Current Techniques for Investigating the Brain Extracellular Space.
STED microscopy
brain extracellular space
brain parenchyma
electron microscopy
glymphatic system
real-time iontophoresis
single particle tracking
super-resolution
Journal
Frontiers in neuroscience
ISSN: 1662-4548
Titre abrégé: Front Neurosci
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101478481
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
2020
2020
Historique:
received:
08
06
2020
accepted:
17
09
2020
entrez:
12
11
2020
pubmed:
13
11
2020
medline:
13
11
2020
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
The brain extracellular space (ECS) is a continuous reticular compartment that lies between the cells of the brain. It is vast in extent relative to its resident cells, yet, at the same time the nano- to micrometer dimensions of its channels and reservoirs are commonly finer than the smallest cellular structures. Our conventional view of this compartment as largely static and of secondary importance for brain function is rapidly changing, and its active dynamic roles in signaling and metabolite clearance have come to the fore. It is further emerging that ECS microarchitecture is highly heterogeneous and dynamic and that ECS geometry and diffusional properties directly modulate local diffusional transport, down to the nanoscale around individual synapses. The ECS can therefore be considered an extremely complex and diverse compartment, where numerous physiological events are unfolding in parallel on spatial and temporal scales that span orders of magnitude, from milliseconds to hours, and from nanometers to centimeters. To further understand the physiological roles of the ECS and identify new ones, researchers can choose from a wide array of experimental techniques, which differ greatly in their applicability to a given sample and the type of data they produce. Here, we aim to provide a basic introduction to the available experimental techniques that have been applied to address the brain ECS, highlighting their main characteristics. We include current gold-standard techniques, as well as emerging cutting-edge modalities based on recent super-resolution microscopy. It is clear that each technique comes with unique strengths and limitations and that no single experimental method can unravel the unknown physiological roles of the brain ECS on its own.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33177979
doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.570750
pmc: PMC7591815
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Pagination
570750Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2020 Soria, Miguelez, Peñagarikano and Tønnesen.
Références
Magn Reson Med. 2002 Nov;48(5):826-37
pubmed: 12417997
Biophys J. 2013 Feb 19;104(4):770-7
pubmed: 23442955
Neuroimage. 2018 Nov 15;182:97-116
pubmed: 29155183
Cell. 2015 Jul 30;162(3):648-61
pubmed: 26232230
Cell. 2018 Feb 22;172(5):1108-1121.e15
pubmed: 29474910
Ann Biomed Eng. 2012 Feb;40(2):292-303
pubmed: 22009318
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000 Jul 18;97(15):8206-10
pubmed: 10899992
J Neurophysiol. 1997 Aug;78(2):912-9
pubmed: 9307124
Neuroimage. 2003 Feb;18(2):214-30
pubmed: 12595177
J Neurosci. 2013 Nov 13;33(46):18190-9
pubmed: 24227727
Neurobiol Aging. 2015 Feb;36(2):1097-104
pubmed: 25467638
Methods. 2020 Mar 1;174:91-99
pubmed: 30862507
FASEB J. 2008 Mar;22(3):870-9
pubmed: 17965267
Biophys J. 1990 Feb;57(2):231-40
pubmed: 2317548
Neuroscience. 1995 Dec;69(3):711-26
pubmed: 8596642
Nat Neurosci. 2019 Nov;22(11):1782-1792
pubmed: 31636451
Science. 1990 Aug 10;249(4969):674-7
pubmed: 2382142
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Sep 12;114(37):9894-9899
pubmed: 28847942
J Neurosci Res. 2006 Jul;84(1):119-29
pubmed: 16634058
J Physiol. 1981 Dec;321:225-57
pubmed: 7338810
Biophys J. 2010 Aug 9;99(4):1284-91
pubmed: 20713014
Sci Transl Med. 2012 Aug 15;4(147):147ra111
pubmed: 22896675
Chem Rev. 1999 Sep 8;99(9):2293-352
pubmed: 11749483
IEEE J Biomed Health Inform. 2014 May;18(3):978-83
pubmed: 24808229
