Fluoride Alters Signaling Pathways Associated with the Initiation of Dentin Mineralization in Enamel Fluorosis Susceptible Mice.
DSPP
Dentin
Fluoride
Lightly mineralized layer/LL
Odontoblasts
Predentin
Journal
Biological trace element research
ISSN: 1559-0720
Titre abrégé: Biol Trace Elem Res
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 7911509
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Aug 2021
Aug 2021
Historique:
received:
22
06
2020
accepted:
11
10
2020
pubmed:
29
10
2020
medline:
29
6
2021
entrez:
28
10
2020
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Fluoride can alter the formation of mineralized tissues, including enamel, dentin, and bone. Dentin fluorosis occurs in tandem with enamel fluorosis. However, the pathogenesis of dentin fluorosis and its mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we report the effects of fluoride on the initiation of dentin matrix formation and odontoblast function. Mice from two enamel fluorosis susceptible strains (A/J and C57BL/6J) were given either 0 or 50 ppm fluoride in drinking water for 4 weeks. In both mouse strains, there was no overall change in dentin thickness, but fluoride treatment resulted in a significant increase in the thickness of the predentin layer. The lightly mineralized layer (LL), which lies at the border between predentin and fully mineralized dentin and is associated with dentin phosphoprotein (DPP), was absent in fluoride exposed mice. Consistent with a possible reduction of DPP, fluoride-treated mice showed reduced immunostaining for dentin sialoprotein (DSP). Fluoride reduced RUNX2, the transcription regulator of dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), that is cleaved to form both DPP and DSP. In fluoride-treated mouse odontoblasts, the effect of fluoride was further seen in the upstream of RUNX2 as the reduced nuclear translocation of β-catenin and phosphorylated p65/NFκB. In vitro, MD10-F2 pre-odontoblast cells showed inhibition of the Dspp mRNA level in the presence of 10 μM fluoride, and qPCR analysis showed a significantly downregulated level of mRNAs for RUNX2, β-catenin, and Wnt10b. These findings indicate that in mice, systemic exposure to excess fluoride resulted in reduced Wnt/β-catenin signaling in differentiating odontoblasts to downregulate DSPP production via RUNX2.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33113116
doi: 10.1007/s12011-020-02434-y
pii: 10.1007/s12011-020-02434-y
doi:
Substances chimiques
Extracellular Matrix Proteins
0
Phosphoproteins
0
Sialoglycoproteins
0
Fluorides
Q80VPU408O
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
3021-3034Subventions
Organisme : NIDCR NIH HHS
ID : R01 DE027971
Pays : United States
Références
Fejerskov O, Larsen MJ, Josephsen K, Thylstrup A (1979) Effect of long-term administration of fluoride on plasma fluoride and calcium in relation to forming enamel and dentin in rats. Scand J Dent Res 87(2):98–104
pubmed: 292162
Vieira A, Hancock R, Dumitriu M, Schwartz M, Limeback H, Grynpas M (2005) How does fluoride affect dentin microhardness and mineralization? J Dent Res 84(10):951–957
doi: 10.1177/154405910508401015
Kierdorf U, Kierdorf H, Fejerskov O (1993) Fluoride-induced developmental changes in enamel and dentine of European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) as a result of environmental pollution. Arch Oral Biol 38(12):1071–1081
doi: 10.1016/0003-9969(93)90169-M
Yaeger JA (1966) The effects of high fluoride diets on developing enamel and dentin in the incisors of rats. Am J Anat 118(2):665–683. https://doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001180219
doi: 10.1002/aja.1001180219
pubmed: 5917202
Fejerskov O, Thylstrup A, Larsen MJ (1977) Clinical and structural features and possible pathogenic mechanisms of dental fluorosis. Scand J Dent Res 85(7):510–534
pubmed: 272716
Fejerskov O, Yaeger JA, Thylstrup A (1979) Microradiography of the effect of acute and chronic administration of fluoride on human and rat dentine and enamel. Arch Oral Biol 24(2):123–130
doi: 10.1016/0003-9969(79)90060-8
