Preventing the development of severe COVID-19 by modifying immunothrombosis.
Alveolar Epithelial Cells
/ physiology
Blood Platelets
/ physiology
COVID-19
/ complications
Cytokines
/ physiology
Endothelial Cells
/ physiology
Humans
Macrophages, Alveolar
/ physiology
Neutrophils
/ physiology
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
/ complications
SARS-CoV-2
/ pathogenicity
Thrombosis
/ complications
COVID-19 Drug Treatment
COVID-19
Respiratory infection
SARS-CoV-2
Treatment
Journal
Life sciences
ISSN: 1879-0631
Titre abrégé: Life Sci
Pays: Netherlands
ID NLM: 0375521
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
01 Jan 2021
01 Jan 2021
Historique:
received:
26
07
2020
revised:
01
10
2020
accepted:
13
10
2020
pubmed:
24
10
2020
medline:
12
1
2021
entrez:
23
10
2020
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with significant morbidity and high levels of mortality. This paper describes the processes involved in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 from the initial infection and subsequent destruction of type II alveolar epithelial cells by SARS-CoV-2 and culminating in the development of ARDS. The activation of alveolar cells and alveolar macrophages leads to the release of large quantities of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and their translocation into the pulmonary vasculature. The presence of these inflammatory mediators in the vascular compartment leads to the activation of vascular endothelial cells platelets and neutrophils and the subsequent formation of platelet neutrophil complexes. These complexes in concert with activated endothelial cells interact to create a state of immunothrombosis. The consequence of immunothrombosis include hypercoagulation, accelerating inflammation, fibrin deposition, migration of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) producing neutrophils into the alveolar apace, activation of the NLRP3 inflammazome, increased alveolar macrophage destruction and massive tissue damage by pyroptosis and necroptosis Therapeutic combinations aimed at ameliorating immunothrombosis and preventing the development of severe COVID-19 are discussed in detail.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with significant morbidity and high levels of mortality. This paper describes the processes involved in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 from the initial infection and subsequent destruction of type II alveolar epithelial cells by SARS-CoV-2 and culminating in the development of ARDS.
MAIN BODY
METHODS
The activation of alveolar cells and alveolar macrophages leads to the release of large quantities of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and their translocation into the pulmonary vasculature. The presence of these inflammatory mediators in the vascular compartment leads to the activation of vascular endothelial cells platelets and neutrophils and the subsequent formation of platelet neutrophil complexes. These complexes in concert with activated endothelial cells interact to create a state of immunothrombosis. The consequence of immunothrombosis include hypercoagulation, accelerating inflammation, fibrin deposition, migration of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) producing neutrophils into the alveolar apace, activation of the NLRP3 inflammazome, increased alveolar macrophage destruction and massive tissue damage by pyroptosis and necroptosis Therapeutic combinations aimed at ameliorating immunothrombosis and preventing the development of severe COVID-19 are discussed in detail.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33096114
