Large colloidal probes for atomic force microscopy: Fabrication and calibration issues.

atomic force microscopy calibration colloidal probes deflection sensitivity (invOLS) spring constant

Journal

Journal of molecular recognition : JMR
ISSN: 1099-1352
Titre abrégé: J Mol Recognit
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9004580

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
01 2021
Historique:
received: 31 07 2020
revised: 01 10 2020
accepted: 03 10 2020
pubmed: 25 10 2020
medline: 27 1 2022
entrez: 24 10 2020
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a powerful tool to investigate interaction forces at the micro and nanoscale. Cantilever stiffness, dimensions and geometry of the tip can be chosen according to the requirements of the specific application, in terms of spatial resolution and force sensitivity. Colloidal probes (CPs), obtained by attaching a spherical particle to a tipless (TL) cantilever, offer several advantages for accurate force measurements: tunable and well-characterisable radius; higher averaging capabilities (at the expense of spatial resolution) and sensitivity to weak interactions; a well-defined interaction geometry (sphere on flat), which allows accurate and reliable data fitting by means of analytical models. The dynamics of standard AFM probes has been widely investigated, and protocols have been developed for the calibration of the cantilever spring constant. Nevertheless, the dynamics of CPs, and in particular of large CPs, with radius well above 10 μm and mass comparable, or larger, than the cantilever mass, is at present still poorly characterized. Here we describe the fabrication and calibration of (large) CPs. We describe and discuss the peculiar dynamical behaviour of CPs, and present an alternative protocol for the accurate calibration of the spring constant.

Identifiants

pubmed: 33098182
doi: 10.1002/jmr.2879
doi:

