The global distribution of acute unintentional pesticide poisoning: estimations based on a systematic review.
Agriculture
Farmer
Farmworker
Herbicide
Incidents
Insecticide
Morbidity
Mortality
Occupational
Pesticide
Poisoning
Journal
BMC public health
ISSN: 1471-2458
Titre abrégé: BMC Public Health
Pays: England
ID NLM: 100968562
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
07 Dec 2020
07 Dec 2020
Historique:
received:
20
07
2020
accepted:
19
11
2020
entrez:
8
12
2020
pubmed:
9
12
2020
medline:
7
5
2021
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Human poisoning by pesticides has long been seen as a severe public health problem. As early as 1990, a task force of the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that about one million unintentional pesticide poisonings occur annually, leading to approximately 20,000 deaths. Thirty years on there is no up-to-date picture of global pesticide poisoning despite an increase in global pesticide use. Our aim was to systematically review the prevalence of unintentional, acute pesticide poisoning (UAPP), and to estimate the annual global number of UAPP. We carried out a systematic review of the scientific literature published between 2006 and 2018, supplemented by mortality data from WHO. We extracted data from 157 publications and the WHO cause-of-death database, then performed country-wise synopses, and arrived at annual numbers of national UAPP. World-wide UAPP was estimated based on national figures and population data for regions defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). In total 141 countries were covered, including 58 by the 157 articles and an additional 83 by data from the WHO Mortality Database. Approximately 740,000 annual cases of UAPP were reported by the extracted publications resulting from 7446 fatalities and 733,921 non-fatal cases. On this basis, we estimate that about 385 million cases of UAPP occur annually world-wide including around 11,000 fatalities. Based on a worldwide farming population of approximately 860 million this means that about 44% of farmers are poisoned by pesticides every year. The greatest estimated number of UAPP cases is in southern Asia, followed by south-eastern Asia and east Africa with regards to non-fatal UAPP. Our study updates outdated figures on world-wide UAPP. Along with other estimates, robust evidence is presented that acute pesticide poisoning is an ongoing major global public health challenge. There is a need to recognize the high burden of non-fatal UAPP, particularly on farmers and farmworkers, and that the current focus solely on fatalities hampers international efforts in risk assessment and prevention of poisoning. Implementation of the international recommendations to phase out highly hazardous pesticides by the FAO Council could significantly reduce the burden of UAPP.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Human poisoning by pesticides has long been seen as a severe public health problem. As early as 1990, a task force of the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that about one million unintentional pesticide poisonings occur annually, leading to approximately 20,000 deaths. Thirty years on there is no up-to-date picture of global pesticide poisoning despite an increase in global pesticide use. Our aim was to systematically review the prevalence of unintentional, acute pesticide poisoning (UAPP), and to estimate the annual global number of UAPP.
METHODS
METHODS
We carried out a systematic review of the scientific literature published between 2006 and 2018, supplemented by mortality data from WHO. We extracted data from 157 publications and the WHO cause-of-death database, then performed country-wise synopses, and arrived at annual numbers of national UAPP. World-wide UAPP was estimated based on national figures and population data for regions defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
RESULTS
RESULTS
In total 141 countries were covered, including 58 by the 157 articles and an additional 83 by data from the WHO Mortality Database. Approximately 740,000 annual cases of UAPP were reported by the extracted publications resulting from 7446 fatalities and 733,921 non-fatal cases. On this basis, we estimate that about 385 million cases of UAPP occur annually world-wide including around 11,000 fatalities. Based on a worldwide farming population of approximately 860 million this means that about 44% of farmers are poisoned by pesticides every year. The greatest estimated number of UAPP cases is in southern Asia, followed by south-eastern Asia and east Africa with regards to non-fatal UAPP.
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
Our study updates outdated figures on world-wide UAPP. Along with other estimates, robust evidence is presented that acute pesticide poisoning is an ongoing major global public health challenge. There is a need to recognize the high burden of non-fatal UAPP, particularly on farmers and farmworkers, and that the current focus solely on fatalities hampers international efforts in risk assessment and prevention of poisoning. Implementation of the international recommendations to phase out highly hazardous pesticides by the FAO Council could significantly reduce the burden of UAPP.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33287770
doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-09939-0
pii: 10.1186/s12889-020-09939-0
pmc: PMC7720593
doi:
Substances chimiques
Pesticides
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Systematic Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1875Commentaires et corrections
Type : CommentIn
Type : CommentIn
Références
Biskind MS. Public health aspects of the new insecticides. Am J Dig Dis. 1953;20(11):331–41.
pubmed: 13104369
doi: 10.1007/BF02883493
pmcid: 13104369
Mitchell HW. Pesticides and other agricultural chemicals as a public health problem. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1965;55(Suppl 7):10–5.
pmcid: 1256112
doi: 10.2105/AJPH.55.Suppl_7.10
Jeyaratnam J, de Alwis Seneviratne RS, Copplestone JF. Survey of pesticide poisoning in Sri Lanka. Bull World Health Organ. 1982;60(4):615–9.
pubmed: 6982784
pmcid: 2536079
Forget G, Goodman T, de Villiers A. Impact of pesticide use on health in developing countries, Proceedings of a symposium held in Ottawa, Canada, 17–20 September 1990. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre. Available from: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?e=d-00000-00%2D%2D-off-0hdl%2D%2D00-0%2D%2D%2D%2D0-10-0%2D%2D-0%2D%2D-0direct-10%2D%2D-4%2D%2D%2D%2D%2D%2D-0-0l%2D%2D11-en-50%2D%2D-20-about%2D%2D-00-0-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00-0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-10&cl=CL1.9&d=HASH9a5ff6e89f19377a1b258a>=2 . [cited 2020 Sept 8].
WHO, UNEP, editors. Public health impact of pesticides used in agriculture. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1990. p. 128. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/39772/9241561394.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y . [cited 2020 Mar 12].
Jeyaratnam J. Acute pesticide poisoning: a major global health problem. World Health Stat Q. 1990;43:139–44.
pubmed: 2238694
pmcid: 2238694
Dinham B, editor. Communities in Peril: Global report on health impacts of pesticide use in agriculture. Penang: Pesticide Action Network Asia Pacific; 2010. Available from: https://www.pan-germany.org/download/PAN-I_CBM-Global-Report_1006-final.pdf . [cited 2020 Mar 12].
FAO. Report of the Council of FAO, Hundred and Thirty-first Session, Rome, 20–25 November 2006. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations; 2006. Available from: http://www.fao.org/tempref/docrep/fao/meeting/011/j8664e.pdf . [cited 2020 Apr 7].
UNEP. Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management: SAICM texts and resolutions of the International Conference on Chemicals Management. Geneva: United Nations Environment Programme; 2006. Available from: http://www.saicm.org/About/Texts/tabid/5460/language/en-US/Default.aspx . [cited 2020 Apr 7].
