Impact of DAA-Based Regimens on HCV-Related Extra-Hepatic Damage: A Narrative Review.
HCV extrahepatic manifestations
Hepatitis C virus
Interferon-free DAA regimens
Journal
Advances in experimental medicine and biology
ISSN: 0065-2598
Titre abrégé: Adv Exp Med Biol
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0121103
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
2021
2021
Historique:
pubmed:
17
12
2020
medline:
15
4
2021
entrez:
16
12
2020
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Two-third of patients with chronic hepatitis C show extrahepatic manifestations due to HCV infection of B lymphocytes, such as mixed cryoglobulinemia and non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma, or develop a chronic inflammatory status that may favor the development of adverse cardiovascular events, kidney diseases or metabolic abnormalities.DAAs treatments induce HCV eradication in 95% of treated patients, which also improves the clinical course of extrahepatic manifestations, but with some limitations. After HCV eradication a good compensation of T2DM has been observed, but doubts persist about the possibility of obtaining a stable reduction in fasting glucose and HbA1c levels.Chronic HCV infection is associated with low total and LDL cholesterol serum levels, which however increase significantly after HCV elimination, possibly due to the disruption of HCV/lipid metabolism interaction. Despite this adverse effect, HCV eradication exerts a favorable action on cardiovascular system, possibly by eliminating numerous other harmful effects exerted by HCV on this system.DAA treatment is also indicated for the treatment of patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia syndrome, since HCV eradication results in symptom reduction and, in particular, is effective in cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. Furthermore, HCV eradication exerts a favorable action on HCV-related lymphoproliferative disorders, with frequent remission or reduction of clinical manifestations.There is also evidence that HCV clearance may improve impaired renal functions, but same conflicting data persist on the effect of some DAAs on eGFR.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33326112
doi: 10.1007/5584_2020_604
doi:
Substances chimiques
Antiviral Agents
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
115-147Références
Abdel Alem S, Elsharkawy A, Fouad et al (2017) Improvement of glycemic state among responders to Sofosbuvir-based treatment regimens: single center experience. J Med Virol 89(12):2181–2187. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.24897
doi: 10.1002/jmv.24897
pubmed: 28688190
Adinolfi LE, Nevola R, Guerrera B et al (2018a) Hepatitis C virus clearance by direct-acting antiviral treatments and impact on insulin resistance in chronic hepatitis C patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 33(7):1379–1382. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.14067
doi: 10.1111/jgh.14067
pubmed: 29228501
Adinolfi LE, Rinaldi L, Nevola R (2018b) Chronic hepatitis C, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease: what impact of direct-acting antiviral treatments? World J Gastroenterol 24(41):4617–4621. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v24.i41.4617
doi: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i41.4617
pubmed: 30416309
pmcid: 6224469
Adinolfi LE, Rinaldi L, Marrone A et al (2018c) The effect of sustained virological response by direct-acting antivirals on insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther 16(8):595–597. https://doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2018.1505500
doi: 10.1080/14787210.2018.1505500
pubmed: 30047799
Alessio L, Onorato L, Sangiovanni V et al (2020) DAA-based treatment for HIV-HCV-coinfected patients: analysis of factors of sustained virological response in a real-life study. Antivir Ther. https://doi.org/10.3851/IMP3353
Alisi A, Giannini C, Spaziani A et al (2007) Hepatitis C virus core protein enhances B lymphocyte proliferation. Dig Liver Dis 39(Suppl 1):S72–S75. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1590-8658(07)80015-6
doi: 10.1016/s1590-8658(07)80015-6
pubmed: 17936228
Alric L, Besson C, Lapidus N et al (2016) Antiviral treatment of HCV-infected patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: ANRS HC-13 Lympho-C study. PLoS One 11(10):e0162965. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162965
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162965
pubmed: 27749916
pmcid: 5066969
Alter HJ, Seeff LB (2000) Recovery, persistence, and sequelae in hepatitis C virus infection: a perspective on long-term outcome. Semin Liver Dis 20(1):17–35. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-9505
doi: 10.1055/s-2000-9505
pubmed: 10895429
Alter MJ, Margolis HS, Krawczynski K et al (1992) The natural history of community-acquired hepatitis C in the United States. The sentinel counties chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis study team. N Engl J Med 327(27):1899–1905. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199212313272702
doi: 10.1056/NEJM199212313272702
pubmed: 1280771
Álvarez-Ossorio MJ, Sarmento E, Castro R, Granados R et al (2018) Impact of interferon-free regimens on the glomerular filtration rate during treatment of chronic hepatitis C in a real-life cohort. J Viral Hepat 25(6):699–706. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvh.12867
doi: 10.1111/jvh.12867
pubmed: 29377515
Alyan O, Kacmaz F, Ozdemir O et al (2008) Hepatitis C infection is associated with increased coronary artery atherosclerosis defined by modified Reardon severity score system. Circ J 72(12):1960–1965. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.cj-08-0459
doi: 10.1253/circj.cj-08-0459
pubmed: 18957787
Amiel A, Kitay-Cohen Y, Fejgin MD et al (2000) Replication status as a marker for predisposition for lymphoma in patients with chronic hepatitis C with and without cryoglobulinemia. Exp Hematol 28(2):156–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0301-472x(99)00140-x
doi: 10.1016/s0301-472x(99)00140-x
pubmed: 10706071
Arase Y, Suzuki F, Suzuki Y et al (2009) Sustained virological response reduces incidence of onset of type 2 diabetes in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 49(3):739–744. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.22703
doi: 10.1002/hep.22703
pubmed: 19127513
Arase Y, Suzuki F, Kawamura Y et al (2011) Development rate of chronic kidney disease in hepatitis C virus patients with advanced fibrosis after interferon therapy. Hepatol Res 41(10):946–954. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1872-034X.2011.00845.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1872-034X.2011.00845.x
pubmed: 21883737
Arcaini L, Besson C, Frigeni M et al (2016) Interferon-free antiviral treatment in B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Blood 128(21):2527–2532. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2016-05-714667
doi: 10.1182/blood-2016-05-714667
pubmed: 27605512
Augello C, Gianelli U, Savi F et al (2014) MicroRNA as potential biomarker in HCV-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. J Clin Pathol 67(8):697–701. https://doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202352