Substances chimiques

Colloids 0

Types de publication

Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

e2879

Informations de copyright

© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Références

Binnig G, Quate CF, Gerber C. Atomic force microscope. Phys Rev Lett. 1986;56(9):930-933. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.930.
Martin Y, Williams CC, Wickramasinghe HK. Atomic force microscope-force mapping and profiling on a sub 100-Å scale. J Appl Phys. 1987;61(10):4723-4729. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.338807.
Gould SAC, Drake B, Prater CB, et al. The atomic force microscope: a tool for science and industry. Ultramicroscopy. 1990;33(2):93-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3991(90)90011-A.
Ducker WA, Senden TJ, Pashley RM. Direct measurement of colloidal forces using an atomic force microscope. Nature. 1991;353(6341):239-241. https://doi.org/10.1038/353239a0.
Neto C, Craig VSJ. Colloid probe characterization: radius and roughness determination. Langmuir. 2001;17(7):2097-2099. https://doi.org/10.1021/la001506y.
Craig VSJ, Neto C. In situ calibration of colloid probe cantilevers in force microscopy: hydrodynamic drag on a sphere approaching a wall. Langmuir. 2001;17(19):6018-6022. https://doi.org/10.1021/la010424m.
Domke J, Radmacher M. Measuring the elastic properties of thin polymer films with the atomic force microscope. Langmuir. 1998;14(12):3320-3325. https://doi.org/10.1021/la9713006.
Schillers H, Rianna C, Schäpe J, et al. Standardized nanomechanical atomic force microscopy procedure (SNAP) for measuring soft and biological samples. Sci Rep. 2017;7:5117. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05383-0.
Puricelli L, Galluzzi M, Schulte C, Podestà A, Milani P. Nanomechanical and topographical imaging of living cells by atomic force microscopy with colloidal probes. Rev Sci Instrum. 2015;86(3):33705. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4915896.
Carl P, Schillers H. Elasticity measurement of living cells with an atomic force microscope: data acquisition and processing. Pflügers Arch Eur J Physiol. 2008;457(2):551-559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-008-0524-3.
Guz N, Dokukin M, Kalaparthi V, Sokolov I. If cell mechanics can be described by elastic modulus: study of different models and probes used in indentation experiments. Biophys J. 2014;107(3):564-575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2014.06.033.
Sokolov I, Iyer S, Subba-Rao V, Gaikwad RM, Woodworth CD. Detection of surface brush on biological cells in vitro with atomic force microscopy. Appl Phys Lett. 2007;91(2):23902. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2757104.
Drelich J, Long J, Xu Z, et al. AFM colloidal forces measured between microscopic probes and flat substrates in nanoparticle suspensions. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2006;301(2):511-522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2006.05.044.
Fischer-Cripps AC. The Hertzian contact surface. J Mater Sci. 1999;34(1):129-137. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004490230078.
Harding JW, Sneddon IN. The elastic stresses produced by the indentation of the plane surface of a semi-infinite elastic solid by a rigid punch. Math Proc Cambridge Philos Soc. 1945;41(1):16-26. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305004100022325.
Nebuloni M, Albarello L, Andolfo A, et al. Insight on colorectal carcinoma infiltration by studying perilesional extracellular matrix. Sci Rep. 2016;6:22522. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22522.
Alcaraz J, Buscemi L, Grabulosa M, et al. Microrheology of human lung epithelial cells measured by atomic force microscopy. Biophys J. 2003;84(3):2071-2079. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(03)75014-0.
Luque T, Melo E, Garreta E, et al. Local micromechanical properties of decellularized lung scaffolds measured with atomic force microscopy. Acta Biomater. 2013;9(6):6852-6859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2013.02.044.
Beekmans SV, Iannuzzi D. A metrological approach for the calibration of force transducers with interferometric readout. Surf Topogr Metrol Prop. 2015;3(2):25004. https://doi.org/10.1088/2051-672X/3/2/025004.
Chavan D, van de Watering TC, Gruca G, et al. Ferrule-top nanoindenter: an optomechanical fiber sensor for nanoindentation. Rev Sci Instrum. 2012;83(11):115110. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4766959.
Hoorn H, Kurniawan N, Koenderink G, Iannuzzi D. Local dynamic mechanical analysis for heterogeneous soft matter using ferrule-top indentation. Soft Matter. 2016;12(12):3066-3073. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6SM00300A.
Chighizola M, Puricelli L, Osteroom LV, Antonovaite N, Podestà A. The measurement of the Young's modulus of elasticity of gels and soft elastomers using atomic force microscopy and a dedicated nanoindenter: a comparative study. In preparation; 2020.
Swadener JG, George EP, Pharr GM. The correlation of the indentation size effect measured with indenters of various shapes. J Mech Phys Solids. 2002;50(4):681-694. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5096(01)00103-X.
Alcalá J, Giannakopoulos AE, Suresh S. Continuous measurements of load-penetration curves with spherical microindenters and the estimation of mechanical properties. J Mater Res. 1998;13(5):1390-1400. https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1998.0197.
McBride SP, Law BM. Improved in situ spring constant calibration for colloidal probe atomic force microscopy. Rev Sci Instrum. 2010;81(11):113703. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3502460.
Butt H-J, Cappella B, Kappl M. Force measurements with the atomic force microscope: technique, interpretation and applications. Surf Sci Rep. 2005;59(1-6):1-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2005.08.003.
Laurent J, Steinberger A, Bellon L. Functionalized AFM probes for force spectroscopy: eigenmodes shape and stiffness calibration through thermal noise measurements. Nanotechnology. 2013;24(22):225504. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/24/22/225504.