UNEP. Report of the International Conference on Chemicals Management on the work of its fourth session. Geneva: United Nations Environment Programme; 2015. Report No.: SAICM/ICCM.4/15. Available from: http://www.saicm.org/Portals/12/documents/meetings/ICCM4/doc/K1606013_e.pdf . [cited 2020 Apr 7].
UNGA. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food. 2017. (Human Right Council 34th session, United Nations General Assembly). A/HRC/34/48. Available from: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G17/017/85/PDF/G1701785.pdf?OpenElement . [cited 2020 Mar 30].
FAOSTAT. Pesticides used. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available from: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RP . [cited 2019 February 27].
UNEP. Healthy Environment, Healthy People. Nairobi: United Nations Environmental Programme; 2016. Available from: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/17602/K1602727%20INF%205%20Eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y . [cited 2010 Mar 12].
Mew EJ, Padmanathan P, Konradsen F, Eddleston M, Chang S-S, Phillips MR, et al. The global burden of fatal self-poisoning with pesticides 2006-15: systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2017;219:93–104.
pubmed: 28535450
doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.002
pmcid: 28535450
Gunnell D, Eddleston M, Phillips MR, Konradsen F. The global distribution of fatal pesticide self-poisoning: systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:357.
pubmed: 18154668
pmcid: 2262093
doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-7-357
Karunarathne A, Gunnell D, Konradsen F, Eddleston M. How many premature deaths from pesticide suicide have occurred since the agricultural green revolution? Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2020;58(4):227–32.
doi: 10.1080/15563650.2019.1662433
Jørs E, Neupane D, London L. Pesticide poisonings in low- and middle-income countries. Environ Health Insights. 2018;12:117863021775087.
doi: 10.1177/1178630217750876
Prüss-Üstün A, Wolf J, Corvalán C, Bos R, Neira M. Preventing disease through healthy environments: a global assessment of the burden of disease from environmental risks. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. Available from: https://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventing-disease/en/ .
WHO. The Public Health Impact of Chemicals: Knowns and unknowns. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. Report No.: WHO/FWC/PHE/EPE/16.01. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/206553/WHO_FWC_PHE_EPE_16.01_eng.pdf?sequence=1 . [cited 2020 Mar 12].
WHO. Exposure to Highly Hazardous Pesticides: A major public health concern. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010. Available from: https://www.who.int/ipcs/features/hazardous_pesticides.pdf?ua=1 . [cited 2020 Mar 12].
UNDESA. Sustainable development goal 3 - Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. Sustainable Development Goals Knowledge Platform. New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs; 2020. Available from: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg3 . [cited 2020 Mar 12].
Kim K-H, Kabir E, Jahan SA. Exposure to pesticides and the associated human health effects. Sci Total Environ. 2017;575:525–35.
pubmed: 27614863
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.009
pmcid: 27614863
Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015;4(1).
WHO Mortality Database. https://www.who.int/data/data-collection-tools/who-mortality-database#:~:text=The%20WHO%20Mortality%20Database%20is%20a%20compilation%20of,by%20Member%20States%20from%20their%20civil%20registration%20systems . [cited 2020 Sep 28].
Zotero. https://www.zotero.org/ . [cited 2020 Mar 12].
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th revisions. https://icd.who.int/browse10/2016/en#/XX .
Worldbank. Population estimates and projections. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/population-estimates-and-projections/Type/TABLE/preview/on . [cited 2010 Mar 12].
Achancho AA, Nsobinenyui D. The effects of pesticides on the health of peasant cocoa farmers in Munyenge, south West Cameroon. Agric Res J. 2019;15(1):10.
Adinew GM, Woredekal AT, DeVos EL, Birru EM, Abdulwahib MB. Poisoning cases and their management in emergency centres of government hospitals in Northwest Ethiopia. Afr J Emerg Med. 2017;7(2):74–8.
pubmed: 30456112
pmcid: 6234172
doi: 10.1016/j.afjem.2017.04.005
Ae-Ngibise K, Kinney P, Asante K, Jack D, Boamah AB, Whyatt R, et al. Pesticide exposures in a malarious and predominantly farming area in Central Ghana. Afr J Environ Sci Technol. 2015;9(8):655–61.
doi: 10.5897/AJEST2015.1912
Afshari M, Poorolajal J, Assari M, Rezapur-Shahkolai F, Karimi-Shahanjarini A. Acute pesticide poisoning and related factors among farmers in rural Western Iran. Toxicol Ind Health. 2018;34(11):764–77.
pubmed: 30278839
doi: 10.1177/0748233718795732
pmcid: 30278839
Ahmadi A, Pakravan N, Ghazizadeh Z. Pattern of acute food, drug, and chemical poisoning in Sari City, Northern Iran. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2010;29(9):731–8.
pubmed: 20144960
doi: 10.1177/0960327110361501
pmcid: 20144960
Ajayi OC, Akinnifesi FK, Sileshi G. Human health and occupational exposure to pesticides among smallholder farmers in cotton zones of Cote d’Ivoire. SciRes. 2011;3(10):631–7.
Akhter N, Chakraborty TK, Ghosh P, Jahan S, Gosh GC, Hossain SA. Assessment of the using patterns of pesticides and its impact on farmers’ health in the Jhenidah District of Bangladesh. AJEP. 2016;5(5):139.
doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20160505.16
Akter M, Fan L, Rahman MM, Geissen V, Ritsema CJ. Vegetable farmers’ behaviour and knowledge related to pesticide use and related health problems: a case study from Bangladesh. J Clean Prod. 2018;200:122–33.
doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.130
Alnasser S, Hussain S, Kirdi T, Ahmed A. Aluminum phosphide poisoning in Saudi Arabia over a nine-year period. Ann Saudi Med. 2018;38(4):277–83.
pubmed: 30078026
pmcid: 6086675
doi: 10.5144/0256-4947.2018.277
Alzahrani S, Ibrahim N, Elnour M, Alqahtani A. Five-year epidemiological trends for chemical poisoning in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med. 2017;37(4):282–9.
pubmed: 28761027
pmcid: 6150588
doi: 10.5144/0256-4947.2017.282
Assokeng T, Siéliéchi JM, Noumi GB. Evaluation of health and environmental risks of pesticide products used in market-gardening in the city of Ngaoundere (Cameroon). J Agric Chem Environ. 2017;06(04):186–98.
Bakhsh K, Ahmad N, Kamran MA, Hassan S, Abbas Q, Saeed R, et al. Occupational hazards and health cost of women cotton pickers in Pakistani Punjab. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(961).
