Identification keys to the Anopheles mosquitoes of South America (Diptera: Culicidae). IV. Adult females.
Anopheles
Identification
Illustrated key
Morphology
South America
Journal
Parasites & vectors
ISSN: 1756-3305
Titre abrégé: Parasit Vectors
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101462774
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
18 Nov 2020
18 Nov 2020
Historique:
received:
04
08
2019
accepted:
10
08
2020
entrez:
19
11
2020
pubmed:
20
11
2020
medline:
10
7
2021
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Morphological identification of adult females of described species of the genus Anopheles Meigen, 1818 in South America is problematic, but necessary due to their differing roles in the transmission of human malaria. The increase in the number of species complexes uncovered by molecular taxonomy challenges accurate identification using morphology. In addition, the majority of newly discovered species have not been formally described and in some cases the identities of the nominotypical species of species complexes have not been resolved. Here, we provide an up-to-date key to identify Neotropical Anopheles species using female external morphology and employing traditionally used and new characters. Morphological characters of the females of South American species of the genus Anopheles were examined and employed to construct a species/group identification key. Photographs of key characters were obtained using a digital Canon Eos T3i, attached to a microscope. The program Helicon Focus was used to build single in-focus images by stacking multiple images of the same structure. A morphological identification key to the adult females of species of the genus Anopheles described in South America is presented. Definitions and illustrations of the key characters are provided to facilitate use of key. Identification of species of the genus Anopheles based on female morphology is challenging because some key characters can be variable and overlapping among species. In addition, the majority of key characters are linked to color and shape of scales, their distribution on the head, scutum, abdomen, maxillary palpi, labium and legs, and pattern of pale and dark scales on dorsal and ventral surfaces of the wing veins. Thus, it is understandable that a specimen needs to be in good condition to be accurately identified. Morphologically similar species, such as those of the Konderi, Oswaldoi, Nuneztovari, Benarrochi and Albitarsis Complexes, and the Triannulatus and Strodei Groups, among others, cannot be accurately identified using characters included in the key. Further investigation will be required to exploit morphological characteristics for identification of members of those complexes, with formal description of new species.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Morphological identification of adult females of described species of the genus Anopheles Meigen, 1818 in South America is problematic, but necessary due to their differing roles in the transmission of human malaria. The increase in the number of species complexes uncovered by molecular taxonomy challenges accurate identification using morphology. In addition, the majority of newly discovered species have not been formally described and in some cases the identities of the nominotypical species of species complexes have not been resolved. Here, we provide an up-to-date key to identify Neotropical Anopheles species using female external morphology and employing traditionally used and new characters.
METHODS
METHODS
Morphological characters of the females of South American species of the genus Anopheles were examined and employed to construct a species/group identification key. Photographs of key characters were obtained using a digital Canon Eos T3i, attached to a microscope. The program Helicon Focus was used to build single in-focus images by stacking multiple images of the same structure.
RESULTS
RESULTS
A morphological identification key to the adult females of species of the genus Anopheles described in South America is presented. Definitions and illustrations of the key characters are provided to facilitate use of key.
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
Identification of species of the genus Anopheles based on female morphology is challenging because some key characters can be variable and overlapping among species. In addition, the majority of key characters are linked to color and shape of scales, their distribution on the head, scutum, abdomen, maxillary palpi, labium and legs, and pattern of pale and dark scales on dorsal and ventral surfaces of the wing veins. Thus, it is understandable that a specimen needs to be in good condition to be accurately identified. Morphologically similar species, such as those of the Konderi, Oswaldoi, Nuneztovari, Benarrochi and Albitarsis Complexes, and the Triannulatus and Strodei Groups, among others, cannot be accurately identified using characters included in the key. Further investigation will be required to exploit morphological characteristics for identification of members of those complexes, with formal description of new species.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33208177
doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04301-0
pii: 10.1186/s13071-020-04301-0
pmc: PMC7673098
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
584Subventions
Organisme : Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
ID : 2014/26229-7
Organisme : CNPq
ID : 301877/2016-5
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