doi: 10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202352
pubmed: 24914240
Avilés A, Valdez L, Halabe J et al (2003) No association between lymphoma and hepatitis C virus. Med Oncol 20(2):165–168. https://doi.org/10.1385/MO:20:2:165
doi: 10.1385/MO:20:2:165
pubmed: 12835519
Bagaglio S, Uberti-Foppa C, Sagnelli C et al (2020) HIV-1 recombinant forms in immigrants regularly residing in Milan, northern Italy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-020-01434-3
Becker DJ, Sevilla DW, O’Connor O (2010) Concurrent and apposed hepatocellular carcinoma and small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a patient with hepatitis C virus. Acta Haematol 123(2):77–80. https://doi.org/10.1159/000268853
doi: 10.1159/000268853
pubmed: 20029171
Bedimo R, Abodunde O (2016) Metabolic and cardiovascular complications in HIV/HCV-co-infected patients. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 13(6):328–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-016-0333-9
doi: 10.1007/s11904-016-0333-9
pubmed: 27595755
Beig J, Orr D, Harrison B, Gane E (2018) Hepatitis C virus eradication with new interferon-free treatment improves metabolic profile in hepatitis C virus-related liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 24(8):1031–1039. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.25060
doi: 10.1002/lt.25060
pubmed: 29577581
Bonacci M, Lens S, Londoño MC et al (2017) Virologic, clinical, and immune response outcomes of patients with hepatitis C virus-associated Cryoglobulinemia treated with direct-acting antivirals. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 15(4):575–583.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2016.09.158
doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2016.09.158
pubmed: 27725289
Bose SK, Ray R (2014) Hepatitis C virus infection and insulin resistance. World J Diabetes 5(1):52–58. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v5.i1.52
doi: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i1.52
pubmed: 24567801
pmcid: 3932427
Brind AM, Watson JP, Burt A et al (1996) Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and hepatitis C virus infection. Leuk Lymphoma 21(1–2):127–130. https://doi.org/10.3109/10428199609067589
doi: 10.3109/10428199609067589
pubmed: 8907279
Brouet JC (1983) Les cryoglobulinémies [Cryoglobulinemias]. Presse Med 12(47):2991–2996. French
pubmed: 6228890
Butt AA, Yan P, Chew KW et al (2017) Risk of acute myocardial infarction among hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive and HCV-negative men at various lipid levels: results from ERCHIVES. Clin Infect Dis 65(4):557–565. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix359
doi: 10.1093/cid/cix359
pubmed: 28444148
pmcid: 5850566
Butt AA, Ren Y, Puenpatom A et al (2018) Effectiveness, treatment completion and safety of sofosbuvir/ledipasvir and paritaprevir/ritonavir/ombitasvir + dasabuvir in patients with chronic kidney disease: an ERCHIVES study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 48(1):35–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14799
doi: 10.1111/apt.14799
pubmed: 29797514
Butt AA, Yan P, Aslam S et al (2019) Hepatitis C virus treatment with directly acting agents reduces the risk of incident diabetes -results from ERCHIVES. Clin Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz304
Cacoub P, Saadoun D, Limal N et al (2005) Pegylated interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin treatment in patients with hepatitis C virus-related systemic vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 52(3):911–915. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.20958
doi: 10.1002/art.20958
pubmed: 15751068
Cacoub P, Gragnani L, Comarmond C et al (2014) Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Dig Liver dis 46(Suppl 5):S165–S173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2014.10.005
doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2014.10.005
pubmed: 25458776
Cacoub P, Desbois AC, Comarmond C et al (2018a) Impact of sustained virological response on the extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C: a meta-analysis. Gut 67(11):2025–2034. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316234
doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316234
pubmed: 29703790
Cacoub P, Nahon P, Layese R et al (2018b) Prognostic value of viral eradication for major adverse cardiovascular events in hepatitis C cirrhotic patients. Am Heart J 198:4–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2017.10.024
doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2017.10.024
pubmed: 29653647
Calleja JL, Crespo J, Rincón D et al (2017) Effectiveness, safety and clinical outcomes of direct-acting antiviral therapy in HCV genotype 1 infection: results from a Spanish real-world cohort. J Hepatol 66(6):1138–1148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2017.01.028
doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.01.028
pubmed: 28189751
Calogero A, Sagnelli E, Creta M et al (2019) Eradication of HCV infection with the direct-acting antiviral therapy in renal allograft recipients. BioMed Res Int 4674560, 8 p. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4674560 . Erratum to Eradication of HCV infection with the direct-acting antiviral therapy in renal allograft recipients. BioMed Res Int 2019: 8797329, 1 p, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8797329
Cammarota S, Citarella A, Guida A et al (2019) The inpatient hospital burden of comorbidities in HCV-infected patients: a population-based study in two Italian regions with high HCV endemicity (the BaCH study). PLoS One 14(7):e0219396. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219396
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219396
pubmed: 31291351
pmcid: 6619769
Carbonari M, Caprini E, Tedesco T et al (2005) Hepatitis C virus drives the unconstrained monoclonal expansion of VH1-69-expressing memory B cells in type II cryoglobulinemia: a model of infection-driven lymphomagenesis. J Immunol 174(10):6532–6539. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.174.10.6532
doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.10.6532
pubmed: 15879157
Carrier P, Jaccard A, Jacques J et al (2015) HCV-associated B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas and new direct antiviral agents. Liver Int 35(10):2222–2227. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.12897
doi: 10.1111/liv.12897
pubmed: 26104059
Carvalho JR, Velosa J, Serejo F (2018) Lipids, glucose and iron metabolic alterations in chronic hepatitis C after viral eradication – comparison of the new direct-acting antiviral agents with the old regimens. Scand J Gastroenterol 53(7):857–863. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365521.2018.1473486
doi: 10.1080/00365521.2018.1473486
pubmed: 29779403
Chak E, Schulze C, Runyon BA (2015) Rapid resolution of hepatitis C virus-associated Cryoglobulin rash with use of direct-acting antivirals. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 13(11):e166–e167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2015.04.002
doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2015.04.002
pubmed: 25862985
Charles ED, Green RM, Marukian S et al (2008) Clonal expansion of immunoglobulin M+CD27+ B cells in HCV-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood 111(3):1344–1356. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-07-101717
doi: 10.1182/blood-2007-07-101717
pubmed: 17942751
pmcid: 2214737
Chaudhury CS, Sheehan J, Chairez C et al (2017) No improvement in hemoglobin A1c following hepatitis C viral clearance in patients with and without HIV. J Infect Dis 217(1):47–50. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jix517
doi: 10.1093/infdis/jix517
pubmed: 29161418
pmcid: 5853571
Ciancio A, Bosio R, Bo S et al (2018) Significant improvement of glycemic control in diabetic patients with HCV infection responding to direct-acting antiviral agents. J Med Virol 90(2):320–327. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.24954
doi: 10.1002/jmv.24954
pubmed: 28960353
Collier JD, Zanke B, Moore M et al (1999) No association between hepatitis C and B-cell lymphoma. Hepatology 29(4):1259–1261. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.510290422
doi: 10.1002/hep.510290422
pubmed: 10094973
Comarmond C, Garrido M, Pol S, et al (2017) Direct-acting antiviral therapy restores immune tolerance to patients with hepatitis C virus-induced Cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis. Gastroenterology 152(8):2052–2062. e2. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2017.02.037
Coppola N, Pisaturo M, Guastafierro S et al (2012) Increased hepatitis C viral load and reactivation of liver disease in HCV RNA-positive patients with onco-haematological disease undergoing chemotherapy. Dig Liver Dis 44(1).49–54
Coppola N, Zampino R, Bellini G et al (2014) Association between a polymorphism in cannabinoid receptor 2 and severe necroinflammation in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 12(2):334–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2013.05.008
doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.05.008
pubmed: 23707465
Coppola N, Rosa Z, Cirillo G et al (2015) TM6SF2 E167K variant is associated with severe steatosis in chronic hepatitis C, regardless of PNPLA3 polymorphism. Liver Int 35(8):1959–1963. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.12781
doi: 10.1111/liv.12781
pubmed: 25581573
Coppola N, Portunato F, Buonomo AR et al (2019) Interferon-free regimens improve kidney function in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. J Nephrol 32(5):763–773. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-019-00608-z
doi: 10.1007/s40620-019-00608-z
pubmed: 30977055
Corey KE, Ross AS, Wurcel et al (2006) Outcomes and treatment of acute hepatitis C virus infection in a United States population. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 4(10):1278–1282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2006.06.026
doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2006.06.026
pubmed: 16931171
pmcid: 1828916
Cornella SL, Stine JG, Kelly V et al (2015) Persistence of mixed cryoglobulinemia despite cure of hepatitis C with new oral antiviral therapy including direct-acting antiviral sofosbuvir: a case series. Postgrad Med 127(4):413–417. https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.2015.1021660
doi: 10.1080/00325481.2015.1021660
pubmed: 25746436
D’Ambrosio R, Pasulo L, Giorgini A et al (2020) Renal safety in 3264 HCV patients treated with DAA-based regimens: results from a large Italian real-life study. Dig Liver Dis 52(2):190–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2019.11.006
doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2019.11.006
pubmed: 31813755
Dai CY, Chuang WL, Ho CK et al (2008) Associations between hepatitis C viremia and low serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels: a community-based study. J Hepatol 49(1):9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2008.03.016
doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.03.016
pubmed: 18486265
Dai B, Chen AY, Corkum CP et al (2016) Hepatitis C virus upregulates B-cell receptor signaling: a novel mechanism for HCV-associated B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Oncogene 35(23):2979–2990. https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2015.364
doi: 10.1038/onc.2015.364
pubmed: 26434584
Dal Maso L, Franceschi S (2006) Hepatitis C virus and risk of lymphoma and other lymphoid neoplasms: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 15(11):2078–2085. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0308
doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0308
Dammacco F, Sansonno D (2013) Therapy for hepatitis C virus-related cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. N Engl J Med 369(11):1035–1045. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1208642
doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1208642
pubmed: 24024840
Daniels D, Grytdal S, Wasley A et al (2009) Surveillance for acute viral hepatitis – United States, 2007. MMWR Surveill Summ 58(3):1–27
pubmed: 19478727
Dawood AA, Nooh MZ, Elgamal AA (2017) Factors associated with improved glycemic control by direct-acting antiviral agent treatment in Egyptian type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 4. Diabetes Metab J 41(4):316–321. https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.41.4.316
doi: 10.4093/dmj.2017.41.4.316
pubmed: 28868829
pmcid: 5583409
De Re V, Caggiari L, Talamini R et al (2004) Hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma and B-cell lymphoma patients show a different profile of major histocompatibility complex class II alleles. Hum Immunol 65(11):1397–1404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humimm.2004.08.183
doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2004.08.183
pubmed: 15556690
De Re V, Caggiari L, Monti G et al (2009) HLA DR-DQ combination associated with the increased risk of developing human HCV positive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is related to the type II mixed cryoglobulinemia. Tissue Antigens 75(2):127–135. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0039.2009.01414.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2009.01414.x
pubmed: 20002609
De Re V, Caggiari L, Garziera M et al (2012) Molecular signature in HCV-positive lymphomas. Clin Dev Immunol 2012:623465. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/623465
doi: 10.1155/2012/623465
pubmed: 22952554
pmcid: 3431075
de Sanjose S, Benavente Y, Vajdic CM et al (2008) Hepatitis C and non-Hodgkin lymphoma among 4784 cases and 6269 controls from the international lymphoma epidemiology consortium. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 6(4):451–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2008.02.011
doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2008.02.011
pubmed: 18387498
pmcid: 3962672
De Vita S, Sacco C, Sansonno D et al (1997) Characterization of overt B-cell lymphomas in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Blood 90(2):776–782
doi: 10.1182/blood.V90.2.776.776_776_782
Defrancesco I, Zerbi C, Rattotti S et al (2020) HCV infection and non-Hodgkin lymphomas: an evolving story. Clin Exp Med 20(3):321–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-020-00615-6