Baldi I, Robert C, Piantoni F, Tual S, Bouvier G, Lebailly P, et al. Agricultural exposure and asthma risk in the AGRICAN French cohort. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2014;217(4–5):435–42.
pubmed: 24070717
doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.08.006
pmcid: 24070717
Balme KH, Roberts JC, Glasstone M, Curling L, Rother H-A, London L, et al. Pesticide poisonings at a tertiary children’s hospital in South Africa: an increasing problem. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2010;48(9):928–34.
doi: 10.3109/15563650.2010.534482
Banerjee I, Tripathi S, As R, Sengupta P. Pesticide use pattern among farmers in a rural district of West Bengal, India. J Nat Sc Biol Med. 2014;5(2):313.
doi: 10.4103/0976-9668.136173
Bassi A, Ramyil M, Ogundeko T, Abisoye-Ogunniyan A, Builders M, Thliza S, et al. Farmer: agrochemical use and associated risk factors in Fadan Daji District of Kaura LGA, Kaduna state, Nigeria. AJMBR. 2016;4(3):33–41.
Bhandari G, Atreya K, Yang X, Fan L, Geissen V. Factors affecting pesticide safety behaviour: the perceptions of Nepalese farmers and retailers. Sci Total Environ. 2018;631–632:1560–71.
pubmed: 29727980
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.144
pmcid: 29727980
Boyd DR. Northern Exposure: Acute pesticide poisonings in Canada. Vancouver: David Suzuki Foundation; 2007. Available from: https://davidsuzuki.org/science-learning-centre-article/northern-exposure-acute-pesticide-poisonings-in-canada/ . [cited 2020 Apr 27].
Butinof M, Fernandez RA, Stimolo MI, Lantieri MJ, Blanco M, Machado AL, et al. Pesticide exposure and health conditions of terrestrial pesticide applicators in Córdoba Province, Argentina. Cad Saude Publica. 2015;31(3):633–46.
pubmed: 25859729
doi: 10.1590/0102-311x00218313
pmcid: 25859729
Calvert GM, Beckman J, Prado JB, Bojes H, Schwartz A, Mulay P, et al. Acute occupational pesticide-related illness and injury - United States, 2007–2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;63(55):11–6.
pubmed: 27736824
doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6355a3
pmcid: 27736824
Cha ES, Chang S-S, Lee WJ. Potential underestimation of pesticide suicide and its impact on secular trends in South Korea, 1991-2012. Inj Prev. 2016;22(3):189–94.
pubmed: 26559145
doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2015-041781
pmcid: 26559145
Cha ES, Khang Y-H, Lee WJ. Mortality from and incidence of pesticide poisoning in South Korea: findings from National Death and health utilization data between 2006 and 2010. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e95299.
pubmed: 24743877
pmcid: 3990630
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095299
Chaparro-Narváez P, Castañeda-Orjuela C. Mortality due to pesticide poisoning in Colombia, 1998–2011. Biomedica. 2015;35(Spec):90–102.
pubmed: 26535745
pmcid: 26535745
Chien W-C, Chung C-H, Lin C-H, Lai C-H. A nationwide evidence-based study of factors associated with hospitalisations due to unintentional poisoning and poisoning mortality in Taiwan. Int J Inj Control Saf Promot. 2013;20(3):295–301.
doi: 10.1080/17457300.2012.724689
Chien W-C, Lai C-H, Jaakkola JJK, Pai L, Kao S, Lin J-D, et al. Characteristics and trends with respect to unintentional pesticide poisoning mortality and hospitalization in Taiwan, 1999–2008. In: Stoytcheva M, editor. Pesticides in the Modern World - Effects of Pesticides Exposure: InTech; 2011. p. 279–88. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/pesticides-in-the-modern-world-effects-of-pesticides-exposure . [cited 2020 Apr 27].
Choudhary A. Adverse health effects of organophosphate pesticides among occupationally exposed farm sprayers: a case study of Bhopal Madhya Pradesh, India. AJBPS. 2014;4(35):30–5.
doi: 10.15272/ajbps.v4i35.565
Clausen AS, Jørs E, Atuhaire A, Thomsen JF. Effect of integrated pest management training on Ugandan small-scale farmers. Environ Health Insights. 2017;11:117863021770339.
doi: 10.1177/1178630217703391
da Silva M, Stadlinger N, Mmochi AJ, Stålsby Lundborg C, Marrone G. Pesticide use and self-reported health symptoms among rice farmers in Zanzibar. J Agromedicine. 2016;21(4):335–44.
pubmed: 27439957
doi: 10.1080/1059924X.2016.1211572
pmcid: 27439957
de Albuquerque PCC, Gurgel IGD, Gurgel A d M, Augusto LG d S, de Siqueira MT. Health information systems and pesticide poisoning at Pernambuco. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2015;18(3):666–78.
pubmed: 26247190
doi: 10.1590/1980-5497201500030012
pmcid: 26247190
De Souza Campos AM, Bucaretchi F, Fernandes LCR, Fernandes CB, Capitani EM, Beck ARM. Toxic exposures in children involving legally and illegally commercialized household sanitizers. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2017;35(1):11–7.
doi: 10.1590/1984-0462/;2017;35;1;00010
Del Prado-Lu JL. Insecticide residues in soil, water, and eggplant fruits and farmers’ health effects due to exposure to pesticides. Environ Health Prev Med. 2015;20(1):53–62.
pubmed: 25413584
doi: 10.1007/s12199-014-0425-3
pmcid: 25413584
Dey NC. Use of pesticides in vegetable farms and its impact on health of farmers and environment. Environ Sci Technol. 2010:134–40.
dos Santos Cargnin MC, Echer IC, da Silva DR. Tobacco farming: use of personal protective equipment and pesticide poisoning. Rev Pesqui Cuidado Fundam Online. 2017;9(2):466–72.
doi: 10.9789/2175-5361.2017.v9i2.466-472
El-Nahhal Y. Risk factors among greenhouse farmers in Gaza Strip. Occ Dis. 2017;05(01):1–10.
Faria NM, Rosa JA, Facchini LA. Poisoning by pesticides among family fruit farmers, Bento Goncalves, Southern Brazil. Rev Saude Publica. 2009;43(2):335–44.
pubmed: 19225687
doi: 10.1590/S0034-89102009005000014
pmcid: 19225687
FAO-RAP. Empowering Farmers to Reduce Pesticide Use. Bangkok: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2013. (FAO Regional IPM/Pesticide Risk Reduction Programme in Asia). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259080275_Empowering_Farmers_to_Reduce_Pesticide_Risks . [cited 2020 Apr 27].
Gomez FMJ, Caceres GJL. Toxicity by organophosphate insecticides of fumigators working on the dengue control campaign in Aragua state, Venezuela, 2008. Bol Malariol Salud Ambiental. 2010;50(1):119–25.