pii: S0024-3205(20)31370-9
doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118617
pmc: PMC7574725
pii:
doi:
Substances chimiques
Cytokines
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
118617Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Références
PLoS One. 2014 Apr 14;9(4):e94934
pubmed: 24732911
Pediatr Res. 2007 Oct;62(4):483-8
pubmed: 17667842
Hemasphere. 2019 Jun 30;3(Suppl):
pubmed: 35309764
Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2011 May 21;10:43
pubmed: 21600014
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020 May 15;201(10):1299-1300
pubmed: 32228035
J Endocrinol Invest. 2009 Apr;32(4):352-6
pubmed: 19636205
Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2018 Feb;31(1):55-60
pubmed: 29176375
J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2016;62(1):54-61
pubmed: 27117852
Intensive Care Med. 1996 Sep;22(9):900-8
pubmed: 8905424
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2015 Nov 1;309(9):G768-78
pubmed: 26272258
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015 Jul 7;66(1):74-85
pubmed: 26139061
J Intensive Care. 2020 Feb 07;8:15
pubmed: 32047636
Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Nov 15;41 Suppl 7:S459-64
pubmed: 16237648
J Nutr. 2018 Feb 1;148(2):174-184
pubmed: 29490098
Pneumologie. 2002 Dec;56(12):793-7
pubmed: 12486618
J Nutr. 2007 May;137(5):1345-9
pubmed: 17449604
Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2017 Jun;36(2):289-303
pubmed: 28762014
J Med Virol. 2020 Jun;92(6):568-576
pubmed: 32134116
Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jun 01;20(11):
pubmed: 31159424
Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2010 Oct;80(4-5):271-7
pubmed: 21462110
Science. 2014 Dec 5;346(6214):1234-8
pubmed: 25477463
Cell Death Dis. 2018 Apr 27;9(5):500
pubmed: 29703889
Intensive Care Med. 2003 May;29(5):749-55
pubmed: 12682719
Circulation. 2010 Mar 2;121(8):1033-44
pubmed: 20194876
Sci Immunol. 2020 Feb 21;5(44):
pubmed: 32086381
J Biol Chem. 2016 Aug 12;291(33):17437-49
pubmed: 27334920
J Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;210(2):234-43
pubmed: 24493824
BMC Res Notes. 2016 Jan 05;9:11
pubmed: 26732674
J Immunol. 2012 Mar 1;188(5):2127-35
pubmed: 22301548
Presse Med. 2011 Dec;40(12 Pt 2):e543-60
pubmed: 22088618
Front Neuroendocrinol. 2015 Jan;36:150-64
pubmed: 25256348
J Intensive Care. 2014 Dec 31;2(1):67
pubmed: 25705424
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009 Oct;1179:167-78
pubmed: 19906239
Nitric Oxide. 2002 Dec;7(4):277-82
pubmed: 12446176
Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 May;55(5):105954
pubmed: 32234467
Clin Exp Immunol. 2013 Nov;174(2):193-202
pubmed: 23841514
Front Immunol. 2019 Oct 01;10:2347
pubmed: 31632411
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2020 Feb 1;318(2):L215-L225
pubmed: 31774305
Sci Rep. 2019 Sep 10;9(1):12937
pubmed: 31506515
BMC Gastroenterol. 2019 Jun 11;19(1):84
pubmed: 31185932
Stroke. 2004 Jan;35(1):163-8
pubmed: 14671251
Mediators Inflamm. 2018 May 13;2018:1264913
pubmed: 29950923
Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2014 Jan;25(1):66-72
pubmed: 24434384
Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi. 2020 May 8;49(5):411-417
pubmed: 32172546
Ann Vasc Surg. 2019 Aug;59:244-247
pubmed: 31009712
J Infect. 2005 Aug;51(2):98-102
pubmed: 16038758
Respiration. 2017;93(3):212-225
pubmed: 27997925
Discov Med. 2018 Jun;25(140):291-297
pubmed: 30021102
JCI Insight. 2017 Jun 2;2(11):
pubmed: 28570269
Thorax. 2009 Mar;64(3):186-9
pubmed: 19252016
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jan 10;(1):CD007470
pubmed: 24414552
Mol Neurobiol. 2019 Aug;56(8):5866-5890
pubmed: 30685844
Dermatoendocrinol. 2012 Apr 1;4(2):101-8
pubmed: 22928065
Mediators Inflamm. 2013;2013:710239
pubmed: 24381411
J Immunol. 2019 Aug 15;203(4):1021-1030
pubmed: 31263039
Nat Rev Immunol. 2013 Jan;13(1):34-45
pubmed: 23222502
Chin Med J (Engl). 2012 Feb;125(3):491-5
pubmed: 22490409
Porto Biomed J. 2017 Nov-Dec;2(6):311-314
pubmed: 32258788
Front Immunol. 2019 Feb 08;10:65
pubmed: 30800121
JAMA. 2020 Mar 17;323(11):1061-1069
pubmed: 32031570
Respir Res. 2017 Jun 28;18(1):131
pubmed: 28659178
Cell Res. 2020 Jun;30(6):541-543
pubmed: 32346074
J Thromb Haemost. 2014 Nov;12(11):1776-87
pubmed: 25213262
Respirology. 2012 Jul;17(5):802-7
pubmed: 22288725
Nat Rev Immunol. 2020 May;20(5):277
pubmed: 32249846
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008 Mar;28(3):s11-6
pubmed: 18174453
Lancet. 2020 May 2;395(10234):1417-1418
pubmed: 32325026
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2010 Jun;298(6):L744-54
pubmed: 20207754
Chest. 2020 Jul;158(1):195-205
pubmed: 32224074
Ann Intern Med. 2004 Apr 6;140(7):533-7
pubmed: 15068981
Front Immunol. 2019 Sep 25;10:2291
pubmed: 31611877
Anesthesiology. 2018 Aug;129(2):238-240
pubmed: 29787388
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003 Aug;69(8):4814-22
pubmed: 12902275
Autophagy. 2016 Aug 2;12(8):1272-91
pubmed: 27337507
Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2009;69(6):643-50
pubmed: 19530032
Curr Drug Metab. 2019;20(4):301-304
pubmed: 30827233
Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Jun;93(6):1356-64
pubmed: 21525204
Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Jun 01;64(11):1486-1493
pubmed: 28205683
J Biol Chem. 2009 Sep 25;284(39):26803-15
pubmed: 19648110
Eur Respir J. 2009 Jan;33(1):171-81
pubmed: 19118228
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2004 Apr;30(4):569-75
pubmed: 14551160
J Vasc Surg. 2015 Apr;61(4):1103-4
pubmed: 25814374
J Biol Chem. 2011 May 6;286(18):15998-6007
pubmed: 21454676
Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jul 28;71(15):762-768
pubmed: 32161940
Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 2016 Sep;20(5):449-57
pubmed: 27610031
Nutrients. 2013 Aug 09;5(8):3131-51
pubmed: 23939536
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004 Dec 15;170(12):1310-6
pubmed: 15374839
Exp Ther Med. 2017 Oct;14(4):2863-2868
pubmed: 28928799
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2020 Feb;189:109937
pubmed: 31785945
J Thromb Haemost. 2020 Jul;18(7):1747-1751
pubmed: 32302448
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008 Jul 15;178(2):139-48
pubmed: 18420960
J Biol Chem. 2014 Mar 21;289(12):8231-9
pubmed: 24500711
Austin J Vasc Med. 2015 Jun 4;2(1):
pubmed: 26973981
Physiol Genomics. 2007 Jul 18;30(2):146-55
pubmed: 17374846
Eur J Pharmacol. 2007 Feb 28;557(2-3):230-5
pubmed: 17174948
Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2016 Sep 06;9(3):