doi: 10.1007/s10238-020-00615-6
pubmed: 32052244
Desbois AC, Cacoub P (2017) Diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance and hepatitis C virus infection: a contemporary review. World J Gastroenterol 23(9):1697–1711. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v23.i9.1697
doi: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i9.1697
pubmed: 28321170
pmcid: 5340821
Domont F, Cacoub P (2016) Chronic hepatitis C virus infection, a new cardiovascular risk factor? Liver Int 36(5):621–627. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.13064
doi: 10.1111/liv.13064
pubmed: 26763484
Douam F, Bobay LM, Maurin G et al (2015) Specialization of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoproteins for B lymphocytes in chronically infected patients. J Virol 90(2):992–1008. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02516-15
doi: 10.1128/JVI.02516-15
pubmed: 26537674
pmcid: 4702674
Drazilova S, Gazda J, Janicko M et al (2018) Chronic hepatitis C association with diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk in the era of DAA therapy. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018:6150861. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6150861
doi: 10.1155/2018/6150861
pubmed: 30186821
pmcid: 6110000
El Sagheer G, Soliman E, Ahmad A et al (2018) Study of changes in lipid profile and insulin resistance in Egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 4 in the era of DAAs. Libyan J Med 13(1):1435124. https://doi.org/10.1080/19932820.2018.1435124
doi: 10.1080/19932820.2018.1435124
pubmed: 29451090
pmcid: 5827781
El-Serag HB, Christie IC, Puenpatom A (2019) The effects of sustained virological response to direct-acting anti-viral therapy on the risk of extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 49:1442–1447
doi: 10.1111/apt.15240
Emery JS, Kuczynski M, La D et al (2017) Efficacy and safety of direct acting antivirals for the treatment of mixed Cryoglobulinemia. Am J Gastroenterol 112(8):1298–1308. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2017.49
doi: 10.1038/ajg.2017.49
pubmed: 28291241
Esteban JI, Sauleda S, Quer J (2008) The changing epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in Europe. J Hepatol 48(1):148–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2007.07.033
doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.07.033
pubmed: 18022726
European Association for the Study of the Liver. Electronic address: easloffice@easloffice.eu, & European Association for the Study of the Liver (2018) EASL recommendations on treatment of hepatitis C 2018. J Hepatol 69(2):461–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.026
doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.026
Fabris M, Quartuccio L, Salvin S et al (2008) Fibronectin gene polymorphisms are associated with the development of B-cell lymphoma in type II mixed cryoglobulinemia. Ann Rheum Dis 67(1):80–83. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2006.067637
doi: 10.1136/ard.2006.067637
pubmed: 17526550
Fabrizi F, Donato FM, Messa P (2017) Hepatitis C and its metabolic complications in kidney disease. Ann Hepatol 16(6):851–861. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5275
doi: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.5275
pubmed: 29055921
Fabrizi F, Cerutti R, Dixit V et al (2020) The impact of antiviral therapy for HCV on kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nefrologia 40(3):299–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nefro.2019.07.007
doi: 10.1016/j.nefro.2019.07.007
pubmed: 31813592
Fabrizio C, Procopio A, Scudeller L et al (2017) HCV and diabetes: towards a ‘sustained’ glycaemic improvement after treatment with DAAs? Clin Microbiol Infect 23(5):342–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2016.09.021
doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.09.021
pubmed: 27693659
Fayed A, El Nokeety MM, Samy Abdelaziz T et al (2018) Incidence and characteristics of de novo renal Cryoglobulinemia after direct-acting antivirals treatment in an Egyptian hepatitis C cohort. Nephron 140(4):275–281. https://doi.org/10.1159/000493807
doi: 10.1159/000493807
pubmed: 30359992
Feldmann G, Nischalke HD, Nattermann J et al (2006) Induction of interleukin-6 by hepatitis C virus core protein in hepatitis C-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia and B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 12(15):4491–4498. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-0154
doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-0154
pubmed: 16899594
Felmlee DJ, Hafirassou ML, Lefevre M et al (2013) Hepatitis C virus, cholesterol and lipoproteins--impact for the viral life cycle and pathogenesis of liver disease. Viruses 5(5):1292–1324. https://doi.org/10.3390/v5051292
doi: 10.3390/v5051292
pubmed: 23698400
pmcid: 3712309
Feng B, Eknoyan G, Guo ZS et al (2012) Effect of interferon-alpha-based antiviral therapy on hepatitis C virus-associated glomerulonephritis: a meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 27(2):640–646. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfr236
doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfr236
pubmed: 21558431
Ferri C, Caracciolo F, Zignego AL et al (1994) Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Br J Haematol 88(2):392–394. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.1994.tb05036.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1994.tb05036.x
pubmed: 7803287
Fletcher NF, McKeating JA (2012) Hepatitis C virus and the brain. J Viral Hepat 19(5):301–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2893.2012.01591.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2012.01591.x
pubmed: 22497808
Franceschi S, Polesel J, Rickenbach M et al (2006) Hepatitis C virus and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: findings from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Br J Cancer 95(11):1598–1602. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6603472
doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603472
pubmed: 17106439
pmcid: 2360727
Frigeni M, Besson C, Visco C et al (2020) Interferon-free compared to interferon-based antiviral regimens as first-line therapy for B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Leukemia 34(5):1462–1466. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-019-0687-2
doi: 10.1038/s41375-019-0687-2
pubmed: 31836855
Frustaci A, Calabrese F, Chimenti C et al (2002) Lone hepatitis C virus myocarditis responsive to immunosuppressive therapy. Chest 122(4):1348–1356. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.122.4.1348
doi: 10.1378/chest.122.4.1348
pubmed: 12377863
Galati G, Rampa L, Vespasiani-Gentilucci U et al (2016) Hepatitis C and double-hit B cell lymphoma successfully treated by antiviral therapy. World J Hepatol 8(29):1244–1250. https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v8.i29.1244
doi: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i29.1244
pubmed: 27803769
pmcid: 5067444
Galli M, Pioltelli P, Zehender G et al (1996) HCV and lymphomagenesis. Lancet 348(9022):275. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)65593-6