Rojas-Sanchez F, Alaminos M, Campos A, Rivera H, Sanchez-Quevedo MC (2007) Dentin in severe fluorosis: a quantitative histochemical study. J Dent Res 86(9):857–861
doi: 10.1177/154405910708600910
Nelson DG, Coote GE, Vickridge IC, Suckling G (1989) Proton microprobe determination of fluorine profiles in the enamel and dentine of erupting incisors from sheep given low and high daily doses of fluoride. Arch Oral Biol 34(6):419–429
doi: 10.1016/0003-9969(89)90120-9
Waidyasekera K, Nikaido T, Weerasinghe D, Watanabe A, Ichinose S, Tay F, Tagami J (2010) Why does fluorosed dentine show a higher susceptibility for caries: an ultra-morphological explanation. J Med Dent Sci 57(1):17–23
pubmed: 20437762
Waidyasekera PG, Nikaido T, Weerasinghe DD, Wettasinghe KA, Tagami J (2007) Caries susceptibility of human fluorosed enamel and dentine. J Dent 35(4):343–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2006.10.008
doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2006.10.008
pubmed: 17141393
Milan AM, Waddington RJ, Embery G (1999) Altered phosphorylation of rat dentine phosphoproteins by fluoride in vivo. Calcif Tissue Int 64(3):234–238
doi: 10.1007/s002239900609
Li P, Xue Y, Zhang W, Teng F, Sun Y, Qu T, Chen X, Cheng X, Song B, Luo W, Yu Q (2013) Sodium fluoride induces apoptosis in odontoblasts via a JNK-dependent mechanism. Toxicology 308:138–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2013.03.016
doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.03.016
pubmed: 23578390
Cvikl B, Lussi A, Carvalho TS, Moritz A, Gruber R (2018) Stannous chloride and stannous fluoride are inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases. J Dent 78:51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2018.08.002
doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.08.002
pubmed: 30081053
Wurtz T, Houari S, Mauro N, MacDougall M, Peters H, Berdal A (2008) Fluoride at non-toxic dose affects odontoblast gene expression in vitro. Toxicology 249(1):26–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2008.04.013
doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.04.013
pubmed: 18511171
Houari S, Wurtz T, Ferbus D, Chateau D, Dessombz A, Berdal A, Babajko S (2014) Asporin and the mineralization process in fluoride-treated rats. J Bone Miner Res 29(6):1446–1455. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.2153
doi: 10.1002/jbmr.2153
pubmed: 24967458
Ruch JV, Lesot H, Begue-Kirn C (1995) Odontoblast differentiation. Int J Dev Biol 39(1):51–68
pubmed: 7626422
Miyazaki T, Kanatani N, Rokutanda S, Yoshida C, Toyosawa S, Nakamura R, Takada S, Komori T (2008) Inhibition of the terminal differentiation of odontoblasts and their transdifferentiation into osteoblasts in Runx2 transgenic mice. Arch Histol Cytol 71(2):131–146
doi: 10.1679/aohc.71.131
Yun C-Y, Choi H, You Y-J, Yang J-Y, Baek J-A, Cho E-S (2016) Requirement of Smad4-mediated signaling in odontoblast differentiation and dentin matrix formation. Anat Cell Biol 49(3):199–205
doi: 10.5115/acb.2016.49.3.199
Yan D, Willett TL, Gu XM, Martinez-Mier EA, Sardone L, McShane L, Grynpas M, Everett ET (2011) Phenotypic variation of fluoride responses between inbred strains of mice. Cells Tissues Organs 194(2–4):261–267. https://doi.org/10.1159/000324224
doi: 10.1159/000324224
pubmed: 21555858
pmcid: 3178088
Everett ET (2011) Fluoride’s effects on the formation of teeth and bones, and the influence of genetics. J Dent Res 90(5):552–560. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034510384626
doi: 10.1177/0022034510384626
pubmed: 20929720
pmcid: 3144112
Kawamoto T (2003) Use of a new adhesive film for the preparation of multi-purpose fresh-frozen sections from hard tissues, whole-animals, insects and plants. Arch Histol Cytol 66(2):123–143
doi: 10.1679/aohc.66.123
Taves DR (1968) Separation of fluoride by rapid diffusion using hexamethyldisiloxane. Talanta 15:969–974
doi: 10.1016/0039-9140(68)80097-9
Bawden JW, Deaton TG, Koch GG, Crawford BP (1989) Effect of an acute maternal fluoride dose on fetal plasma fluoride levels and enamel fluoride uptake in guinea pigs. J Dent Res 68(7):1169–1172