Indrieri M, Podestà A, Bongiorno G, Marchesi D, Milani P. Adhesive-free colloidal probes for nanoscale force measurements: production and characterization. Rev Sci Instrum. 2011;82(2):23708. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3553499.
Markiewicz P, Goh MC. Atomic force microscope tip deconvolution using calibration arrays. Rev Sci Instrum. 1995;66(5):3186-3190. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1145549.
Montelius L, Tegenfeldt JO. Direct observation of the tip shape in scanning probe microscopy. Appl Phys Lett. 1993;62(21):2628-2630. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.109267.
Bykov V, Gologanov A, Shevyakov V. Test structure for SPM tip shape deconvolution. Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process. 1998;66(5):499-502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003390050703.
Villarrubia JS. Morphological estimation of tip geometry for scanned probe microscopy. Surf Sci. 1994;321:287-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(94)90194-5.
Keller D. Reconstruction of STM and AFM images distorted by finite-size tips. Surf Sci. 1991;253(1-3):353-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(91)90606-S.
Sader JE, Lu J, Mulvaney P. Effect of cantilever geometry on the optical lever sensitivities and thermal noise method of the atomic force microscope. Rev Sci Instrum. 2014;85(11):113702. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4900864.
Schäffer TE. Calculation of thermal noise in an atomic force microscope with a finite optical spot size. Nanotechnology. 2005;16(6):664-670. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/16/6/007.
Evans DR, Craig VSJ. Sensing cantilever beam bending by the optical lever technique and its application to surface stress. J Phys Chem B. 2006;110(11):5450-5461. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp0536807.
Edwards SA, Ducker WA, Sader JE. Influence of atomic force microscope cantilever tilt and induced torque on force measurements. J Appl Phys. 2008;103(6):64513. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2885734.
Hutter JL. Comment on tilt of atomic force microscope cantilevers: effect on spring constant and adhesion measurements. Langmuir. 2005;21(6):2630-2632. https://doi.org/10.1021/la047670t.
Gates RS. Experimental confirmation of the atomic force microscope cantilever stiffness tilt correction. Rev Sci Instrum. 2017;88(12):123710. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4986201.
Heim L-O, Rodrigues TS, Bonaccurso E. Direct thermal noise calibration of colloidal probe cantilevers. Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem Eng Asp. 2014;443:377-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.11.018.
Hutter JL, Bechhoefer J. Calibration of atomic-force microscope tips. Rev Sci Instrum. 1993;64(7):1868-1873. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1143970.
Cleveland JP, Manne S, Bocek D, Hansma PK. A nondestructive method for determining the spring constant of cantilevers for scanning force microscopy. Rev Sci Instrum. 1993;64(2):403-405. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1144209.
Reitsma MG. Lateral force microscope calibration using a modified atomic force microscope cantilever. Rev Sci Instrum. 2007;78(10):106102. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2789653.
Kim M-S, Choi J-H, Kim J-H, Park Y-K. SI-traceable determination of spring constants of various atomic force microscope cantilevers with a small uncertainty of 1%. Meas Sci Technol. 2007;18(11):3351-3358. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/18/11/014.
Sader JE, Borgani R, Gibson CT, et al. A virtual instrument to standardise the calibration of atomic force microscope cantilevers. Rev Sci Instrum. 2016;87(9):93711. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4962866.
Butt H-J, Jaschke M. Calculation of thermal noise in atomic force microscopy. Nanotechnology. 1995;6(1):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/6/1/001.
Gates RS, Pratt JR. Accurate and precise calibration of AFM cantilever spring constants using laser Doppler vibrometry. Nanotechnology. 2012;23(37):375702. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/23/37/375702.
Cook SM, Lang KM, Chynoweth KM, Wigton M, Simmonds RW, Schäffer TE. Practical implementation of dynamic methods for measuring atomic force microscope cantilever spring constants. Nanotechnology. 2006;17(9):2135-2145. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/17/9/010.
Proksch R, Schäffer TE, Cleveland JP, Callahan RC, Viani MB. Finite optical spot size and position corrections in thermal spring constant calibration. Nanotechnology. 2004;15(9):1344-1350. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/15/9/039.
Schäffer TE, Fuchs H. Optimized detection of normal vibration modes of atomic force microscope cantilevers with the optical beam deflection method. J Appl Phys. 2005;97(8):83524. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1872202.
Sader JE, White L. Theoretical analysis of the static deflection of plates for atomic force microscope applications. J Appl Phys. 1993;74(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.354137.
Sader JE, Larson I, Mulvaney P, White LR. Method for the calibration of atomic force microscope cantilevers. Rev Sci Instrum. 1995;66(7):3789-3798. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1145439.
Wang F. Comment on “influence of atomic force microscope cantilever tilt and induced torque on force measurements” [J. Appl. Phys. 103, 064513 (2008)]. J Appl Phys. 2009;106(9):96103. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3257268.
Sader JE, Sanelli JA, Adamson BD, et al. Spring constant calibration of atomic force microscope cantilevers of arbitrary shape. Review of Scientific Instruments. 2012;83:103705. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4757398.
Gates RS, Osborn WA, Shaw GA. Accurate flexural spring constant calibration of colloid probe cantilevers using scanning laser Doppler vibrometry. Nanotechnology. 2015;26(23):235704. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/26/23/235704.