pubmed: 27608030
Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2014 Oct;2(5):e00058
pubmed: 25505605
J Am Heart Assoc. 2015 Jan 06;4(1):e001595
pubmed: 25564372
Diabetes Care. 2008 May;31(5):940-4
pubmed: 18268065
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2009 Apr;296(4):G860-7
pubmed: 19179618
Sci Rep. 2019 Feb 13;9(1):1925
pubmed: 30760760
Science. 2020 May 1;368(6490):473-474
pubmed: 32303591
Front Pediatr. 2016 Jun 14;4:58
pubmed: 27379217
Chin Med J (Engl). 2015 Oct 5;128(19):2638-45
pubmed: 26415803
Indian J Pharmacol. 2011 May;43(3):311-5
pubmed: 21713097
FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2007 Oct;51(1):171-84
pubmed: 17645739
PharmaNutrition. 2020 Jun;12:100190
pubmed: 32322486
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 May 10;102(19):6843-8
pubmed: 15863613
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006 Sep 1;174(5):566-70
pubmed: 16741151
Annu Rev Nutr. 2004;24:277-98
pubmed: 15189122
J Immunol. 2014 Jun 15;192(12):5974-83
pubmed: 24795455
J Med Virol. 2020 May;92(5):491-494
pubmed: 32056249
Biochem Soc Trans. 2018 Oct 19;46(5):1147-1159
pubmed: 30301842
Respiration. 2009;77(2):203-13
pubmed: 18832804
Clin Drug Investig. 2005;25(6):401-8
pubmed: 17532680
Intensive Care Med. 2020 Jun;46(6):1099-1102
pubmed: 32291463
J Thromb Haemost. 2015 May;13(5):795-801
pubmed: 25660763
Eur Respir J. 2000 Aug;16(2):253-62
pubmed: 10968500
Life Sci. 2020 Jun 1;250:117583
pubmed: 32217117
Paediatr Respir Rev. 2005 Sep;6(3):227-35
pubmed: 16153572
Intensive Care Med. 2010 Jan;36(1):157-63
pubmed: 19855955
PLoS Pathog. 2018 Apr 5;14(4):e1006955
pubmed: 29621339
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Nov 4;64(18):1917-25
pubmed: 25444147
World J Emerg Med. 2014;5(3):229-33
pubmed: 25225590
Mol Med. 2007 Sep-Oct;13(9-10):495-508
pubmed: 17932561
Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Oct;20(10):1135-1140
pubmed: 32526193
Allergy Asthma Proc. 2007 Mar-Apr;28(2):194-8
pubmed: 17479604
Springerplus. 2016 Jul 28;5(1):1193
pubmed: 27516931
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2003 Jul;285(1):L20-8
pubmed: 12730079
JCI Insight. 2020 May 21;5(10):
pubmed: 32324595
Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Feb 16;19(2):
pubmed: 29462936
Antiviral Res. 2017 Jan;137:93-101
pubmed: 27838350
Am J Rhinol. 2000 May-Jun;14(3):143-8
pubmed: 10887619
Nutrients. 2017 Nov 03;9(11):
pubmed: 29099763
Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:675149
pubmed: 25710018
Eur Respir J. 2016 Feb;47(2):520-30
pubmed: 26585423
Chest. 2017 Jun;151(6):1229-1238
pubmed: 27940189
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Apr 16;93(8):3704-9
pubmed: 8623000
Eur Respir J. 2006 Sep;28(3):486-95
pubmed: 16737992
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2017 Oct;125:8-13
pubmed: 28987723
Respir Res. 2018 Mar 27;19(1):50
pubmed: 29587748
Circulation. 2017 Aug 15;136(7):646-660
pubmed: 28487393
PLoS Pathog. 2010 Nov 04;6(11):e1001176
pubmed: 21079686
Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1994 Nov;54(7):543-7
pubmed: 7863231
Eur Respir J. 2020 Apr 16;55(4):
pubmed: 32269085
Anaesth Intensive Care. 2018 Nov;46(6):589-595
pubmed: 30447668
Front Plant Sci. 2019 Jan 24;9:2006
pubmed: 30733729
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2015 Nov 1;309(9):L915-23
pubmed: 26320157
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2020 Mar;74(3):366-376