doi: 10.1177/00220345890680070601
Gomez S, Boyde A (1994) Correlated alkaline phosphatase histochemistry and quantitative backscattered electron imaging in the study of rat incisor ameloblasts and enamel mineralization. Microsc Res Tech 29(1):29–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070290105
doi: 10.1002/jemt.1070290105
pubmed: 8000082
Symons NB (1955) Alkaline phosphatase activity in the developing teeth of the rat. J Anat 89(2):238–245
pubmed: 14367220
pmcid: 1244787
Burstone S (1962) Enzyme histochemistry, and its application in the study of neoplasms. Academic Press
Chen S, Rani S, Wu Y, Unterbrink A, Gu TT, Gluhak-Heinrich J, Chuang H-H, MacDougall M (2005) Differential regulation of dentin sialophosphoprotein expression by Runx2 during odontoblast cytodifferentiation. J Biol Chem 280(33):29717–29727. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M502929200
doi: 10.1074/jbc.M502929200
pubmed: 15980071
Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD (2001) Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCT method. Methods 25(4):402–408. https://doi.org/10.1006/meth.2001.1262
doi: 10.1006/meth.2001.1262
pubmed: 11846609
pmcid: 11846609
Zhang Y, Kim JY, Horst O, Nakano Y, Zhu L, Radlanski RJ, Ho S, Den Besten PK (2014) Fluorosed mouse ameloblasts have increased SATB1 retention and Galphaq activity. PLoS One 9(8):e103994. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103994
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103994
pubmed: 25090413
pmcid: 4121220
Guy WS, Taves DR, Brey WS (1976) Organic Fluorocompounds in human plasma: prevalence and characterization. In: Biochemistry involving carbon-fluorine bonds, vol 28. ACS Symposium Series, vol 28. AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, pp 117-134. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1976-0028.ch007
Ahmad M, Iseki H, Abduweli D, Baba O, Tabata MJ, Takano Y (2011) Ultrastructural and histochemical evaluation of appositional mineralization of circumpulpal dentin at the crown- and root-analog portions of rat incisors. J Electron Microsc 60(1):79–87. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmicro/dfq075
doi: 10.1093/jmicro/dfq075
Goldberg M, Septier D (1996) A comparative study of the transition between predentin and dentin, using various preparative procedures in the rat. Eur J Oral Sci 104(3):269–277
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.1996.tb00077.x
Suzuki M, Shin M, Simmer JP, Bartlett JD (2014) Fluoride affects enamel protein content via TGF-beta1-mediated KLK4 inhibition. J Dent Res 93(10):1022–1027. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034514545629
doi: 10.1177/0022034514545629
pubmed: 25074495
pmcid: 4212320
Braut A, Kollar EJ, Mina M (2003) Analysis of the odontogenic and osteogenic potentials of dental pulp in vivo using a Col1a1-2.3-GFP transgene. Int J Dev Biol 47(4):281–292
pubmed: 12755333
Yamakoshi Y, Hu JC-C, Fukae M, Zhang H, Simmer JP (2005) Dentin glycoprotein: the protein in the middle of the dentin sialophosphoprotein chimera. J Biol Chem 280(17):17472–17479. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M413220200
doi: 10.1074/jbc.M413220200
pubmed: 15728577
Sreenath T, Thyagarajan T, Hall B, Longenecker G, D'Souza R, Hong S, Wright JT, MacDougall M, Sauk J, Kulkarni AB (2003) Dentin sialophosphoprotein knockout mouse teeth display widened predentin zone and develop defective dentin mineralization similar to human dentinogenesis imperfecta type III. J Biol Chem 278(27):24874–24880. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M303908200
doi: 10.1074/jbc.M303908200
pubmed: 12721295
Suzuki S, Sreenath T, Haruyama N, Honeycutt C, Terse A, Cho A, Kohler T, Muller R, Goldberg M, Kulkarni AB (2009) Dentin sialoprotein and dentin phosphoprotein have distinct roles in dentin mineralization. Matrix Biol 28(4):221–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matbio.2009.03.006
doi: 10.1016/j.matbio.2009.03.006
pubmed: 19348940
pmcid: 2758621