Gonzalez-Andrade F, Lopez-Pulles R, Estevez E. Acute pesticide poisoning in Ecuador: a short epidemiological report. J Public Health (Germany). 2010;18(5):437–42.
doi: 10.1007/s10389-010-0333-y
Gonzalez-Santiago O, Morales-San Claudio P, Cantu-Cardenas L, Favela-Hernandez J. Unintentional and self-poisoning mortalities in Mexico, 2000-2012. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0181708.
pubmed: 28727851
pmcid: 5519209
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181708
Gummin DD, Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Brooks DE, Fraser MO, Banner W. 2016 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 34th annual report. Clin Toxicol. 2017;55(10):1072–254.
doi: 10.1080/15563650.2017.1388087
Gummin DD, Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Brooks DE, Osterthaler KM, Banner W. 2017 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 35th annual report. Clin Toxicol. 2018;56(12):1213–415.
doi: 10.1080/15563650.2018.1533727
Gyenwali D, Vaidya A, Tiwari S, Khatiwada P, Lamsal DR, Giri S. Pesticide poisoning in Chitwan, Nepal: a descriptive epidemiological study. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):619.
pubmed: 28673345
pmcid: 5496432
doi: 10.1186/s12889-017-4542-y
Hashemi S, Rostami R, Hashemi M, Damalas C. Pesticide use and risk perceptions among farmers in southwest Iran. Hum Ecol Risk Assess. 2012;18(2):456–70.
doi: 10.1080/10807039.2012.652472
Higgins S, Langley R, Buhler WG. Establishment of the North Carolina pesticide incident surveillance program and the integration of its findings into pesticide safety education programs. JPSE. 2016;18:12–28.
Hudson NL, Kasner EJ, Beckman J, Mehler L, Schwartz A, Higgins S, et al. Characteristics and magnitude of acute pesticide-related illnesses and injuries associated with pyrethrin and pyrethroid exposures--11 states, 2000-2008. Am J Ind Med. 2014;57(1):15–30.
pubmed: 23788228
doi: 10.1002/ajim.22216
pmcid: 23788228
Idowu AA, Sowe A, Bah AK, Kuyateh M, Anthony A, Oyelakin O. Knowledge, attitudes and practices associated with pesticide use among horticultural farmers of Banjulinding and Lamin of the Gambia. AJCE. 2017;16.
Imane B, Mariam A, Chakib N, Ahmed Z, Samir EJ, Karima ER. Pesticide use pattern among farmers in a rural district of Meknes: Morocco. OALib. 2016;03(12):1–19.
doi: 10.4236/oalib.1103125
Jallow MFA, Awadh DG, Albaho MS, Devi VY, Thomas BM. Pesticide knowledge and safety practices among farm workers in Kuwait: results of a survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;24:14(4).
Jensen HK, Konradsen F, Jørs E, Petersen JH, Dalsgaard A. Pesticide use and self-reported symptoms of acute pesticide poisoning among aquatic farmers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. J Toxicol. 2011;2011:1–8.
doi: 10.1155/2011/639814
Jørs E, Lander F, Huici O, Cervantes Morant R, Gulis G, Konradsen F. Do Bolivian small holder farmers improve and retain knowledge to reduce occupational pesticide poisonings after training on integrated Pest management? Environ Health. 2014;13:75.
pubmed: 25273338
pmcid: 4196016
doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-13-75
Kachaiyaphum P, Howteerakul N, Sujirarat D, Siri S, Suwannapong N. Serum cholinesterase levels of Thai chilli-farm workers exposed to chemical pesticides: prevalence estimates and associated factors. J Occup Health. 2010;52(1):89–98.
pubmed: 20009417
doi: 10.1539/joh.Q9003
pmcid: 20009417
Kamboj A, Spiller H, Casavant M, Chounthirath T, Smith G. Ocular exposures reported to United States Poison Control Centers. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2018.
Kasambala Donga T, Eklo OM. Environmental load of pesticides used in conventional sugarcane production in Malawi. Crop Prot. 2018;108:71–7.
doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2018.02.012
Kasner E, Keralis J, Mehler L, Beckman J, Bonnar-Prado, Lee, et al. Gender differences in acute pesticide-related illnesses and injuries among farmworkers in the United States, 1998-2007. Am J Ind Med. 2012;55(7):571–83.
pubmed: 22495938
doi: 10.1002/ajim.22052
pmcid: 22495938
Kaur M. Practices and health related toxic symptoms of pesticide use among farm workers. Glob J Res Anal. 2016;5(9):290–1.
Kim HJ, Cha ES, Ko Y, Kim J, Kim SD, Lee WJ. Pesticide poisonings in South Korea: findings from the National Hospital Discharge Survey 2004-2006. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2012;31(8):751–8.
pubmed: 22249390
doi: 10.1177/0960327111431709
pmcid: 22249390
Kim J, Ko Y, Lee WJ. Depressive symptoms and severity of acute occupational pesticide poisoning among male farmers. Occup Environ Med. 2013;70(5):303–9.
pubmed: 23390200
doi: 10.1136/oemed-2012-101005
pmcid: 23390200
Kim J, Shin D-H, Lee WJ. Suicidal ideation and occupational pesticide exposure among male farmers. Environ Res. 2014;128:52–6.
pubmed: 24268919
doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2013.10.007
pmcid: 24268919
Kim J-H, Kim J, Cha ES, Ko Y, Kim DH, Lee WJ. Work-related risk factors by severity for acute pesticide poisoning among male farmers in South Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2013;10(3):1100–12.
pubmed: 23493034
pmcid: 3709306
doi: 10.3390/ijerph10031100
Kim J-S, Yoon S-Y, Cho S-Y, Kim S-K, Chung I-S, Shin H-S. Effectiveness of participatory training for the promotion of work-related health and safety among Korean farmers. Ind Health. 2017;55(4):391–401.
pubmed: 28484146
pmcid: 5546848
doi: 10.2486/indhealth.2017-0015
Kim J, Shin SD, Jeong S, Suh GJ, Kwak YH. Effect of prohibiting the use of Paraquat on pesticide-associated mortality. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):858.
pubmed: 29096617
pmcid: 5667494
doi: 10.1186/s12889-017-4832-4
Kongtip P, Nankongnab N, Mahaboonpeeti R, Bootsikeaw S, Batsungnoen K, Hanchenlaksh C, et al. Differences among Thai agricultural workers’ health, working conditions, and pesticide use by farm type. Ann Work Expo Health. 2018;62(2):167–81.
pubmed: 29390118
pmcid: 6669355
doi: 10.1093/annweh/wxx099
Kouser S, Qaim M. Valuing financial, health, and environmental benefits of Bt cotton in Pakistan. AGRICECON. 2013;44(3):323–35.
Kumar D. Conditions of Paraquat Use. Kerala: PAN India; 2015. Available from: http://www.pan-india.org/paraquat-in-india-too-big-a-risk-for-farmers-and-workers/ . [cited 2020 Apr 27].
