Poor Sleep Quality and Its Consequences on Mental Health During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Italy.
COVID-19
Italian lockdown
anxiety
clinical psychology
depression
sleep habits
sleep quality
stress
Journal
Frontiers in psychology
ISSN: 1664-1078
Titre abrégé: Front Psychol
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101550902
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
2020
2020
Historique:
received:
19
06
2020
accepted:
15
10
2020
entrez:
11
12
2020
pubmed:
12
12
2020
medline:
12
12
2020
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) seriously affected the whole of Italy. The extreme virulence and the speed of propagation resulted in restrictions and home confinement. This change was immediately perceived by people who found themselves exposed to feelings of uncertainty, fear, anger, stress, and a drastic change in the diurnal but above all nocturnal lifestyle. For these reasons, we aimed to study the quality of sleep and its connection to distress levels and to evaluate how lifestyle changed in the Italian population during the lockdown. By means of an Internet survey we recruited 6,519 adults during the whole of the COVID-19 lockdown (from March 10-1st phase to May 4-2nd phase). We investigated the sociodemographic and COVID-19-related information and assessed sleep quality using the Medical Outcomes Study-sleep scale (MOS-SS) and mental health with the short form of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales-21 Items (DASS-21). Multiple logistic regression model was used to evaluate the multivariate association between the dependent variable (good sleeper vs. poor sleeper) and all the variables that were significant in the univariate analysis. A total of 3,562 (55.32%) participants reported poor sleep quality according to the MOS-Sleep Index II score. The multiple binary logistic regression results of poor sleepers revealed several risk factors during the outbreak restrictions: female gender, living in Central Italy, having someone close who died because of COVID-19, markedly changed sleep-wake rhythms characterized by earlier or postponed habitual bedtime, earlier habitual awakening time and reduced number of afternoon naps, and extremely severe levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. This is the first study designed to understand sleep quality and sleep habits during the whole of the lockdown period in the Italian population that provides more than 6,000 participants in a survey developed specifically for the health emergency related to COVID-19. Our study found that more than half of the Italian population had impaired sleep quality and sleep habits due to elevated psychological distress during the COVID-19 lockdown containment measures. A multidisciplinary action should be undertaken in order to plan appropriate responses to the current crisis caused by the lockdown for the COVID-19 outbreak.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) seriously affected the whole of Italy. The extreme virulence and the speed of propagation resulted in restrictions and home confinement. This change was immediately perceived by people who found themselves exposed to feelings of uncertainty, fear, anger, stress, and a drastic change in the diurnal but above all nocturnal lifestyle. For these reasons, we aimed to study the quality of sleep and its connection to distress levels and to evaluate how lifestyle changed in the Italian population during the lockdown.
METHODS
METHODS
By means of an Internet survey we recruited 6,519 adults during the whole of the COVID-19 lockdown (from March 10-1st phase to May 4-2nd phase). We investigated the sociodemographic and COVID-19-related information and assessed sleep quality using the Medical Outcomes Study-sleep scale (MOS-SS) and mental health with the short form of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales-21 Items (DASS-21). Multiple logistic regression model was used to evaluate the multivariate association between the dependent variable (good sleeper vs. poor sleeper) and all the variables that were significant in the univariate analysis.
RESULTS
RESULTS
A total of 3,562 (55.32%) participants reported poor sleep quality according to the MOS-Sleep Index II score. The multiple binary logistic regression results of poor sleepers revealed several risk factors during the outbreak restrictions: female gender, living in Central Italy, having someone close who died because of COVID-19, markedly changed sleep-wake rhythms characterized by earlier or postponed habitual bedtime, earlier habitual awakening time and reduced number of afternoon naps, and extremely severe levels of stress, anxiety, and depression.
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIONS
This is the first study designed to understand sleep quality and sleep habits during the whole of the lockdown period in the Italian population that provides more than 6,000 participants in a survey developed specifically for the health emergency related to COVID-19. Our study found that more than half of the Italian population had impaired sleep quality and sleep habits due to elevated psychological distress during the COVID-19 lockdown containment measures. A multidisciplinary action should be undertaken in order to plan appropriate responses to the current crisis caused by the lockdown for the COVID-19 outbreak.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33304294
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.574475
pmc: PMC7693628
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Pagination
574475Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2020 Franceschini, Musetti, Zenesini, Palagini, Scarpelli, Quattropani, Lenzo, Freda, Lemmo, Vegni, Borghi, Saita, Cattivelli, De Gennaro, Plazzi, Riemann and Castelnuovo.