Oh H-J, Lee H-K, Park S-J, Cho Y-S, Bae H-S, Cho M-I, Park J-C (2012) Zinc balance is critical for NFI-C mediated regulation of odontoblast differentiation. J Cell Biochem 113(3):877–887. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.23421
doi: 10.1002/jcb.23421
pubmed: 22228435
Narayanan K, Gajjeraman S, Ramachandran A, Hao J, George A (2006) Dentin matrix protein 1 regulates dentin sialophosphoprotein gene transcription during early odontoblast differentiation. J Biol Chem 281(28):19064–19071. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M600714200
doi: 10.1074/jbc.M600714200
pubmed: 16679514
Yang G, Yuan G, MacDougall M, Zhi C, Chen S (2017) BMP-2 induced Dspp transcription is mediated by Dlx3/Osx signaling pathway in odontoblasts. Sci Rep 7(1):10775. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10908-8
doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10908-8
pubmed: 28883412
pmcid: 5589848
Chen S, Gluhak-Heinrich J, Wang YH, Wu YM, Chuang HH, Chen L, Yuan GH, Dong J, Gay I, MacDougall M (2009) Runx2, Osx, and Dspp in tooth development. J Dent Res 88(10):904–909. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034509342873
doi: 10.1177/0022034509342873
pubmed: 19783797
pmcid: 3045537
Lee D-S, Choung H-W, Kim H-J, Gronostajski RM, Yang Y-I, Ryoo H-M, Lee ZH, Kim H-H, Cho E-S, Park J-C (2014) NFI-C regulates osteoblast differentiation via control of osterix expression. Stem Cells 32(9):2467–2479. https://doi.org/10.1002/stem.1733
doi: 10.1002/stem.1733
pubmed: 24801901
Gaur T, Lengner CJ, Hovhannisyan H, Bhat RA, Bodine PVN, Komm BS, Javed A, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Stein GS, Lian JB (2005) Canonical WNT signaling promotes osteogenesis by directly stimulating Runx2 gene expression. J Biol Chem 280(39):33132–33140. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M500608200
doi: 10.1074/jbc.M500608200
pubmed: 16043491
Yamashiro T, Zheng L, Shitaku Y, Saito M, Tsubakimoto T, Takada K, Takano-Yamamoto T, Thesleff I (2007) Wnt10a regulates dentin sialophosphoprotein mRNA expression and possibly links odontoblast differentiation and tooth morphogenesis. Differentiation 75(5):452–462. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-0436.2006.00150.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2006.00150.x
pubmed: 17286598
Sagomonyants K, Mina M (2014) Biphasic effects of FGF2 on odontoblast differentiation involve changes in the BMP and Wnt signaling pathways. Connect Tissue Res 55(sup1):53–56. https://doi.org/10.3109/03008207.2014.923867
doi: 10.3109/03008207.2014.923867
pubmed: 25158181
pmcid: 4404504
Cawthorn WP, Bree AJ, Yao Y, Du B, Hemati N, Martinez-Santibanez G, MacDougald OA (2012) Wnt6, Wnt10a and Wnt10b inhibit adipogenesis and stimulate osteoblastogenesis through a beta-catenin-dependent mechanism. Bone 50(2):477–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2011.08.010
doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.08.010
pubmed: 21872687
Qurrat Ul A, Seemab U, Nawaz S, Rashid S (2011) Integrative analyses of conserved WNT clusters and their co-operative behaviour in human breast cancer. Bioinformation 7(7):339–346
doi: 10.6026/97320630007339
Katoh M, Katoh M (2007) AP1- and NF-kappaB-binding sites conserved among mammalian WNT10B orthologs elucidate the TNFalpha-WNT10B signaling loop implicated in carcinogenesis and adipogenesis. Int J Mol Med 19(4):699–703
pubmed: 17334647
Li J, Peet GW, Balzarano D, Li X, Massa P, Barton RW, Marcu KB (2001) Novel NEMO/IkappaB kinase and NF-kappa B target genes at the pre-B to immature B cell transition. J Biol Chem 276(21):18579–18590. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M100846200
doi: 10.1074/jbc.M100846200
pubmed: 11279141
Everett ET, McHenry MA, Reynolds N, Eggertsson H, Sullivan J, Kantmann C, Martinez-Mier EA, Warrick JM, Stookey GK (2002) Dental fluorosis: variability among different inbred mouse strains. J Dent Res 81(11):794–798
doi: 10.1177/0810794
Yan D, Gurumurthy A, Wright M, Pfeiler TW, Loboa EG, Everett ET (2007) Genetic background influences fluoride’s effects on osteoclastogenesis. Bone 41(6):1036–1044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2007.07.018
doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.07.018