Kumari D, John S. Safety and occupational health hazards of agricultural workers handling pesticides: A case study. In: Siddiqui NA, Tauseef SM, Bansal K, editors. Advances in Health and Environment Safety. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2018. p. 75–82. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-10-7122-5_9 . [cited 2020 Apr 27].
doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-7122-5_9
Langley R, Mort S. Human exposures to pesticides in the United States. J Agromedicine. 2012;17(3):300–15.
pubmed: 22732070
doi: 10.1080/1059924X.2012.688467
pmcid: 22732070
Lee S-J, Mehler L, Beckman J, Diebolt-Brown B, Prado J, Lackovic M, et al. Acute pesticide illnesses associated with off-target pesticide drift from agricultural applications: 11 states, 1998-2006. Environ Health Perspect. 2011;119(8):1162–9.
pubmed: 21642048
pmcid: 3237344
doi: 10.1289/ehp.1002843
Lee S-J, Mulay P, Diebolt-Brown B, Lackovic MJ, Mehler LN, Beckman J, et al. Acute illnesses associated with exposure to fipronil—surveillance data from 11 states in the United States, 2001–2007. Clin Toxicol. 2010;48(7):737–44.
doi: 10.3109/15563650.2010.507548
Lee WJ, Cha ES, Park J, Ko Y, Kim HJ, Kim J. Incidence of acute occupational pesticide poisoning among male farmers in South Korea. Am J Ind Med. 2012;55(9):799–807.
pubmed: 22354866
doi: 10.1002/ajim.22024
pmcid: 22354866
Lee WJ, Ko Y, Cha ES. Acute pesticide poisoning among children in South Korea: findings from National Health Insurance claims data, 2006-2009. J Trop Pediatr. 2014;60(1):4–9.
pubmed: 23943296
doi: 10.1093/tropej/fmt067
pmcid: 23943296
Lein PJ, Bonner MR, Farahat FM, Olson JR, Rohlman DS, Fenske RA, et al. Experimental strategy for translational studies of organophosphorus pesticide neurotoxicity based on real-world occupational exposures to chlorpyrifos. Neurotoxicology. 2012;33(4):660–8.
pubmed: 22240005
pmcid: 3332151
doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.12.017
Lekei E, Ngowi A, London L. Acute pesticide poisoning in children: hospital review in selected hospitals of Tanzania. J Toxicol. 2017;2017:4208405.
pubmed: 29441090
pmcid: 5758850
doi: 10.1155/2017/4208405
Lekei EE, Ngowi AV, London L. Farmers’ knowledge, practices and injuries associated with pesticide exposure in rural farming villages in Tanzania. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:389.
pubmed: 24754959
pmcid: 3999359
doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-389
Lekei EE, Ngowi AV, London L. Undereporting of acute pesticide poisoning in Tanzania: modelling results from two cross-sectional studies. Environ Health. 2016;15(1):118.
pubmed: 27899148
pmcid: 5129639
doi: 10.1186/s12940-016-0203-3
Lekei E, Ngowi AV, London L. Hospital-based surveillance for acute pesticide poisoning caused by neurotoxic and other pesticides in Tanzania. Neurotoxicology. 2014;45:318–26.
pubmed: 24594208
doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.02.007
pmcid: 24594208
Leong Y-H, Ariff AM, Khan HRM, Rani NAA, Majid MIA. Paraquat poisoning calls to the Malaysia National Poison Centre following its ban and subsequent restriction of the herbicide from 2004 to 2015. J Forensic Legal Med. 2018;56:16–20.
doi: 10.1016/j.jflm.2018.03.007
Lermen J, Bernieri T, Rodrigues IS, Suyenaga ES, Ardenghi PG. Pesticide exposure and health conditions among orange growers in southern Brazil. J Environ Sci Health B. 2018;53(4):215–21.
pubmed: 29336665
doi: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1421823
pmcid: 29336665
Ling S-Y, Taylor D, Robinson J. Workplace chemical and toxin exposures reported to a poisons information centre: a diverse range causing variable morbidity. Eur J Emerg Med. 2018;25(2):134–9.
pubmed: 27759571
pmcid: 27759571
Liu R, Alarcon WA, Calvert GM, Aubin KG, Beckman J, Cummings KR, et al. Acute illnesses and injuries related to total release foggers - 10 states, 2007-2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(4):125–30.
pubmed: 29389914
pmcid: 5794345
doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6704a4
Lu JL, Cosca K. Pesticide application and health hazards: implications for farmers and the environment. Int J Environ Stud. 2011;68(2):197–208.
doi: 10.1080/00207233.2010.542657
Lu JLDP. Occupational safety of farmers in the vegetable industry. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2011;17(4):445–53.
pubmed: 22152509
doi: 10.1080/10803548.2011.11076907
pmcid: 22152509
Macharia I. Pesticides and health in vegetable production in Kenya. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:241516.
pubmed: 26783515
pmcid: 4689878
doi: 10.1155/2015/241516
Magalhães AFA, Caldas ED. Underreporting of fatal poisonings in Brazil - a descriptive study using data from four information systems. Forensic Sci Int. 2018;287:136–41.
pubmed: 29656176
doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.03.040
pmcid: 29656176
Magauzi R, Mabaera B, Rusakaniko S, Chimusoro A, Ndlovu N, Tshimanga M, et al. Health effects of agrochemicals among farm workers in commercial farms of Kwekwe district, Zimbabwe. Pan Afr Med J. 2011;9:26.
pubmed: 22145061
pmcid: 3215548
doi: 10.4314/pamj.v9i1.71201
Manyilizu WB, Mdegela RH, Helleve A, Skjerve E, Kazwala R, Nonga H, et al. Self-reported symptoms and pesticide use among farm workers in Arusha, Northern Tanzania: A cross sectional study. Toxics. 2017;5(4).
Miah SJ, Hoque A, Paul A, Rahman A. Unsafe use of pesticide and its impact on health of farmers: a case study in Burichong Upazila, Bangladesh. IOSR J Environ Sci Toxicol Food Technol. 2014;8(1):57–67.
doi: 10.9790/2402-08155767
Moebus S, Bödeker W. Mortality of intentional and unintentional pesticide poisonings in Germany from 1980 to 2010. J Public Health Policy. 2015;36(2):170–80.
pubmed: 25611891
doi: 10.1057/jphp.2014.56
pmcid: 25611891
Moon JM, Chun BJ, Cho YS. The characteristics of emergency department presentations related to acute herbicide or insecticide poisoning in South Korea between 2011 and 2014. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A. 2016;79(11):466–76.
doi: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1172529
Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Brooks DE, McMillan N, Schauben JL. 2014 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 32nd annual report. Clin Toxicol. 2015;53(10):962–1147.
doi: 10.3109/15563650.2015.1102927
Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR, Bailey JE, Ford M. 2012 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 30th annual report. Clin Toxicol. 2013;51(10):949–1229.