Ohler B. Cantilever spring constant calibration using laser Doppler vibrometry. Rev Sci Instrum. 2007;78(6):63701. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2743272.
Paolino P, Aguilar Sandoval FA, Bellon L. Quadrature phase interferometer for high resolution force spectroscopy. Rev Sci Instrum. 2013;84(9):95001. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4819743.
Gates RS, Osborn WA, Pratt JR. Experimental determination of mode correction factors for thermal method spring constant calibration of AFM cantilevers using laser Doppler vibrometry. Nanotechnology. 2013;24(25):255706. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/24/25/255706.
Mescola A, Vella S, Scotto M, et al. Probing cytoskeleton organisation of neuroblastoma cells with single-cell force spectroscopy. J Mol Recognit JMR. 2012;25(5):270-277. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmr.2173.
Beicker K, O'Brien ET, Falvo MR, Superfine R. Vertical light sheet enhanced side-view imaging for AFM cell mechanics studies. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19791-3.
Marsh G, Waugh RE. Quantifying the mechanical properties of the endothelial Glycocalyx with atomic force microscopy. JoVE J Vis Exp. 2013;(72):e50163. https://doi.org/10.3791/50163.
Kauppi A, Andersson KM, Bergström L. Probing the effect of superplasticizer adsorption on the surface forces using the colloidal probe AFM technique. Cem Concr Res. 2005;35(1):133-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.07.008.
Weadock N, Varongchayakul N, Wan J, Lee S, Seog J, Hu L. Determination of mechanical properties of the SEI in sodium ion batteries via colloidal probe microscopy. Nano Energy. 2013;2(5):713-719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2013.08.005.
Delcea M, Schmidt S, Palankar R, et al. Mechanobiology: correlation between mechanical stability of microcapsules studied by AFM and impact of cell-induced stresses. Small. 2010;6(24):2858-2862. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201001478.
Chung K-H, Pratt JR, Reitsma MG. Lateral force calibration: accurate procedures for colloidal probe friction measurements in atomic force microscopy. Langmuir. 2010;26(2):1386-1394. https://doi.org/10.1021/la902488r.
Dohn S, Svendsen W, Boisen A, Hansen O. Mass and position determination of attached particles on cantilever based mass sensors. Rev Sci Instrum. 2007;78(10):103303. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2804074.
Hoof S, Nand Gosvami N, Hoogenboom BW. Enhanced quality factors and force sensitivity by attaching magnetic beads to cantilevers for atomic force microscopy in liquid. J Appl Phys. 2012;112(11):114324. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4768713.
Basak S, Raman A, Garimella SV. Hydrodynamic loading of microcantilevers vibrating in viscous fluids. J Appl Phys. 2006;99(11):114906. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2202232.
Maali A, Hurth C, Boisgard R, Jai C, Cohen-Bouhacina T, Aimé J-P. Hydrodynamics of oscillating atomic force microscopy cantilevers in viscous fluids. J Appl Phys. 2005;97(7):74907. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1873060.
Janovjak H, Struckmeier J, Müller DJ. Hydrodynamic effects in fast AFM single-molecule force measurements. Eur Biophys J. 2005;34(1):91-96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00249-004-0430-3.
Warmack RJ, Zheng X-Y, Thundat T, Allison DP. Friction effects in the deflection of atomic force microscope cantilevers. Rev Sci Instrum. 1994;65(2):394-399. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1145144.
Stiernstedt J, Rutland MW, Attard P. A novel technique for the in situ calibration and measurement of friction with the atomic force microscope. Rev Sci Instrum. 2005;76(8):83710. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2006407.
Stiernstedt J, Rutland MW, Attard P. Erratum: “A novel technique for the in situ calibration and measurement of friction with the atomic force microscope” [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 76, 083710 (2005)]. Rev Sci Instrum. 2006;77(1):19901. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2162429.
Attard P, Carambassis A, Rutland MW. Dynamic surface force measurement. 2. Friction and the atomic force microscope. Langmuir. 1999;15(2):553-563. https://doi.org/10.1021/la980848p.
Weafer PP, McGarry JP, van Es MH, et al. Stability enhancement of an atomic force microscope for long-term force measurement including cantilever modification for whole cell deformation. Rev Sci Instrum. 2012;83(9):93709. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4752023.
Chung K-H, Shaw GA, Pratt JR. Accurate noncontact calibration of colloidal probe sensitivities in atomic force microscopy. Rev Sci Instrum. 2009;80(6):65107. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3152335.
Sader JE, Chon JWM, Mulvaney P. Calibration of rectangular atomic force microscope cantilevers. Rev Sci Instrum. 1999;70(10):3967-3969. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1150021.
Higgins MJ, Proksch R, Sader JE, et al. Noninvasive determination of optical lever sensitivity in atomic force microscopy. Rev Sci Instrum. 2006;77(1):1-5. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2162455.
Rico F, Sumbul F, RODRIGUEZ RAMOS J, Hassanpour N. One-step calibration of AFM in liquid. Front Phys. 2020;8:301. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPHY.2020.00301.

Auteurs

Matteo Chighizola (M)

C.I.Ma.I.Na. and Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.

Luca Puricelli (L)

C.I.Ma.I.Na. and Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.

Ludovic Bellon (L)

Laboratoire de Physique, Univ. Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ. Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Lyon, France.

Alessandro Podestà (A)

C.I.Ma.I.Na. and Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.

Articles similaires

1.00
Calcium Carbonate Peptoids Carbon Dioxide Crystallization Microscopy, Atomic Force

Plinio Mendes Senna, Carlos Fernando Mourão, Cindy Goes Dodo et al.
1.00
Titanium Osteoblasts Surface Properties Humans Cell Proliferation
Amyloid beta-Peptides Alzheimer Disease Humans Microscopy, Atomic Force Amyloid

Classifications MeSH