The Spinal Control of Backward Locomotion.
central pattern generator
locomotor direction
muscle synergies
sensory feedback
spinal cord
Journal
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience
ISSN: 1529-2401
Titre abrégé: J Neurosci
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 8102140
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
27 01 2021
27 01 2021
Historique:
received:
08
04
2020
revised:
16
11
2020
accepted:
18
11
2020
pubmed:
27
11
2020
medline:
27
3
2021
entrez:
26
11
2020
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Animal locomotion requires changing direction, from forward to backward. Here, we tested the hypothesis that sensorimotor circuits within the spinal cord generate backward locomotion and adjust it to task demands. We collected kinematic and electromyography (EMG) data during forward and backward locomotion at different treadmill speeds before and after complete spinal transection in six adult cats (three males and three females). After spinal transection, five/six cats performed backward locomotion, which required tonic somatosensory input in the form of perineal stimulation. One spinal cat performed forward locomotion but not backward locomotion while two others stepped backward but not forward. Spatiotemporal adjustments to increasing speed were similar in intact and spinal cats during backward locomotion and strategies were similar to forward locomotion, with shorter cycle and stance durations and longer stride lengths. Patterns of muscle activations, including muscle synergies, were similar for forward and backward locomotion in spinal cats. Indeed, we identified five muscle synergies that were similar during forward and backward locomotion. Lastly, spinal cats also stepped backward on a split-belt treadmill, with the left and right hindlimbs stepping at different speeds. Therefore, our results show that spinal sensorimotor circuits generate backward locomotion but require additional excitability compared with forward locomotion. Similar strategies for speed modulation and similar patterns of muscle activations and muscle synergies during forward and backward locomotion are consistent with a shared spinal locomotor network, with sensory feedback from the limbs controlling the direction.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33239399
pii: JNEUROSCI.0816-20.2020
doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0816-20.2020
pmc: PMC7842752
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
630-647Subventions
Organisme : NINDS NIH HHS
ID : R01 NS100928
Pays : United States
Organisme : NINDS NIH HHS
ID : R01 NS110550
Pays : United States
Organisme : CIHR
ID : PJT-156296
Pays : Canada
Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2021 the authors.
Références
J Neurophysiol. 1990 Sep;64(3):745-55
pubmed: 2230921
J Neurophysiol. 2005 Jun;93(6):3127-45
pubmed: 15647397
J Neurophysiol. 1996 Feb;75(2):832-42
pubmed: 8714656
J Neurophysiol. 1998 Mar;79(3):1329-40
pubmed: 9497414
J Comp Neurol. 1997 May 26;382(1):46-76
pubmed: 9136811
J Neurosci. 2007 Nov 7;27(45):12267-76
pubmed: 17989292
Gait Posture. 2017 Oct;58:380-385
pubmed: 28888906
J Neurosci. 2013 May 8;33(19):8559-66
pubmed: 23658193
J Physiol. 2017 Sep 1;595(17):5987-6006
pubmed: 28643899
Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2014 Jan;42(1):23-9
pubmed: 24188982
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Jun 11;116(24):12025-12034
pubmed: 31138689
J Mot Behav. 1989 Sep;21(3):291-305
pubmed: 15136266
Nat Neurosci. 2007 Aug;10(8):1055-62
pubmed: 17603479
J Neurophysiol. 1993 Dec;70(6):2226-40
pubmed: 8120579
Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2015 Apr;31:244-9
pubmed: 25599926
Brain Res. 1978 May 12;146(2):269-77
pubmed: 274169
Annu Rev Neurosci. 2011;34:413-40
pubmed: 21469957
Eur J Neurosci. 2008 Jun;27(12):3351-68