doi: 10.3109/15563650.2013.863906
Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR, McMillan N, Ford M. 2013 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 31st annual report. Clin Toxicol. 2014;52(10):1032–283.
doi: 10.3109/15563650.2014.987397
Mowry J, Spyker D, Brooks D, Zimmerman A, Schauben J. 2015 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 33rd annual report. Clin Toxicol. 2016;54(10):924–1109.
doi: 10.1080/15563650.2016.1245421
Munoz-Quezada MT, Lucero B, Iglesias V, Levy K, Muñoz MP, Achú E, et al. Exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides and health conditions in agricultural and non-agricultural workers from Maule, Chile. Int J Environ Health Res. 2017;27(1):82–93.
pubmed: 28002976
pmcid: 5479415
doi: 10.1080/09603123.2016.1268679
Mureithi P, Waswa F, Kituyi E. Assessment of occupational safety concerns in pesticide use among small-scale farmers in Sagana, Central Highlands, Kenya. In: Bationo A, Waswa B, Okeyo JM, Maina F, Kihara JM, editors. Innovations as Key to the Green Revolution in Africa. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2011. p. 993–8. Available from: http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/978-90-481-2543-2_100 . [cited 2019 Feb 26].
doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-2543-2_100
Namulanda G, Monti MM, Mulay P, Higgins S, Lackovic M, Schwartz A, et al. Acute nonoccupational pesticide-related illness and injury — United States, 2007–2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;63(55):5–10.
pubmed: 27736825
doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6355a2
pmcid: 27736825
National Crime Records Bureau. Accidental Deaths & Suicides in India 2015. New Delhi: Government of India; 2016. Available from: https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/adsi-2015-full-report-2015_0.pdf . [cited 2020 Apr 27].
Ncube NM, Fogo C, Bessler P, Jolly CM, Jolly PE. Factors associated with self-reported symptoms of acute pesticide poisoning among farmers in northwestern Jamaica. Arch Environ Occup Health. 2011;66(2):65–74.
pubmed: 24484363
pmcid: 3914157
doi: 10.1080/19338244.2010.506495
Negatu B, Vermeulen R, Mekonnen Y, Kromhout H. Neurobehavioural symptoms and acute pesticide poisoning: a cross-sectional study among male pesticide applicators selected from three commercial farming systems in Ethiopia. Occup Environ Med. 2018;75(4):283–9.
pubmed: 29419423
doi: 10.1136/oemed-2017-104538
pmcid: 29419423
Neupane D, Jørs E, Brandt L. Pesticide use, erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase level and self-reported acute intoxication symptoms among vegetable farmers in Nepal: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health. 2014;13(98).
Ngolo P, Nawwiri M, Machocho A, Oyieke H. Pesticides use in pest management: a case study of Ewaso Narok wetland small-scale vegetable farmers, Laikipia County, Kenya. J Agric Ecol Res Int. 2018;2(14):1–8.
Nigatu AW, Bråtveit M, Moen BE. Self-reported acute pesticide intoxications in Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(575).
NPIC. National Pesticide Information Center Oregon (NPIC) - Annual Report: Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University; 2013. (Annual Report). Available from: http://npic.orst.edu/reports.htm . [cited 2020 Apr 27].
NPIC. National Pesticide Information Center Oregon (NPIC) - Annual Report: Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University; 2014. (Annual Report). Available from: http://npic.orst.edu/reports.htm . [cited 2020 Apr 27].
NPIC. National Pesticide Information Center Oregon (NPIC) - Annual Report: Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University; 2015. (Annual Report). Available from: http://npic.orst.edu/reports.htm . [cited 2020 Apr 27].
NPIC. National Pesticide Information Center Oregon (NPIC) - Annual Report: Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University; 2016. (Annual Report). Available from: http://npic.orst.edu/reports.htm . [cited 2020 Apr 27].
NPIC. National Pesticide Information Center Oregon (NPIC) - Annual Report: Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University; 2017. (Annual Report). Available from: http://npic.orst.edu/reports.htm . [cited 2020 Apr 27].
Nur AA, Rahmat A, Sa’ed Z, Sulastri S, Haslina H, Sazaroni M. Poisoning in children: a 4-year review of cases reported to the National Poisons Centre of Malaysia. J Med Toxicol. 2012;8:208.
Okonya JS, Kroschel J. A cross-sectional study of pesticide use and knowledge of smallholder potato farmers in Uganda. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:759049.
pubmed: 26581164
pmcid: 4637055
doi: 10.1155/2015/759049
Oluwole O, Cheke RA. Health and environmental impacts of pesticide use practices: a case study of farmers in Ekiti state, Nigeria. Int J Agric Sustain. 2009;7(3):153–63.
doi: 10.3763/ijas.2009.0431
PAN UK. Supporting evidence-based pesticide regulation and risk reduction in Georgia, with a focus on vulnerable groups. Brighton: Pesticide Action Network UK; (Final narrative report. PAN-UK in partnership with Eco-Life and the Secretariat of the Rotterdam Convention. FAO Project reference LoA/GF/UK/2015/AGPMR-P0318). Available from: http://www.pic.int/Implementation/TechnicalAssistance/Workshops/WorkshopGeorgiaOct2016/tabid/5824/language/en-US/Default.aspx . [cited 2020 Apr 27].
Patil DA, Katti RJ. Modern agriculture, pesticides and human health: a case of agricultural labourers in western Maharashtra. J Rural Dev. 2012;31(3):14.
Pedersen B, Ssemugabo C, Nabankema V, Jors E. Characteristics of pesticide poisoning in rural and urban settings in Uganda. Environ Health Insights. 2017;11.
Perez ICJ, Gooc CM, Cabili JR, Rico MJP, Ebasan MS, Zaragoza MJG, et al. Pesticide use among farmers in Mindanao, Southern Philippines. AES Bioflux. 2015;7(1):19.
Perry L, Adams RD, Bennett AR, Lupton DJ, Jackson G, Good AM, et al. National toxicovigilance for pesticide exposures resulting in health care contact - an example from the UK’s National Poisons Information Service. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2014;52(5):549–55.
doi: 10.3109/15563650.2014.908203
Perwitasari DA, Prasasti D, Supadmi W, Jaikishin SAD, Wiraagni IA. Impact of organophosphate exposure on farmers’ health in Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta: perspectives of physical, emotional and social health. SAGE Open Med. 2017;5:205031211771909.
doi: 10.1177/2050312117719092
Peshin SS, Srivastava A, Halder N, Gupta YK. Pesticide poisoning trend analysis of 13 years: a retrospective study based on telephone calls at the National Poisons Information Centre, all India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. J Forensic Legal Med. 2014;22:57–61.
doi: 10.1016/j.jflm.2013.12.013
Pinzaru I, Manceva T, Sircu R, Bahnarel I, Sanduleac E. Acute chemical poisonings in the Republic of Moldova: 5 years review. Chem J Mold. 2017;12(1):29–36.
doi: 10.19261/cjm.2017.399
Pouokam GB, Album WL, Ndikontar AS, Sidatt MEH. A pilot study in Cameroon to understand safe uses of pesticides in agriculture, risk factors for farmers’ exposure and management of accidental cases. Toxics. 2017;5(4).