Mol Med. 2008 Jul-Aug;14(7-8):451-64
pubmed: 18368143
Biophys J. 1993 Dec;65(6):2277-90
pubmed: 7508761
Magn Reson Med. 2003 Oct;50(4):717-26
pubmed: 14523957
Eur J Radiol. 2003 Mar;45(3):169-84
pubmed: 12595101
Neuron. 2010 Sep 23;67(6):1009-20
pubmed: 20869597
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Dec 27;102(52):19192-7
pubmed: 16354833
Methods. 1999 Jun;18(2):91-103
pubmed: 10356339
Nat Methods. 2008 Jan;5(1):61-7
pubmed: 18157136
J Neurosci Methods. 2012 Mar 30;205(1):110-8
pubmed: 22230768
Sci Rep. 2017 Feb 09;7:42022
pubmed: 28181535
Methods. 1999 Jun;18(2):185-96, 179
pubmed: 10356350
J Neurosci Res. 2017 Jul;95(7):1474-1484
pubmed: 27726161
Structure. 2005 Mar;13(3):423-34
pubmed: 15766544
Cephalalgia. 2009 Oct;29(10):1115-24
pubmed: 19735537
Physiol Rev. 2008 Oct;88(4):1277-340
pubmed: 18923183
Exp Neurol. 2013 Apr;242:33-40
pubmed: 23063602
Opt Express. 2014 Mar 24;22(6):7028-39
pubmed: 24664051
J Neurophysiol. 1993 Nov;70(5):2035-44
pubmed: 7507522
Biophys J. 2017 Nov 21;113(10):2133-2142
pubmed: 28755756
Brain Res. 2002 Oct 18;952(2):290-300
pubmed: 12376191
J Vis Exp. 2017 Jul 24;(125):
pubmed: 28784968
J Comp Neurol. 2009 Apr 10;513(5):532-41
pubmed: 19226510
J Neurosci. 1996 Apr 15;16(8):2740-9
pubmed: 8786449
Invest Radiol. 2015 Sep;50(9):551-6
pubmed: 26050021
J Neurosci. 2017 Mar 15;37(11):2870-2877
pubmed: 28188218
Nat Commun. 2018 Nov 19;9(1):4878
pubmed: 30451853
J Neurosci. 2014 Apr 30;34(18):6164-76
pubmed: 24790187
J Clin Invest. 2013 Mar;123(3):1299-309
pubmed: 23434588
Acta Physiol Scand. 1986 Oct;128(2):201-7
pubmed: 3022556
Nat Rev Neurosci. 2013 May;14(5):311-21
pubmed: 23595014
J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1995 Mar;15(2):179-87
pubmed: 7860651
Biophys J. 2008 Aug;95(3):1382-92
pubmed: 18456831
J Neurosci. 1998 May 1;18(9):3158-70
pubmed: 9547224
J Neurosci. 2018 Oct 31;38(44):9355-9363
pubmed: 30381427
J Comp Neurol. 2007 Nov 20;505(3):292-301
pubmed: 17879272
Biophys J. 2013 Feb 19;104(4):778-85
pubmed: 23442956
Science. 2013 Oct 18;342(6156):373-7
pubmed: 24136970
J Neurosci. 2005 May 18;25(20):4930-40
pubmed: 15901774
Neuroreport. 1998 May 11;9(7):1299-304
pubmed: 9631417
Histochem Cell Biol. 2008 Nov;130(5):877-89
pubmed: 18795316
J Cell Biol. 1965 Apr;25:117-37
pubmed: 14283623
Nat Methods. 2008 Nov;5(11):973-80
pubmed: 18974735
Nat Commun. 2020 Jul 10;11(1):3440
pubmed: 32651387
Biophys J. 2019 Nov 19;117(10):1783-1794
pubmed: 31542225
Nature. 1986 Nov 27-Dec 3;324(6095):361-4
pubmed: 3785405
Biophys J. 2009 Mar 18;96(6):2382-90
pubmed: 19289063
Elife. 2015 Aug 11;4:
pubmed: 26259873
PLoS One. 2015 Jul 30;10(7):e0133921
pubmed: 26226146
Methods Mol Biol. 2019;1941:29-46
pubmed: 30707425
Neurochem Res. 2019 May;44(5):1020-1036
pubmed: 30879174
Neuron. 2014 Feb 19;81(4):728-39
pubmed: 24559669
Sci China Life Sci. 2020 Sep;63(9):1-17
pubmed: 32133594
Neuroimage. 2005 Mar;25(1):101-11
pubmed: 15734347
Sci Rep. 2018 May 8;8(1):7194
pubmed: 29740121
Theranostics. 2018 Jan 1;8(3):710-722
pubmed: 29344300
J Neurosci. 1991 May;11(5):1458-69
pubmed: 1851222
Nat Nanotechnol. 2017 Mar;12(3):238-243
pubmed: 27870840
Brain. 2016 Feb;139(Pt 2):495-508
pubmed: 26705348
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Apr 4;103(14):5567-72
pubmed: 16567637
Biophys J. 2003 Jul;85(1):581-8
pubmed: 12829512
Alzheimers Dement (N Y). 2019 Oct 30;5:671-684
pubmed: 31720368
Acta Neuropathol. 2018 Mar;135(3):387-407
pubmed: 29428972
Bipolar Disord. 2018 Sep;20(6):523-530
pubmed: 29227016
J Neurosci Methods. 1995 Sep-Oct;61(1-2):33-46
pubmed: 8618423
Glia. 2002 Feb;37(2):114-23
pubmed: 11754210
Am J Physiol. 1982 Mar;242(3):F246-53
pubmed: 6278950
NMR Biomed. 2001 Apr;14(2):77-93
pubmed: 11320535
Synapse. 2016 Aug;70(8):307-16
pubmed: 27085090
Mol Psychiatry. 2018 Mar;23(3):701-707
pubmed: 28348381
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jan 11;102(2):479-84
pubmed: 15630088
J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2015 Dec;5(4):320-8
pubmed: 26900274
J Neurosci. 2017 Mar 15;37(11):2904-2915
pubmed: 28193695