pubmed: 17936699
pmcid: 2238641
Mousny M, Banse X, Wise L, Everett ET, Hancock R, Vieth R, Devogelaer JP, Grynpas MD (2006) The genetic influence on bone susceptibility to fluoride. Bone 39(6):1283–1289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2006.06.006
doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2006.06.006
pubmed: 16920415
Beertsen W, Niehof A (1986) Root-analogue versus crown-analogue dentin: a radioautographic and ultrastructural investigation of the mouse incisor. Anat Rec 215(2):106–118. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092150204
doi: 10.1002/ar.1092150204
pubmed: 3089064
Boskey AL, Maresca M, Doty S, Sabsay B, Veis A (1990) Concentration-dependent effects of dentin phosphophoryn in the regulation of in vitro hydroxyapatite formation and growth. Bone Miner 11(1):55–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-6009(90)90015-8
doi: 10.1016/0169-6009(90)90015-8
pubmed: 2176557
Milan AM, Waddington RJ, Embery G (2001) Fluoride alters casein kinase II and alkaline phosphatase activity in vitro with potential implications for dentine mineralization. Arch Oral Biol 46(4):343–351
doi: 10.1016/S0003-9969(00)00125-4
Dimuzio MT, Veis A (1978) Phosphophoryns-major noncollagenous proteins of rat incisor dentin. Calcif Tissue Res 25(2):169–178
doi: 10.1007/BF02010765
Butler WT (1985) The chemistry and biology of mineralized tissues: proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Chemistry and Biology of Mineralized Tissues, held in Gulf Shores, Alabama, September 9-14, 1984. vol 436 p. s.n.], [S.l
Yamakoshi Y, Hu JC, Fukae M, Iwata T, Kim JW, Zhang H, Simmer JP (2005) Porcine dentin sialoprotein is a proteoglycan with glycosaminoglycan chains containing chondroitin 6-sulfate. J Biol Chem 280(2):1552–1560. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M409606200
doi: 10.1074/jbc.M409606200
pubmed: 15537641
MacDougall M, Simmons D, Luan X, Nydegger J, Feng J, Gu TT (1997) Dentin Phosphoprotein and dentin sialoprotein are cleavage products expressed from a single transcript coded by a gene on human chromosome 4: dentin phosphoprotein dna sequence determination. J Biol Chem 272(2):835–842. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.2.835
doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.2.835
pubmed: 8995371
Sun Y, Lu Y, Chen S, Prasad M, Wang X, Zhu Q, Zhang J, Ball H, Feng J, Butler WT, Qin C (2010) Key proteolytic cleavage site and full-length form of DSPP. J Dent Res 89(5):498–503. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034510363109
doi: 10.1177/0022034510363109
pubmed: 20332332
pmcid: 2873034
Tsuchiya S, Simmer JP, Hu JCC, Richardson AS, Yamakoshi F, Yamakoshi Y (2011) Astacin proteases cleave dentin sialophosphoprotein (Dspp) to generate dentin phosphoprotein (Dpp). J Bone Miner Res 26(1):220–228. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.202
doi: 10.1002/jbmr.202
pubmed: 20687161
Zhang Y, Song Y, Ravindran S, Gao Q, Huang CC, Ramachandran A, Kulkarni A, George A (2014) DSPP contains an IRES element responsible for the translation of dentin phosphophoryn. J Dent Res 93(2):155–161. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034513516631
doi: 10.1177/0022034513516631
pubmed: 24352500
pmcid: 3895336
Lim WH, Liu B, Cheng D, Hunter DJ, Zhong Z, Ramos DM, Williams BO, Sharpe PT, Bardet C, Mah SJ, Helms JA (2014) Wnt signaling regulates pulp volume and dentin thickness. J Bone Miner Res 29(4):892–901. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.2088
doi: 10.1002/jbmr.2088
pubmed: 23996396
Chen LF, Williams SA, Mu Y, Nakano H, Duerr JM, Buckbinder L, Greene WC (2005) NF-kappaB RelA phosphorylation regulates RelA acetylation. Mol Cell Biol 25(18):7966–7975. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.25.18.7966-7975.2005
doi: 10.1128/MCB.25.18.7966-7975.2005
pubmed: 16135789
pmcid: 1234328
Arab-Nozari M, Mohammadi E, Shokrzadeh M, Ahangar N, Amiri FT, Shaki F (2020) Co-exposure to non-toxic levels of cadmium and fluoride induces hepatotoxicity in rats via triggering mitochondrial oxidative damage, apoptosis, and NF-kB pathways. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 27(19):24048–24058. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08791-4
doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-08791-4
pubmed: 32304050
Refsnes M, Skuland T, Lag M, Schwarze PE, Ovrevik J (2014) Differential NF-kappaB and MAPK activation underlies fluoride- and TPA-mediated CXCL8 (IL-8) induction in lung epithelial cells. J Inflamm Res 7:169–185. https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S69646
doi: 10.2147/JIR.S69646
pubmed: 25540590
pmcid: 4270361
Baskiewicz-Masiuk M, Rybicka M, Gutowska I, Bober J, Grymula K, Dziedziejko V (2004) Sodium fluoride enhancement of monocyte differentiation via nuclear factor Kappa B mechanism. In
Zhang M, Wang A, Xia T, He P (2008) Effects of fluoride on DNA damage, S-phase cell-cycle arrest and the expression of NF-kappaB in primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Toxicol Lett 179(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.03.002
doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.03.002
pubmed: 18485627
Rani CSS, MacDougall M (2000) Dental cells express factors that regulate bone resorption. Mol Cell Biol Res Commun 3(3):145–152. https://doi.org/10.1006/mcbr.2000.0205
doi: 10.1006/mcbr.2000.0205
pubmed: 10860862
Kobayashi CAN, Leite AL, Peres-Buzalaf C, Carvalho JG, Whitford GM, Everett ET, Siqueira WL, Buzalaf MAR (2014) Bone response to fluoride exposure is influenced by genetics. PLoS One 9(12):e114343. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114343
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114343
pubmed: 25501567
pmcid: 4263599
Cheng PT, Bader SM, Grynpas MD (1995) Biphasic sodium fluoride effects on bone and bone mineral: a review. Cells Mater 5(3):271–282
Smalley JW, Embery G (1980) The influence of fluoride administration on the structure of proteoglycans in the developing rat incisor. Biochem J 190(2):263–272. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj1900263
doi: 10.1042/bj1900263
pubmed: 6781478
pmcid: 1162090
Waddington RJ, Embery G, Hall RC (1993) The influence of fluoride on proteoglycan structure using a rat odontoblast in vitro system. Calcif Tissue Int 52(5):392–398. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00310205
doi: 10.1007/BF00310205
pubmed: 8504377
Waddington RJ, Moseley R, Smith AJ, Sloan AJ, Embery G (2004) Fluoride-induced changes to proteoglycan structure synthesised within the dentine–pulp complex in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) - Mol Basis Dis 1689(2):142–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.03.003
doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.03.003
Susheela AK, Sharma K (1988) Fluoride-induced changes in the tooth glycosaminoglycans: an in vivo study in the rabbit. Arch Toxicol 62(4):328–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00332496
doi: 10.1007/BF00332496
pubmed: 3240098
Hall RC, Embery G, Waddington RJ (1996) Modification of the proteoglycans of rat incisor dentin-predentin during in vivo fluorosis. Eur J Oral Sci 104(3):285–291. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.1996.tb00079.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.1996.tb00079.x
pubmed: 8831063
Goldberg M, Takagi M (1993) Dentine proteoglycans: composition, ultrastructure and functions. Histochem J 25(11):781–806. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02388111
doi: 10.1007/BF02388111
pubmed: 7507908
Embery G, Hall R, Waddington R, Septier D, Goldberg M (2001) Proteoglycans in dentinogenesis. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 12(4):331–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/10454411010120040401
doi: 10.1177/10454411010120040401
pubmed: 11603505
de Mattos Pimenta Vidal C, Leme-Kraus AA, Rahman M, Farina AP, Bedran-Russo AK (2017) Role of proteoglycans on the biochemical and biomechanical properties of dentin organic matrix. Arch Oral Biol 82:203–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.06.020
doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.06.020
pubmed: 28651092
pmcid: 5600688