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)65593-6
pubmed: 8684233
Gilad A, Fricker ZP, Hsieh A et al (2019) Sustained improvement in type 2 diabetes mellitus is common after treatment of hepatitis C virus with direct-acting antiviral therapy. J Clin Gastroenterol 53(8):616–620. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0000000000001168
doi: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000001168
pubmed: 30614943
Giordanino C, Bugianesi E, Smedile A et al (2008) Incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and glucose abnormalities in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection by response to treatment: results of a cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol 103(10):2481–2487. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.02002.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.02002.x
pubmed: 18702647
Gitto S, Cicero A, Loggi E et al (2018) Worsening of serum lipid profile after direct acting antiviral treatment. Ann Hepatol 17(1):64–75. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7536
doi: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.7536
pubmed: 29311405
Global Hepatitis Report (2017) WHO The Polaris Observatory HCV Collaborators Lancet. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2: 161–176
González-Reimers E, Quintero-Platt G, Martín-González C et al (2016) Thrombin activation and liver inflammation in advanced hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 14(22(18)):4427–4437. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i18.4427
doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i18.4427
Goossens N, Negro F (2017) Cardiovascular manifestations of hepatitis C virus. Clin Liver Dis 21(3):465–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cld.2017.03.003
doi: 10.1016/j.cld.2017.03.003
pubmed: 28689586
Gragnani L, Fabbrizzi A, Triboli E et al (2014) Triple antiviral therapy in hepatitis C virus infection with or without mixed cryoglobulinaemia: a prospective, controlled pilot study. Dig Liver Dis 46(9):833–837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2014.05.017
doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2014.05.017
pubmed: 24953206
Gragnani L, Fognani E, Piluso A et al (2015) Long-term effect of HCV eradication in patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia: a prospective, controlled, open-label, cohort study. Hepatology 61(4):1145–1153. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.27623
doi: 10.1002/hep.27623
pubmed: 25431357
Gragnani L, Cerretelli G, Lorini S et al (2018) Interferon-free therapy in hepatitis C virus mixed cryoglobulinaemia: a prospective, controlled, clinical and quality of life analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 48(4):440–450
doi: 10.1111/apt.14845
Hanley J, Jarvis L, Simmonds P et al (1996) HCV and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Lancet 347(9011):1339. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90991-5
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90991-5
pubmed: 8622540
Hashimoto S, Yatsuhashi H, Abiru et al (2016) Rapid increase in serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration during hepatitis C interferon-free treatment. PLoS One 11(9):e0163644. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163644
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163644
pubmed: 27680885
pmcid: 5040437
Hassan AM, Osman HA, Mahmoud HS et al (2018) Sofosbuvir-daclatasvir improves hepatitis C virus-induced mixed cryoglobulinemia: Upper Egypt experience. Infect Drug Resist 11:895–901. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S167093 . Erratum in: Infect Drug Resist. 2019 May 29;12:1469
doi: 10.2147/IDR.S167093
pubmed: 29983581
pmcid: 6027820
Hausfater P, Cacoub P, Sterkers Y et al (2001) Hepatitis C virus infection and lymphoproliferative diseases: prospective study on 1,576 patients in France. Am J Hematol 67(3):168–171. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.1101
doi: 10.1002/ajh.1101
pubmed: 11391713
Henson JB, Sise ME (2019) The association of hepatitis C infection with the onset of CKD and progression into ESRD. Semin Dial 32(2):108–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/sdi.12759
doi: 10.1111/sdi.12759
pubmed: 30496620
Hosry J, Mahale P, Turturro F et al (2016) Antiviral therapy improves overall survival in hepatitis C virus-infected patients who develop diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Int J Cancer 139(11):2519–2528. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.30372
doi: 10.1002/ijc.30372
pubmed: 27501007
pmcid: 5028297
Hsu YH, Muo CH, Liu CY et al (2015a) Hepatitis C virus infection increases the risk of developing peripheral arterial disease: a 9-year population-based cohort study. J Hepatol 62(3):519–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2014.09.022
doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.09.022
pubmed: 25263004
Hsu YC, Ho HJ, Huang YT et al (2015b) Association between antiviral treatment and extrahepatic outcomes in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Gut 64(3):495–503. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308163
doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308163
pubmed: 25398770
Huang JF, Huang CF, Yeh ML et al (2017) The outcomes of glucose abnormalities in chronic hepatitis C patients receiving interferon-free direct antiviral agents. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 33:567–571
doi: 10.1016/j.kjms.2017.07.003
Hui JM, Sud A, Farrell et al (2003) Insulin resistance is associated with chronic hepatitis C virus infection and fibrosis progression [corrected]. Gastroenterology 125(6):1695–1704. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2003.08.032
doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2003.08.032
pubmed: 14724822
Hum J, Jou JH, Green et al (2017) Improvement in glycemic control of type 2 diabetes after successful treatment of hepatitis C virus. Diabetes Care 40(9):1173–1180. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-0485
doi: 10.2337/dc17-0485
pubmed: 28659309
Humphries K, Darling JM, Barritt AS 4th (2014) Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, type II cryoglobulinemia and triple therapy for hepatitis C: a case series and review of the literature. Dig Dis Sci 59(8):2007–2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-014-3085-7
doi: 10.1007/s10620-014-3085-7
pubmed: 24633573
Ichikawa T, Miyaaki H, Miuma S et al (2019) Carotid intima-media thickness and small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol increase after one year of treatment with direct-acting antivirals in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Intern Med 58(9):1209–1215. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.1514-18
doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.1514-18
pubmed: 30626818
pmcid: 6543209
Ikeda A, Ikeda K, Takai et al (2017) Hepatitis C treatment with Sofosbuvir and Ledipasvir accompanied by immediate improvement in hemoglobin A1c. Digestion 96(4):228–230. https://doi.org/10.1159/000484237
doi: 10.1159/000484237
pubmed: 29084399