Références
Med Sci Monit. 2020 Mar 05;26:e923549
pubmed: 32132521
Clin Psychol Rev. 2005 Jul;25(5):593-611
pubmed: 15979771
Sleep Med. 2002 Mar;3(2):115-20
pubmed: 14592229
Curr Med Res Opin. 2008 Jan;24(1):307-17
pubmed: 18070379
Sleep Med. 2020 May 21;:
pubmed: 32482485
Lancet Neurol. 2015 May;14(5):547-58
pubmed: 25895933
Sleep Health. 2017 Feb;3(1):6-19
pubmed: 28346153
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Feb;81(2):728-35
pubmed: 8636295
Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017 Feb;76:19-28
pubmed: 27871027
PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e55936
pubmed: 23418478
J Sleep Res. 2020 Aug;29(4):e13074
pubmed: 32410272
Psychosom Med. 2003 Mar-Apr;65(2):259-67
pubmed: 12651993
Neural Plast. 2017;2017:1504507
pubmed: 29230328
PLoS One. 2013 Aug 08;8(8):e69564
pubmed: 23950897
Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):470-473
pubmed: 31986257
Sleep Med Rev. 2014 Jun;18(3):237-47
pubmed: 24480386
Nat Sci Sleep. 2018 Jul 17;10:193-201
pubmed: 30046255
Epidemiol Prev. 2016 Mar-Apr;40(2 Suppl 1):45-8
pubmed: 27291208
Sleep. 2018 May 1;41(5):
pubmed: 29420828
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Mar;96(3):E463-72
pubmed: 21193540
Sleep. 2006 Jan;29(1):85-93
pubmed: 16453985
Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2013;(217):311-31
pubmed: 23604485
Compr Psychiatry. 2015 Jul;60:170-81
pubmed: 25933937
Clin Psychol Rev. 2009 Aug;29(6):496-505
pubmed: 19541399
Brain Behav Immun. 2020 Aug;88:901-907
pubmed: 32437915
Lancet Psychiatry. 2020 Jun;7(6):547-560
pubmed: 32304649
Eur J Pain. 2007 Apr;11(3):329-40
pubmed: 16765622
Am Psychol. 1985 Jul;40(7):770-85
pubmed: 4037513
Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2009 Dec;36(4):831-46, x-xi
pubmed: 19944303
Psychol Aging. 1993 Sep;8(3):463-7
pubmed: 8216967
Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2013 Sep;104:32-8
pubmed: 23611942
Gen Psychiatr. 2020 Mar 6;33(2):e100213
pubmed: 32215365
Front Psychol. 2020 Sep 24;11:2146
pubmed: 33071842
J Sleep Res. 2020 Aug;29(4):e13052
pubmed: 32246787
Behav Res Ther. 2002 Jul;40(7):741-52
pubmed: 12074370
Biol Psychiatry. 2013 Aug 15;74(4):242-9
pubmed: 23558300
J Psychosom Res. 2004 Feb;56(2):239-43
pubmed: 15016584
Sleep Med. 2005 Jan;6(1):41-4
pubmed: 15680294
Front Psychol. 2020 Jul 24;11:1836
pubmed: 32849079
J Biol Rhythms. 2014 Oct;29(5):377-83
pubmed: 25252710
Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Apr;158(4):587-93
pubmed: 11282693
Front Psychol. 2020 Aug 06;11:1958
pubmed: 32849147
Sleep Med. 2020 Nov;75:12-20
pubmed: 32853913
Front Psychol. 2020 Aug 21;11:2100
pubmed: 32973631
Psychosom Med. 1981 Oct;43(5):439-51
pubmed: 7313035
Behav Res Ther. 2002 Aug;40(8):869-93
pubmed: 12186352
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Mar 06;17(5):
pubmed: 32155789
Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2013 Nov;15(11):405
pubmed: 24057158
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019 Sep 3;:
pubmed: 31491473
Front Public Health. 2018 Sep 10;6:258
pubmed: 30250838
Chronobiol Int. 2011 Nov;28(9):771-8
pubmed: 21895489
Sleep Med Rev. 2010 Feb;14(1):9-15
pubmed: 19640748
Psychiatr Ann. 2008 Oct;38(10):671-675
pubmed: 20179790
J Psychiatr Res. 2005 Jan;39(1):55-76
pubmed: 15504424
Sleep. 2003 Sep;26(6):695-700
pubmed: 14572122
Lancet. 2020 Mar 14;395(10227):912-920
pubmed: 32112714
Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2009 Jul 10;7:64
pubmed: 19591683
Sleep Med Rev. 2010 Feb;14(1):19-31
pubmed: 19481481
BMJ. 2020 Jan 28;368:m313
pubmed: 31992552
Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1987 Dec;10(4):541-53
pubmed: 3332317
Sleep Med. 2020 Jun;70:112-115
pubmed: 32361216
Sleep Med Rev. 2019 Feb;43:96-105
pubmed: 30537570
Br J Psychiatry. 2001 Jan;178(1):76-81
pubmed: 11136215
Front Psychiatry. 2020 Apr 14;11:306
pubmed: 32346373
Front Neurosci. 2019 Sep 06;13:950
pubmed: 31555086
Sleep Med. 2004 Jan;5(1):67-75
pubmed: 14725829