pubmed: 31996793
J Virol. 2017 Oct 13;91(21):
pubmed: 28814517
J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2016 Jun;4:59-65
pubmed: 27419080
Int J Cancer. 2009 Dec 15;125(12):2863-70
pubmed: 19609947
Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2006;1(2):99-106
pubmed: 18046886
JAMA. 2014 Jun 4;311(21):2199-208
pubmed: 24893087
Am J Transplant. 2007 Jan;7(1):76-82
pubmed: 17061983
Respir Res. 2006 Oct 25;7:134
pubmed: 17064416
J Clin Virol. 2011 Mar;50(3):194-200
pubmed: 21242105
Inflammation. 2020 Feb;43(1):24-31
pubmed: 31741197
Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2018 Jan;58(1):5-6
pubmed: 29286855
N Engl J Med. 2007 Jul 19;357(3):266-81
pubmed: 17634462
Annu Rev Physiol. 2019 Feb 10;81:375-402
pubmed: 30485762
J Cyst Fibros. 2015 Mar;14(2):219-27
pubmed: 25228446
J Korean Med Sci. 2008 Apr;23(2):288-95
pubmed: 18437014
Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2018 Sep;37(2-3):289-315
pubmed: 29934822
J Antimicrob Chemother. 1995 Dec;36(6):941-50
pubmed: 8821593
J Am Coll Nutr. 1995 Apr;14(2):116-23
pubmed: 7790685
Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2019 Jan 10;7(1):e1
pubmed: 30847436
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008 Mar;61(3):554-60
pubmed: 18230686
Chest. 2012 May;141(5):1153-1159
pubmed: 22116799
Mol Med Rep. 2014 Aug;10(2):615-24
pubmed: 24889421
Redox Biol. 2018 Apr;14:218-228
pubmed: 28961512
Platelets. 2009 Feb;20(1):50-7
pubmed: 19172522
Biosci Rep. 2018 Sep 28;38(5):
pubmed: 30217943
Ann Intensive Care. 2017 Dec 1;7(1):115
pubmed: 29192366
iScience. 2020 Apr 24;23(4):100999
pubmed: 32252021
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004 Dec 15;170(12):1331-9
pubmed: 15361366
Mediators Inflamm. 1999;8(1):43-51
pubmed: 10704089
Blood Adv. 2020 Jan 28;4(2):312-321
pubmed: 31978215
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2008 Oct;105(4):1333-41
pubmed: 18599677
F1000Prime Rep. 2014 Dec 01;6:118
pubmed: 25580272
J Inflamm Res. 2015 Sep 30;8:181-92
pubmed: 26457057
Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005 Aug 26;2:20
pubmed: 16124875
Mol Med Rep. 2017 Oct;16(4):5195-5202
pubmed: 28849014
Curr Med Chem. 2019;26(22):4145-4165
pubmed: 28982316
JAMA Cardiol. 2020 Jul 1;5(7):802-810
pubmed: 32211816
Pharmacol Ther. 2018 Sep;189:63-70
pubmed: 29684467
Redox Biol. 2019 Feb;21:101091
pubmed: 30640128
Eur J Pharmacol. 2015 Aug 5;760:49-63
pubmed: 25895638
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002 Oct 1;22(10):1637-41
pubmed: 12377742
Eur Respir Rev. 2017 Dec 6;26(146):
pubmed: 29212838
Nutrition. 2018 Jan;45:85-89
pubmed: 29129241
Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Mar 11;21(6):
pubmed: 32168908
Kidney Int. 2020 Jul;98(1):219-227
pubmed: 32327202
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1998 Jul;32(1):101-5
pubmed: 9676728
Lancet Respir Med. 2020 Jul;8(7):681-686
pubmed: 32473124
PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e39945
pubmed: 22768179
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2005 Sep-Oct;73(3-4):163-77
pubmed: 16125378
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004 Mar;48(3):783-90
pubmed: 14982765
Biomed Pharmacother. 2018 Nov;107:665-674
pubmed: 30118883
Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2006 Jan;17(1):29-34
pubmed: 16607076
Inflammopharmacology. 2017 Feb;25(1):11-24
pubmed: 28083748
