To ligate or not to ligate hemodialysis arteriovenous fistulas in kidney transplant patients.

There is significant disagreement about maintenance or ligation of arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) in kidney transplant patients (KTPs). Potential harms from maintaining AVFs are their impact on cardiac function, cosmetic concerns and complications such as bleeding and rupture. High flow AVFs can place a strain on the heart and cause or exacerbate pre-existing cardiac dysfunction. There is an improvement in cardiac function after kidney transplantation independent of vascular access status. Studies comparing cardiac parameters in patients with and without AVFs after renal transplantation have shown conflicting results. Ligation of high flow AVFs in KTPs resulted in improvement in cardiac function and prevention of heart failure. In KTPs with deteriorating renal function and high flow AVFs, banding of the AVFs to reduce flow is an option. Patients who retain AVFs after renal transplant have the advantage of immediate, optimal access should the transplant fail and may have preserved kidney function. The patient's post-transplant kidney function, risk factors for transplant loss, AVF blood flow, and cardiac function play an important role when making the decision to ligate or preserve AVFs.