Ramirez-Santana M, Iglesias-Guerrero J, Castillo-Riquelme M, Scheepers P. Assessment of health care and economic costs due to episodes of acute pesticide intoxication in workers of rural areas of the Coquimbo region, Chile. Value Health Reg Issues. 2014;5:35–9.
pubmed: 29702785
doi: 10.1016/j.vhri.2014.07.006
pmcid: 29702785
Rengam S, Serrana MS, Quijano I. Of Rights and Poisons: Accountability of the Agrochemical Industry. Penang: PAN Asia Pacific; 2018. Available from: https://panap.net/2018/10/of-rights-and-poisons-accountability-of-the-agrochemical-industry/ . [cited 2020 Apr 24].
Santana V, Moura M, Nogueira F e. Occupational pesticide poisoning mortality, 2000-2009, Brazil. Rev Saude Publica. 2013;47(3):598–606.
pubmed: 24346573
doi: 10.1590/S0034-8910.2013047004306
pmcid: 24346573
Sapbamrer R, Hongsibsong S, Kerdnoi T. Urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites and health symptoms among farmers in Thailand. Arch Environ Occup Health. 2017;72(3):145–52.
pubmed: 27027331
doi: 10.1080/19338244.2016.1167005
pmcid: 27027331
Sapbamrer R, Nata S. Health symptoms related to pesticide exposure and agricultural tasks among rice farmers from northern Thailand. Environ Health Prev Med. 2014;19(1):12–20.
pubmed: 23835647
doi: 10.1007/s12199-013-0349-3
pmcid: 23835647
Schreinemachers P, Chen H-P, Nguyen TT, Buntong B, Bouapao L, Gautam S, et al. Too much to handle? Pesticide dependence of smallholder vegetable farmers in Southeast Asia. Sci Total Environ. 2017;593–594:470–7.
pubmed: 28359998
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.181
pmcid: 28359998
Sekiyama M, Tanaka M, Gunawan B, Abdoellah O, Watanabe C. Pesticide usage and its association with health symptoms among farmers in rural villages in West Java, Indonesia. Environ Sci. 2007;14(Suppl):23–33.
pubmed: 18382412
pmcid: 18382412
Settimi L, Davanzo F, Carbone P, Sesana F, Locatelli C, Farina ML, et al. Surveillance of toxic exposures: the pilot experience of the poison control centers of Milan, Pavia and Bergamo in 2006. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2007;43(3):287–94.
pubmed: 17938460
pmcid: 17938460
Sharafi K, Pirsaheb M, Maleki S, Arfaeinia H, Karimyan K, Moradi M, et al. Knowledge, attitude and practices of farmers about pesticide use, risks, and wastes; a cross-sectional study (Kermanshah, Iran). Sci Total Environ. 2018;645:509–17.
pubmed: 30029126
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.132
pmcid: 30029126
Shetty PK, Hiremath MB, Murugan M, Nerli RB. Farmers’ health externalities in pesticide use predominant regions in India. World J Sci. 2011;1(4):1–11.
Singh SB, Pokharel PK, Raut P, Mehta K. Study of the effects of pesticide exposure among the workers of tea estates. Ann Glob Health. 2015;81(1):229.
Solomon C, Poole J, Palmer KT, Peveler R, Coggon D. Acute symptoms following work with pesticides. Occup Med (Lond). 2007;57(7):505–11.
doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqm066
Soltaninejad K, Nelson LS, Bahreini SA, Shadnia S. Fatal aluminum phosphide poisoning in Tehran-Iran from 2007 to 2010. Indian J Med Sci. 2012;66(3–4):66–70.
pubmed: 23603623
pmcid: 23603623
Spiller HA, Beuhler MC, Ryan ML, Borys DJ, Aleguas A, Bosse GM. Evaluation of changes in poisoning in young children: 2000 to 2010. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2013;29(5):635–40.
pubmed: 23603655
doi: 10.1097/PEC.0b013e31828e9d00
pmcid: 23603655
Ssemugabo C, Halage AA, Neebye RM, Nabankema V, Kasule MM, Ssekimpi D, et al. Prevalence and management of acute pesticide poisoning in public and private hospitals in Kampala, Uganda. Tropical Med Int Health. 2017;22(1, SI):303–4.
Sulaj Z, Drishti A, Çeko I, Gashi A, Vyshka G. Fatal aluminum phosphide poisonings in Tirana (Albania), 2009–2013. Daru. 2015;23:8.
pubmed: 25618461
pmcid: 4308883
doi: 10.1186/s40199-015-0090-0
Tahir S, Anwar T. Assessment of pesticide exposure in female population living in cotton growing areas of Punjab, Pakistan. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2012;89(6):1138–41.
pubmed: 23064423
doi: 10.1007/s00128-012-0857-7
pmcid: 23064423
Tandi TE, Wook CJ, Shendeh TT, Eko EA, Afoh CO. Small-scale tomato cultivators’ perception on pesticides usage and practices in Buea, Cameroon. Health. 2014;06(21):2945–58.
doi: 10.4236/health.2014.621333
Tangiisuran B, Jiva M, Ariff AM, Abdul Rani NA, Misnan A, Rashid SM, et al. Evaluation of types of poisoning exposure calls managed by the Malaysia National Poison Centre (2006–2015): a retrospective review. BMJ Open. 2018;8(12):e024162.
pubmed: 30598487
pmcid: 6318535
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024162
Thetkathuek A, Jaidee W. Factors that contribute to insecticide poisoning among immigrant agricultural workers in Thailand. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2017;23(1):60–70.
pubmed: 29308720
doi: 10.1080/10773525.2017.1421301
pmcid: 29308720
Thong TA, Phong LT. Impacts of pesticide application on the health of hired applicators in Angiang province, Vietnam. Vietnam: Research Center for Rural Development, An Giang University; 2011. p. 18.