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Oct 19;101(42):15178-83
pubmed: 15471991
Blood. 2007 Mar 15;109(6):2285-92
pubmed: 17148593
J Immunol. 2017 Feb 1;198(3):1253-1262
pubmed: 28031338
Chest. 2007 Feb;131(2):554-62
pubmed: 17296661
ERJ Open Res. 2016 Oct 03;2(3):
pubmed: 27957484
Inflamm Res. 2014 Oct;63(10):803-19
pubmed: 25048990
Oncotarget. 2017 Sep 20;8(48):84066-84073
pubmed: 29137405
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Mar 21;103(12):4628-33
pubmed: 16537378
Curr Opin Hematol. 2013 Sep;20(5):472-7
pubmed: 23817169
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2006 Jan;290(1):L75-85
pubmed: 16085674
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016 Aug;14(8):523-34
pubmed: 27344959
J Infect. 2020 Jun;80(6):607-613
pubmed: 32283152
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010 Jun;54(6):2437-47
pubmed: 20231397
Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007 Jul;77(1):47-57
pubmed: 17112620
Platelets. 2018 Nov;29(7):677-685
pubmed: 29461910
Life Sci. 2020 Aug 1;254:117808
pubmed: 32422305
Diabetologia. 2012 Nov;55(11):2920-8
pubmed: 22935960
Innate Immun. 2010 Jun;16(3):151-9
pubmed: 20418263
Lab Invest. 2018 Aug;98(8):1052-1064
pubmed: 29884910
Crit Care. 2017 Dec 11;21(1):300
pubmed: 29228951
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Jun 1;185(11):1225-34
pubmed: 22461369
Open Heart. 2017 Sep 2;4(2):e000642
pubmed: 28912955
EBioMedicine. 2020 Jul;57:102833
pubmed: 32574956
J Immunol. 2009 Aug 1;183(3):2089-96
pubmed: 19597002
Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2012 Sep;19(9):1532-8
pubmed: 22855392
Nat Med. 2020 May;26(5):672-675
pubmed: 32296168
Front Immunol. 2018 Mar 13;9:302
pubmed: 29593707
Perit Dial Int. 2010 May-Jun;30(3):336-42
pubmed: 20190028
Med Gas Res. 2018 Apr 18;8(1):19-23
pubmed: 29770192
Nat Med. 2006 Mar;12(3):330-4
pubmed: 16415877
Shock. 2018 Jun;49(6):616-624
pubmed: 29176404
J Orthomol Med. 2016;31(1):19-22
pubmed: 36177383
Medicine (Baltimore). 2018 Nov;97(45):e13087
pubmed: 30407312
Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):473-475
pubmed: 32043983
JAMA. 2019 Oct 1;322(13):1261-1270
pubmed: 31573637
Cell Death Dis. 2018 Oct 22;9(11):1080
pubmed: 30348950
Am J Ther. 2016 Nov/Dec;23(6):e1890-e1902
pubmed: 26164022
Crit Care Med. 2003 Nov;31(11):2574-8
pubmed: 14605526
Clin Cancer Res. 2015 Dec 1;21(23):5349-59
pubmed: 26202947
J Autoimmun. 2020 Jul;111:102452
pubmed: 32291137
Annu Rev Biochem. 2016 Jun 2;85:743-63
pubmed: 26865533
Exp Ther Med. 2019 Jul;18(1):802-816
pubmed: 31258714
J Immunol. 2018 Apr 15;200(8):2757-2766
pubmed: 29523657
Aust Prescr. 2017 Apr;40(2):70-75
pubmed: 28507400
Thromb Res. 2014 May;133 Suppl 1:S35-7
pubmed: 24759139
Crit Care Med. 2010 Jan;38(1):32-7
pubmed: 19770746
Front Cell Dev Biol. 2019 Jun 20;7:108
pubmed: 31281814
Front Immunol. 2016 Jun 27;7:236
pubmed: 27446071
JAMA Ophthalmol. 2020 May 01;138(5):575-578
pubmed: 32232433
J Pathol. 2019 Apr;247(5):672-685
pubmed: 30570146
COPD. 2014 Jun;11(3):351-8
pubmed: 24378052
JCI Insight. 2020 Jun 4;5(11):
pubmed: 32329756
Nutrients. 2019 Jun 17;11(6):
pubmed: 31212992
J Immunol. 2015 Feb 1;194(3):855-60
pubmed: 25596299
Crit Care. 2014 Aug 06;18(4):460
pubmed: 25185110
Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2018 Jun;51(6):918-924
pubmed: 29501821
Cell Death Dis. 2014 Jan 30;5:e1040
pubmed: 24481454
Biomed Pharmacother. 1997;51(9):388-90