Ishizaka Y, Ishizaka N, Takahashi E et al (2003) Association between hepatitis C virus core protein and carotid atherosclerosis. Circ J 67(1):26–30. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.67.26
doi: 10.1253/circj.67.26
pubmed: 12520147
Iwane K, Kayahara T, Takabatake H et al (2019) Recurrence of malignant lymphoma immediately after treatment for hepatitis C virus using direct-acting antivirals. Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 116(2):177–183. Japanese. https://doi.org/10.11405/nisshoshi.116.177
Kanwal F, White DL, Tavakoli-Tabasi S et al (2014) Many patients with interleukin 28B genotypes associated with response to therapy are ineligible for treatment because of comorbidities. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 12(2): 327–333.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2013.08.034
Karavattathayyil SJ, Kalkeri G, Liu HJ et al (2000) Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA sequences in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Am J Clin Pathol 113(3):391–398. https://doi.org/10.1309/REV9-FDTM-5NGC-HBWY
doi: 10.1309/REV9-FDTM-5NGC-HBWY
pubmed: 10705820
Kasama Y, Sekiguchi S, Saito M et al (2011) Persistent expression of the full genome of hepatitis C virus in B cells induces spontaneous development of B-cell lymphomas in vivo. Blood 116(23):4926–4933. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2010-05-283358
doi: 10.1182/blood-2010-05-283358
Katsi V, Felekos I, Skevofilax S et al (2015) Cardiovascular disease and hepatitis C virus infection: an irrelevant statement or a hot relationship? Cardiol Rev 23(1):11–17. https://doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0000000000000031
doi: 10.1097/CRD.0000000000000031
pubmed: 24926806
Kawagishi N, Suda G, Nakamura A et al (2018) Liver steatosis and dyslipidemia after HCV eradication by direct acting antiviral agents are synergistic risks of atherosclerosis. PLoS One 13(12):e0209615. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209615
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209615
pubmed: 30576386
pmcid: 6303061
Koga T, Kawashiri SY, Nakao K et al (2017) Successful ledipasvir + sofosbuvir treatment of active synovitis in a rheumatoid arthritis patient with hepatitis C virus-related mixed cryoglobulinemia. Mod Rheumatol 27(5):917–918. https://doi.org/10.1080/14397595.2016.1253814
doi: 10.1080/14397595.2016.1253814
pubmed: 27848256
Kuller LH, Tracy R, Belloso W et al (2008) Inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers and mortality in patients with HIV infection. PLoS Med 5(10):e203. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050203
doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050203
pubmed: 18942885
pmcid: 2570418
Landau DA, Saadoun D, Calabrese LH et al (2007) The pathophysiology of HCV induced B-cell clonal disorders. Autoimmun Rev 6(8):581–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2007.03.010
doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2007.03.010
pubmed: 17854753
Lanini S, Bartolini B, Taibi C et al (2019) Early improvement of glycaemic control after virus clearance in patients with chronic hepatitis C and severe liver fibrosis: a cohort study. New Microbiol 42(3):139–144
pubmed: 31305933
Latt N, Alachkar N, Gurakar A (2012) Hepatitis C virus and its renal manifestations: a review and update. Gastroenterol Hepatol 8(7):434–445
Lauletta G, Russi S, Pavone F et al (2017) Direct-acting antiviral agents in the therapy of hepatitis C virus-related mixed cryoglobulinaemia: a single-centre experience. Arthritis Res Ther 19(1):74. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-017-1280-6
doi: 10.1186/s13075-017-1280-6
pubmed: 28388935
pmcid: 5385046
Lee MH, Yang HI, Lu SN et al (2012) Chronic hepatitis C virus infection increases mortality from hepatic and extrahepatic diseases: a community-based long-term prospective study. J Infect Dis 206(4):469–477. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis385
doi: 10.1093/infdis/jis385
pubmed: 22811301
Li T, Qu Y, Guo Y et al (2017) Efficacy and safety of direct-acting antivirals-based antiviral therapies for hepatitis C virus patients with stage 4-5 chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis. Liver Int 37(7):974–981. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.13336
doi: 10.1111/liv.13336
pubmed: 27943605
Li J, Gordon SC, Rupp LB et al (2019) Sustained virological response does not improve long-term glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic hepatitis C. Liver Int 39(6):1027–1032. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.14031
doi: 10.1111/liv.14031
pubmed: 30570808
pmcid: 6628708
Lim LY, La D, Cserti-Gazdewich CM et al (2015) Lymphoma remission by interferon-free HCV eradication without chemotherapy. ACG Case Rep J 3(1):69–70. https://doi.org/10.14309/crj.2015.104
doi: 10.14309/crj.2015.104
pubmed: 26504885
pmcid: 4612765
Lonardo A, Ballestri S, Guaraldi G et al (2016) Fatty liver is associated with an increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease – evidence from three different disease models: NAFLD, HCV and HIV. World J Gastroenterol 22(44):9674–9693. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i44.9674
doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i44.9674
pubmed: 27956792
pmcid: 5124973
Loria P, Marchesini G, Nascimbeni F et al (2014) Cardiovascular risk, lipidemic phenotype and steatosis. A comparative analysis of cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic liver disease due to varying etiology. Atherosclerosis 232(1):99–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.10.030
doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.10.030
pubmed: 24401223
Luppi M, Grazia Ferrari M, Bonaccorsi G et al (1996) Hepatitis C virus infection in subsets of neoplastic lymphoproliferations not associated with cryoglobulinemia. Leukemia 10(2):351–355
pubmed: 8637247
Machida K, Cheng KT, Lai CK et al (2006a) Hepatitis C virus triggers mitochondrial permeability transition with production of reactive oxygen species, leading to DNA damage and STAT3 activation. J Virol 80(14):7199–7207. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00321-06
doi: 10.1128/JVI.00321-06
pubmed: 16809325
pmcid: 1489016
Machida K, Cheng KT, Sung VM et al (2006b) Hepatitis C virus induces toll-like receptor 4 expression, leading to enhanced production of beta interferon and interleukin-6. J Virol 80(2):866–874. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.80.2.866-874.2006
doi: 10.1128/JVI.80.2.866-874.2006
pubmed: 16378988
pmcid: 1346849
Maggi G, Bottelli R, Gola D et al (1996) Serum cholesterol and chronic hepatitis C. Ital J Gastroenterol 28(8):436–440
pubmed: 9032585
Mahale P, Engels EA, Li R et al (2018) The effect of sustained virological response on the risk of extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C virus infection. Gut 67(3):553–561. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2017-313983
doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-313983
pubmed: 28634198
Makara M, Sulyok M, Csacsovszki O et al (2015) Successful treatment of HCV-associated cryoglobulinemia with ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir, dasabuvir and ribavirin: a case report. J Clin Virol 72:66–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2015.09.003
doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.09.003
pubmed: 26414149
Maruyama S, Koda M, Oyake N et al (2013) Myocardial injury in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. J Hepatol 58(1):11–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2012.07.045
doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.07.045
pubmed: 22889957
Marzouk D, Sass J, Bakr I et al (2007) Metabolic and cardiovascular risk profiles and hepatitis C virus infection in rural Egypt. Gut 56(8):1105–1110. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2006.091983
doi: 10.1136/gut.2006.091983
pubmed: 16956918
Masarone M, Persico M (2019) Hepatitis C virus infection and non-hepatocellular malignancies in the DAA era: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Liver Int 39(7):1292–1306. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.14119
doi: 10.1111/liv.14119
pubmed: 30983083
Matsumori A (2006) Role of hepatitis C virus in cardiomyopathies. Ernst Schering Res Found Workshop 55:99–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-30822-9_7
doi: 10.1007/3-540-30822-9_7
Matsumori A, Matoba Y, Nishio R et al (1996) Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA from the heart of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 222(3):678–682. https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1996.0803
doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1996.0803
pubmed: 8651904
Matsumori A, Ohashi N, Hasegawa K et al (1998) Hepatitis C virus infection and heart diseases: a multicenter study in Japan. Jpn Circ J 62(5):389–391. https://doi.org/10.1253/jcj.62.389
doi: 10.1253/jcj.62.389
pubmed: 9626910
Matsuo K, Kusano A, Sugumar A et al (2004) Effect of hepatitis C virus infection on the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Cancer Sci 95(9):745–752. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03256.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03256.x
pubmed: 15471561
Mauss S, Berger F, Wehmeyer MH et al (2017) Effect of antiviral therapy for HCV on lipid levels. Antivir Ther 21(1):81–88. https://doi.org/10.3851/IMP3094
doi: 10.3851/IMP3094
pubmed: 27685337
Mazzaro C, Franzin F, Tulissi P et al (1996) Regression of monoclonal B-cell expansion in patients affected by mixed cryoglobulinemia responsive to alpha-interferon therapy. Cancer 77(12):2604–2613
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19960615)77:12<2604::AID-CNCR26>3.0.CO;2-V
Mehta SH, Brancati FL, Sulkowski MS et al (2000) Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among persons with hepatitis C virus infection in the United States. Ann Intern Med 133(8):592–599. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-133-8-200010170-00009
doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-133-8-200010170-00009
pubmed: 11033586
Mehta DA, Cohen E, Charafeddine M et al (2017) Effect of hepatitis C treatment with Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/R + Dasabuvir on renal, cardiovascular and metabolic Extrahepatic manifestations: a post-hoc analysis of phase 3 clinical trials. Infect Dis Ther 6(4):515–529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40121-017-0171-0
doi: 10.1007/s40121-017-0171-0
pubmed: 28939957
pmcid: 5700891
Meissner EG, Lee YJ, Osinusi A et al (2015) Effect of sofosbuvir and ribavirin treatment on peripheral and hepatic lipid metabolism in chronic hepatitis C virus, genotype 1-infected patients. Hepatology 61(3):790–801. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.27424
doi: 10.1002/hep.27424
pubmed: 25203718
pmcid: 4340816
Mele A, Pulsoni A, Bianco E et al (2003) Hepatitis C virus and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas: an Italian multicenter case-control study. Blood 102(3):996–999. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2002-10-3230
doi: 10.1182/blood-2002-10-3230
pubmed: 12714514
Merli M, Frigeni M, Alric L et al (2019) Direct-acting antivirals in hepatitis C virus-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. Oncologist 24(8):e720–e729. https://doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2018-0331
doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2018-0331
pubmed: 30552159
Merli M, Defrancesco I, Visco C et al (2020) Direct-acting antivirals in relapsed or refractory hepatitis C virus-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 61(9):2122–2128. https://doi.org/10.1080/10428194.2020.1755859
doi: 10.1080/10428194.2020.1755859
pubmed: 32343165
Merz A, Long G, Hiet MS et al (2011) Biochemical and morphological properties of hepatitis C virus particles and determination of their lipidome. J Biol Chem 286(4):3018–3032. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.175018
doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.175018
pubmed: 21056986
Miailhes P, Hartig-Lavie K, Virlogeux V, et al (2018) Benefit of direct-acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) in monoinfected and HIV-HCV-coinfected patients with mixed cryoglobulinaemia. Clin Microbiol Infect 24(11):1215.e1–1215.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.05.019
Minopetrou M, Hadziyannis E, Deutsch M et al (2013) Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related cryoglobulinemia: cryoglobulin type and anti-HCV profile. Clin Vaccine Immunol 20(5):698–703. https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00720-12
doi: 10.1128/CVI.00720-12
pubmed: 23467778
pmcid: 3647756
Mohanty A, Salameh S, Butt AA (2019) Impact of direct acting antiviral agent therapy upon Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C virus infection. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 16(5):389–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-019-00466-1
doi: 10.1007/s11904-019-00466-1
pubmed: 31482299
Montella M, Crispo A, de Bellis G et al (2001) HCV and cancer: a case-control study in a high-endemic area. Liver 21(5):335–341. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0676.2001.210506.x
doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0676.2001.210506.x
pubmed: 11589770
Montero N, Favà A, Rodriguez E et al (2018) Treatment for hepatitis C virus-associated mixed cryoglobulinaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5(5):CD011403. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011403.pub2
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011403.pub2
pubmed: 29734473
Morales AL, Junga Z, Singla MB et al (2016) Hepatitis C eradication with sofosbuvir leads to significant metabolic changes. World J Hepatol 8(35):1557–1563. https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v8.i35.1557
doi: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i35.1557
pubmed: 28050236
pmcid: 5165269
Moucari R, Asselah T, Cazals-Hatem D et al (2008) Insulin resistance in chronic hepatitis C: association with genotypes 1 and 4, serum HCV RNA level, and liver fibrosis. Gastroenterology 134(2):416–423. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2007.11.010
doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.11.010
pubmed: 18164296