pubmed: 18598271
Nat Neurosci. 2009 Oct;12(10):1333-42
pubmed: 19767747
Nature. 1999 Oct 21;401(6755):788-91
pubmed: 10548103
Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2007 Feb;37(2):181-90
pubmed: 17187210
Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2009 Dec;19(6):601-7
pubmed: 19828310
J Neurophysiol. 2000 May;83(5):2814-24
pubmed: 10805679
J Neurosci. 2005 Jul 6;25(27):6419-34
pubmed: 16000633
Exp Brain Res. 1986;62(2):373-86
pubmed: 3709720
Neuroscience. 2015 Apr 2;290:266-78
pubmed: 25644423
Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2007 Dec;17(6):622-8
pubmed: 18304801
Curr Opin Physiol. 2019 Apr;8:7-13
pubmed: 31468024
J Neurophysiol. 2008 Jun;99(6):2887-901
pubmed: 18385486
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Aug 8;114(32):8643-8648
pubmed: 28739958
Biofizika. 1970 Jan-Feb;15(1):164-70
pubmed: 5457894
J Neurophysiol. 2018 Mar 1;119(3):1153-1165
pubmed: 29357466
J Neurophysiol. 2015 Sep;114(3):1931-46
pubmed: 26203108
Brain Res Rev. 2008 Jan;57(1):222-7
pubmed: 17761295
Curr Pharm Des. 2017;23(12):1805-1820
pubmed: 27981912
Brain Res. 1991 Aug 2;555(2):202-14
pubmed: 1933334
J Neurophysiol. 1998 Oct;80(4):1868-85
pubmed: 9772246
J Neurophysiol. 2015 Aug;114(2):1119-28
pubmed: 26084910
J Neurosci. 2012 Nov 28;32(48):17442-53
pubmed: 23197735
PLoS Biol. 2010 Jun 29;8(6):e1000412
pubmed: 20613859
Brain Res. 1987 Dec 22;437(1):83-96
pubmed: 3427484
Acta Physiol Scand Suppl. 1983;521:1-75
pubmed: 6582764
Brain Res Rev. 2008 Jan;57(1):134-46
pubmed: 17936363
Exp Brain Res. 2011 Sep;214(1):93-103
pubmed: 21814834
J Neurophysiol. 1996 Jul;76(1):471-91
pubmed: 8836238
J Neurosci. 2008 Nov 26;28(48):12982-92
pubmed: 19036991
Acta Physiol Scand. 1983 Jul;118(3):229-39
pubmed: 6312752
Exp Brain Res. 1995;106(3):449-56
pubmed: 8983988
J Neurophysiol. 2009 May;101(5):2201-3
pubmed: 19279156
J Physiol. 1985 Dec;369:379-98
pubmed: 4093888
J Physiol. 2019 Jan;597(1):333-350
pubmed: 30334575
J Neurophysiol. 1996 Jul;76(1):301-10
pubmed: 8836226
Nat Rev Neurosci. 2016 Apr;17(4):224-38
pubmed: 26935168
J Neurophysiol. 2020 Mar 1;123(3):1026-1041
pubmed: 32049598
J Neurophysiol. 1993 Sep;70(3):1102-14
pubmed: 8229161
Prog Brain Res. 2011;188:15-29
pubmed: 21333800
Physiol Rev. 2006 Jan;86(1):89-154
pubmed: 16371596
J Neurosci. 2003 Dec 10;23(36):11411-9
pubmed: 14673005
Physiol Rev. 2000 Jan;80(1):83-133
pubmed: 10617766
J Neurophysiol. 2011 Jun;105(6):2698-714
pubmed: 21430283
J Neurophysiol. 2018 Sep 1;120(3):1274-1285
pubmed: 29897865
J Neurosci. 2010 Jan 27;30(4):1322-36
pubmed: 20107059
Exp Brain Res. 1994;101(3):513-20
pubmed: 7851518
J Physiol. 2008 Jun 15;586(12):2927-45
pubmed: 18420704
J Neurophysiol. 2014 Sep 15;112(6):1376-91
pubmed: 24899676
J Physiol. 2013 Feb 15;591(4):1081-95
pubmed: 23247109
J Neurophysiol. 2014 Oct 15;112(8):2006-18
pubmed: 25057143
J Neurophysiol. 1992 Feb;67(2):373-88
pubmed: 1569465
J Neurophysiol. 1996 Feb;75(2):678-9
pubmed: 8714644
Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2011 Feb;21(1):100-9
pubmed: 20889331
Science. 1985 Apr 12;228(4696):143-9
pubmed: 3975635
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998 Nov 16;860:346-59
pubmed: 9928324
Elife. 2019 Dec 11;8:
pubmed: 31825306
Brain Res. 1980 Apr 14;187(2):321-32
pubmed: 7370733
Brain Res. 1990 Apr 30;514(2):206-18
pubmed: 2357538
J Neurophysiol. 2005 Oct;94(4):2403-15
pubmed: 15958603
J Neurosci. 2018 May 16;38(20):4695-4707
pubmed: 29678875
Brain Res. 1980 Apr 14;187(2):333-52
pubmed: 7370734
J Physiol. 2017 Jan 1;595(1):341-361
pubmed: 27426732
J Neurophysiol. 1990 Sep;64(3):756-66
pubmed: 2230922
Acta Physiol Scand. 1980 Mar;108(3):283-95
pubmed: 7376923
J Neurosci Methods. 2012 Mar 15;204(2):306-17
pubmed: 22155386
Exp Brain Res. 1986;61(3):664-8
pubmed: 3956625
Exp Brain Res. 1998 Jan;118(1):126-30
pubmed: 9547070