pubmed: 9452788
Intensive Care Med. 2020 Jun;46(6):1124-1126
pubmed: 32328726
Clin Ther. 2000 Feb;22(2):209-21
pubmed: 10743980
J Biol Chem. 2016 Jun 10;291(24):12673-12687
pubmed: 27076634
Cell Discov. 2020 May 4;6:31
pubmed: 32377375
Lancet. 2009 May 30;373(9678):1849-60
pubmed: 19482214
Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2007 Dec;18(8):713-8
pubmed: 17982310
Respir Med. 2013 Jun;107(6):800-15
pubmed: 23522403
Hypertension. 2014 Dec;64(6):1290-8
pubmed: 25201890
J Mol Cell Biol. 2019 Dec 19;11(12):1069-1082
pubmed: 30860577
Nat Commun. 2017 Mar 27;8:14764
pubmed: 28345596
PLoS One. 2017 May 2;12(5):e0175517
pubmed: 28464004
Lancet. 2020 Mar 28;395(10229):1033-1034
pubmed: 32192578
PLoS One. 2015 Mar 04;10(3):e0119662
pubmed: 25738302
Sci Rep. 2015 Mar 20;5:9261
pubmed: 25791723
J Thorac Oncol. 2020 May;15(5):700-704
pubmed: 32114094
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018 May 16;9:235
pubmed: 29867767
Br J Pharmacol. 2011 Jul;163(5):1048-58
pubmed: 21391981
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000 Jul;46(1):19-26
pubmed: 10882684
J Biol Chem. 2000 May 26;275(21):16023-9
pubmed: 10821856
PLoS One. 2016 May 16;11(5):e0154754
pubmed: 27182704
Front Immunol. 2019 Jul 17;10:1687
pubmed: 31379873
Cell Host Microbe. 2020 Jun 10;27(6):992-1000.e3
pubmed: 32320677
J Cyst Fibros. 2014 Mar;13(2):164-71
pubmed: 24018177
Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2018 Feb;39:92-101
pubmed: 29279185
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2016 Apr 19;7:31
pubmed: 27148162
Wounds. 2017 Apr;29(4):102-106
pubmed: 28448263
Eur J Pharmacol. 2005 Jul 4;517(1-2):132-43
pubmed: 15964564
Mol Med. 2016 Oct;22:621-631
pubmed: 27453505
BMJ. 2017 Feb 15;356:i6583
pubmed: 28202713
Thromb Res. 2003 Apr 15;110(1):39-46
pubmed: 12877907
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Jul;162(1):225-31
pubmed: 10903246
J Transl Med. 2014 Jan 31;12:32
pubmed: 24484547
Crit Care. 2015 Feb 23;19:72
pubmed: 25886801
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010 May 31;120(2-3):69-75
pubmed: 20346397
Nat Rev Immunol. 2006 Nov;6(11):813-22
pubmed: 17039247
J Anesth. 2012 Oct;26(5):658-63
pubmed: 22639237
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018 Mar 15;197(6):757-767
pubmed: 29161116
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2009 Oct;54(4):319-26
pubmed: 19668088
Mediators Inflamm. 2019 Apr 11;2019:9019404
pubmed: 31097921
Sci Rep. 2019 May 15;9(1):7408
pubmed: 31092832
Crit Care. 2015 Oct 23;19:374
pubmed: 26494395
Intensive Care Med. 2016 May;42(5):871-878
pubmed: 26699917
Front Immunol. 2019 Aug 21;10:2002
pubmed: 31497027
Multidiscip Respir Med. 2016 Feb 03;11:8
pubmed: 26855777
Sci Rep. 2017 Aug 2;7(1):7100
pubmed: 28769106
J Transl Med. 2015 May 30;13:172
pubmed: 26025445
J Clin Invest. 2011 Feb;121(2):593-603
pubmed: 21266777
Cell Death Differ. 2020 May;27(5):1451-1454
pubmed: 32205856
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010 Feb 15;181(4):374-87
pubmed: 19965809
Crit Care. 2018 Mar 8;22(1):60
pubmed: 29519254
Nutrients. 2018 Jul 27;10(8):
pubmed: 30060473
Sci Rep. 2015 Jul 08;5:12016
pubmed: 26152605
J Med Virol. 2021 Jan;93(1):94-96
pubmed: 32519786
Diabetes Care. 2012 Feb;35(2):404-8
pubmed: 22148098
Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2017;12(2):83-91
pubmed: 28676007
Ann Intern Med. 2010 May 18;152(10):687-8
pubmed: 20479037