Switching between Janus kinase inhibitor upadacitinib and adalimumab following insufficient response: efficacy and safety in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

To evaluate efficacy and safety of immediate switch from upadacitinib to adalimumab, or vice versa, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis with non-response or incomplete-response to the initial therapy. SELECT-COMPARE randomised patients to upadacitinib 15 mg once daily (n=651), placebo (n=651) or adalimumab 40 mg every other week (n=327). A treat-to-target study design was implemented, with blinded rescue occurring prior to week 26 for patients who did not achieve at least 20% improvement in both tender and swollen joint counts ('non-responders') and at week 26 based on Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) >10 ('incomplete-responders') without washout. A total of 39% (252/651) and 49% (159/327) of patients originally randomised to upadacitinib and adalimumab were rescued to the alternate therapy. In both switch groups (adalimumab to upadacitinib and vice versa) and in non-responders and incomplete-responders, improvements in disease activity were observed at 3 and 6 months following rescue. CDAI low disease activity was achieved by 36% and 47% of non-responders and 45% and 58% of incomplete-responders switched to adalimumab and upadacitinib, respectively, 6 months following switch. Overall, approximately 5% of rescued patients experienced worsening in disease activity at 6 months postswitch. The frequency of adverse events was similar between switch groups. These observations support a treat-to-target strategy, in which patients who fail to respond initially (or do not achieve sufficient response) are switched to a therapy with an alternate mechanism of action and experience improved outcomes. No new safety findings were observed despite immediate switch without washout.

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Competing interests: RMF has received grant/research support from AbbVie, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, EMD-Serono, Genentech, Gilead, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer Inc, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, UCB and Viela and is a consultant for AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer Inc, Sanofi-Aventis and UCB. RB has received grants/research support from AbbVie, MSD and Roche and had consultation fees/participation in company-sponsored speaker’s bureau from AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Pfizer, and Roche. SH has received research grants and consultancy fees from AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB. GTDT has received a research grant from AbbVie and consulting fees from Amgen. FEVdB has received speaker and/or consultancy fees from AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer and UCB. CZ has received grants/research support from AbbVie, Amgen, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Pfizer and Sanofi. LB has received grant/research support from AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Gilead, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer Inc, Sanofi-Aventis and UCB and is a consultant for AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Gilead, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer Inc, Sanofi-Aventis and UCB. JE, YL, YS, RD and I-HS are full-time employees of AbbVie and may hold AbbVie stock or stock options.