Toe A, Ilboudo S, Ouedraogo M, Guissou P. Biological alterations and self-reported symptoms among insecticides-exposed workers in Burkina Faso. Interdiscip Toxicol. 2012;5(1):42–6.
pubmed: 22783149
pmcid: 3389509
doi: 10.2478/v10102-012-0008-3
Toe A, Ouedraogo M, Ouedraogo R, Ilboudo S, Guissou P. Pilot study on agricultural pesticide poisoning in Burkina Faso. Interdiscip Toxicol. 2013;6(4):185–91.
pubmed: 24678256
pmcid: 3945756
doi: 10.2478/intox-2013-0027
Tomenson JA, Matthews GA. Causes and types of health effects during the use of crop protection chemicals: data from a survey of over 6,300 smallholder applicators in 24 different countries. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2009;82(8):935–49.
pubmed: 19199103
pmcid: 2719752
doi: 10.1007/s00420-009-0399-4
Trueblood AB, Shipp E, Han D, Ross J, Cizmas LH. Pesticide-related hospitalizations among children and teenagers in Texas, 2004-2013. Public Health Rep. 2016;131(4):588–96.
pubmed: 27453604
pmcid: 4937121
doi: 10.1177/0033354916662218
Ugwu JA, Omoloye AA, Asogwa EU, Aduloju AR. Pesticide-handling practices among smallholder vegetable farmers in Oyo state. Nigeria Sci Res J. 2015;8.
Uribe MV, Diaz SM, Monroy A, Barbosa E, Paez MI, Castro RA. Exposure to pesticides in tomato crop farmers in Merced, Colombia: Effects on health and the environment. In: Soundararajan RP, editor. Pesticides - Recent Trends in Pesticide Residue Assay: InTech; 2012. Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/pesticides-recent-trends-in-pesticide-residue-assay/exposure-to-pesticides-in-tomato-crop-farmers-in-merced-colombia-effects-on-health-and-the-environme . [cited 2020 Apr 27].
Varona ME, Díaz SM, Briceño L, Sánchez-Infante CI, Torres CH, Palma RM, et al. Determining social factors related to pesticide poisoning among rice farmers in Colombia. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota). 2016;18(4):617–29.
doi: 10.15446/rsap.v18n4.52617
Vucinic S, Bokonjic D, Jokanovic M. Acute organophosphate poisoning: 17 years of experience of the National Poison Control Center in Serbia. Toxicology. 2018;409:73–9.
doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.07.010
Wang BS, Chen L, Li XT, Xu M, Zhu BL, Zhang J. Acute pesticide poisoning in Jiangsu Province, China, from 2006 to 2015. Biomed Environ Sci. 2017;6.
Wang B, Li X, Han L, Shen H, Zhang J, Sun D, et al. Childhood pesticide poisoning trend analysis of 13 years in Jiangsu, China. J Public Health Emerg. 2018;2:32.
doi: 10.21037/jphe.2018.12.04
Yasser E-N. Acute toxicity among greenhouse farmers in Gaza strip. IOSR-JDMS. 2016;15(11):109–17.
Yin S. Malicious use of nonpharmaceuticals in children. Child Abuse Negl. 2011;35(11):924–9.
pubmed: 22074758
doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.05.019
pmcid: 22074758
Z’gambo J, Siulapwa Y, Michelo C. Pattern of acute poisoning at two urban referral hospitals in Lusaka, Zambia. BMC Emerg Med. 2016;16:2.
pubmed: 26748777
pmcid: 4706701
doi: 10.1186/s12873-016-0068-3
Zhang D, Zhang J, Zuo Z, Liao L. A retrospective analysis of data from toxic substance-related cases in Northeast China (Heilongjiang) between 2000 and 2010. Forensic Sci Int. 2013;231(1–3):172–7.
pubmed: 23890633
doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.05.014
pmcid: 23890633
Zhang M, Fang X, Zhou L, Su L, Zheng J, Jin M, et al. Pesticide poisoning in Zhejiang, China: a retrospective analysis of adult cases registration by occupational disease surveillance and reporting systems from 2006 to 2010. BMJ Open. 2013;3(11):e003510.
pubmed: 24270833
pmcid: 3840342
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003510
Zhang X, Wu M, Yao H, Yang Y, Cui M, Tu Z, et al. Pesticide poisoning and neurobehavioral function among farm workers in Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China. Cortex. 2016;74:396–404.
pubmed: 26475098
doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.09.006
pmcid: 26475098
Zhang X, Zhao W, Jing R, Wheeler K, Smith GA, Stallones L, et al. Work-related pesticide poisoning among farmers in two villages of southern China: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:429.
pubmed: 21639910
pmcid: 3126745
doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-429
Zyoud SH, Sawalha AF, Sweileh WM, Awang R, Al-Khalil SI, Al-Jabi SW, et al. Knowledge and practices of pesticide use among farm workers in the West Bank, Palestine: safety implications. Environ Health Prev Med. 2010;15(4):252–61.
pubmed: 21432553
pmcid: 2886885
doi: 10.1007/s12199-010-0136-3
Thundiyil JG, Stober J, Besbelli N, Pronczuk J. Acute pesticide poisoning: a proposed classification tool. Bull World Health Organ. 2008;86(3):205–9.
pubmed: 18368207
pmcid: 2647412
doi: 10.2471/BLT.07.041814
Kofod, D H, Jørs E, Varma A, Bhatta S, Thomsen GF. The Use of Self-Reported Symptoms as a Proxy for Acute Organophosphate Poisoning after Exposure to Chlorpyrifos 50% plus Cypermethrin 5% among Nepali Farmers: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source 15, Nr. 1 (13 2016): 122. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-016-0205-1 .
Roberts J, Reigart J. Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. 6th ed. Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs; 2013. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/recognition-and-management-pesticide-poisonings . [cited 2020 Mar 12].
US EPA. OPP Report on Incident Information: The Baseline: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2007. Available from: https://archive.epa.gov/pesticides/ppdc/web/pdf/session10-finalrpt.pdf . [cited 2020 Mar 12].
Cole DC, Sherwood S, Crissman C, Barrera V, Espinosa P. Pesticides and health in highland Ecuadorian potato production: assessing impacts and developing responses. Int Occup Environ Health. 2002;8(3):182–90.
doi: 10.1179/oeh.2002.8.3.182
FAO, WHO. The International Code of Conduct on Pesticide Management: Guidelines on highly hazardous pesticides. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2016. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/205561/1/9789241510417_eng.pdf . [cited 2020 Mar 30].
Manuweera G, Eddleston M, Egodage S, Buckley NA. Do targeted bans of insecticides to prevent deaths from self-poisoning result in reduced agricultural output? Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116(4):492–5.
pubmed: 18414632
pmcid: 2291009
doi: 10.1289/ehp.11029
Gunnell D, Knipe D, Chang S-S, Pearson M, Konradsen F, Lee WJ, et al. Prevention of suicide with regulations aimed at restricting access to highly hazardous pesticides: a systematic review of the international evidence. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5(10):e1026–37.
pubmed: 28807587
doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30299-1
pmcid: 28807587
Krause K-H, van Thriel C, De Sousa PA, Leist M, Hengstler JG. Monocrotophos in Gandaman village: India school lunch deaths and need for improved toxicity testing. Arch Toxicol. 2013;87(10):1877–81.
pubmed: 23943209
doi: 10.1007/s00204-013-1113-6
pmcid: 23943209