X. Huang, K. Xiong, K. Zhu, J. Phys. Chem. C 2016, 120, 25843.
J. Dolinska, A. Chidambaram, W. Adamkiewicz, M. Estili, W. Lisowski, M. Iwan, B. Palys, E. J. R. Sudholter, F. Marken, M. Opallo, L. Rassaei, J. Mater. Chem. B 2016, 4, 1448.
S. Wang, J. Tu, Y. Yuan, R. Ma, S. Jiao, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2016, 18, 3204.
X. Li, Y. Jiang, L. Jia, C. Wang, J. Power Sources 2016, 304, 146.
Y. Chen, G. Yu, W. Chen, Y. Liu, G. D. Li, P. Zhu, Q. Tao, Q. Li, J. Liu, X. Shen, H. Li, X. Huang, D. Wang, T. Asefa, X. Zou, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 12370.
U. Babic, M. Suermann, F. N. Büchi, L. Gubler, T. J. Schmidt, J. Electrochem. Soc. 2017, 164, F387.
H. Zhou, F. Yu, J. Sun, Z. Zhu, R. J. Nielsen, R. He, J. Bao, W. A. Goddard III, Y. Huang, S. Chen, Z. Ren, Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 12765.
L. Lin, N. Miao, Y. Wen, S. Zhang, P. Ghosez, Z. Sun, D. A. Allwood, ACS Nano 2016, 10, 8929.
D. J. Li, U. N. Maiti, J. Lim, D. S. Choi, W. J. Lee, Y. Oh, G. Y. Lee, S. O. Kim, Nano Lett. 2014, 14, 1228.
A. Belianinov, M. J. Burch, S. Kim, S. Tan, G. Hlawacek, O. S. Ovchinnikova, MRS Bull. 2017, 42, 660.
G. Hlawacek, A. Gölzhäuser, Helium Ion Microscopy, Springer, Berlin 2016.
T. Wirtz, D. Dowsett, P. Philipp, Microsc. Microanal. 2016, 22, 160.
R. Chen, C. Yang, W. Cai, H. Y. Wang, J. Miao, L. Zhang, S. Chen, B. Liu, ACS Energy Lett. 2017, 2, 1070.
L. Yang, A. Mukhopadhyay, Y. Jiao, J. Hamel, M. Benamara, Y. Xing, H. Zhu, J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5, 25359.
B. Li, L. Jiang, X. Li, Z. Cheng, P. Ran, P. Zuo, L. Qu, J. Zhang, Y. Lu, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1806229.

Auteurs

Giorgio Giuffredi (G)

Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy.
Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Lambruschini 4, Milano, 20156, Italy.

Alessandro Mezzetti (A)

Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy.

Andrea Perego (A)

Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy.
Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Via Lambruschini 4, Milano, 20156, Italy.

Piero Mazzolini (P)

Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy.

Mirko Prato (M)

Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy.

Francesco Fumagalli (F)

Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy.

Yu-Chuan Lin (YC)

Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.

Chenze Liu (C)

Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.

Ilia N Ivanov (IN)

Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.

Alex Belianinov (A)

Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.

Massimo Colombo (M)

Nanochemistry Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16130, Italy.

Giorgio Divitini (G)

Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK.

Caterina Ducati (C)

Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK.

Gerd Duscher (G)

Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.

Alexander A Puretzky (AA)

Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.

David B Geohegan (DB)

Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.

Fabio Di Fonzo (F)

Center for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano, 20133, Italy.

Classifications MeSH