Nahon P, Bourcier V, Layese R et al (2017) Eradication of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with cirrhosis reduces risk of liver and non-liver complications. Gastroenterology 152(1):142–156.e2. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2016.09.009
Negro F (2014) Facts and fictions of HCV and comorbidities: steatosis, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. J Hepatol 61(1 Suppl):S69–S78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2014.08.003
doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.08.003
pubmed: 25443347
Negro F, Forton D, Craxì A et al (2015) Extrahepatic morbidity and mortality of chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 149(6):1345–1360. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2015.08.035
doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.08.035
pubmed: 26319013
Nielsen SU, Bassendine MF, Burt AD et al (2006) Association between hepatitis C virus and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)/LDL analyzed in iodixanol density gradients. J Virol 80(5):2418–2428. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.80.5.2418-2428.2006
doi: 10.1128/JVI.80.5.2418-2428.2006
pubmed: 16474148
pmcid: 1395398
Novo G, Macaione F, Giannitrapani L et al (2018) Subclinical cardiovascular damage in patients with HCV cirrhosis before and after treatment with direct antiviral agents: a prospective study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 48(7):740–749. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14934
doi: 10.1111/apt.14934
pubmed: 30095177
Obata F, Murakami T, Miyagi J et al (2017) A case of rapid amelioration of hepatitis C virus-associated cryoglobulinemic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis treated by interferon-free directly acting antivirals for HCV in the absence of immunosuppressant. CEN Case Rep 6(1):55–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13730-016-0244-z
doi: 10.1007/s13730-016-0244-z
pubmed: 28509128
Occhipinti V, Farina L, Viganò M et al (2018) Concomitant therapy with direct-acting antivirals and chemoimmunotherapy in HCV-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Dig Liver Dis 51(5):719–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2018.10.019
doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2018.10.019
pubmed: 30502232
Ohsawa M, Tomita Y, Hashimoto M et al (1998) Hepatitis C viral genome in a subset of primary hepatic lymphomas. Mod Pathol 11(5):471–478
pubmed: 9619601
Okabe M, Fukuda K, Arakawa K et al (1997) Chronic variant of myocarditis associated with hepatitis C virus infection. Circulation 96(1):22–24. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.96.1.22
doi: 10.1161/01.cir.96.1.22
pubmed: 9236410
Okay M, Aslan T, Özdemir E et al (2020) Splenic marginal zone lymphoma in Turkey: association with hepatitis B instead of hepatitis C virus as an etiologic and possible prognostic factor - A multicenter cohort study. Turk J Haematol 6(37(2)):84–90. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjh.galenos.2019.2019.0177
doi: 10.4274/tjh.galenos.2019.2019.0177
Oliveira CP, Kappel CR, Siqueira ER et al (2013) Effects of hepatitis C virus on cardiovascular risk in infected patients: a comparative study. Int J Cardiol 164(2):221–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.07.016
doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.07.016
pubmed: 21784542
Osibogun O, Ogunmoroti O, Michos ED et al (2017) HIV/HCV coinfection and the risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. J Viral Hepat 24(11):998–1004. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvh.12725
doi: 10.1111/jvh.12725
pubmed: 28502092
Pavone P, Tieghi T, d’Ettorre et al (2016) Rapid decline of fasting glucose in HCV diabetic patients treated with direct-acting antiviral agents. Clin Microbiol Infect 22(5):462.e1–462.e4623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2015.12.030
Pellicelli A, Giannelli V, Zoli V et al (2018) Antiviral therapy in hepatitis C-infected patients prevents relapse of diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Clin Exp Hepatol 4(3):197–200. https://doi.org/10.5114/ceh.2018.78124
doi: 10.5114/ceh.2018.78124
pubmed: 30324145
pmcid: 6185930
Pepe A, Meloni A, Borsellino Z et al (2015) Myocardial fibrosis by late gadolinium enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance and hepatitis C virus infection in thalassemia major patients. J Cardiovasc Med 16(10):689–695. https://doi.org/10.2459/JCM.0000000000000278
doi: 10.2459/JCM.0000000000000278
Perazzo H, Castro R, Luz PM et al (2020) Effectiveness of generic direct-acting agents for the treatment of hepatitis C: systematic review and meta-analysis. Bull World Health Organ 98(3):188–197K. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.19.231522
doi: 10.2471/BLT.19.231522
pubmed: 32132753
Perticone M, Maio R, Tassone EJ et al (2015) Insulin-resistance HCV infection-related affects vascular stiffness in normotensives. Atherosclerosis 238(1):108–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.11.025
doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.11.025
pubmed: 25461736
Petta S, Torres D, Fazio G et al (2012) Carotid atherosclerosis and chronic hepatitis C: a prospective study of risk associations. Hepatology 55(5):1317–1323. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.25508
doi: 10.1002/hep.25508
pubmed: 22135089
Petta S, Macaluso FS, Craxì A (2014) Cardiovascular diseases and HCV infection: a simple association or more? Gut 63(3):369–375. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2013-30610
doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-30610
pubmed: 24295849
Petta S, Adinolfi LE, Fracanzani AL et al (2018) Hepatitis C virus eradication by direct-acting antiviral agents improves carotid atherosclerosis in patients with severe liver fibrosis. J Hepatol 69(1):18–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2018.02.015
doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.02.015
pubmed: 29505844
Peveling-Oberhag J, Crisman G, Schmidt A et al (2012) Dysregulation of global microRNA expression in splenic marginal zone lymphoma and influence of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Leukemia 26(7):1654–1662. https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2012.29
doi: 10.1038/leu.2012.29
pubmed: 22307176
Peveling-Oberhag J, Arcaini L, Hansmann ML et al (2013) Hepatitis C-associated B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Epidemiology, molecular signature and clinical management. J Hepatol 59(1):169–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2013.03.018
doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.03.018
pubmed: 23542089
Peveling-Oberhag J, Arcaini L, Bankov K et al (2016) The anti-lymphoma activity of antiviral therapy in HCV-associated B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas: a meta-analysis. J Viral Hepat 23(7):536–544. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvh.12518
doi: 10.1111/jvh.12518
pubmed: 26924533
Pioltelli P, Zehender G, Monti G et al (1996) HCV and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Lancet 347(9001):624–625. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(96)91328-8
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)91328-8
pubmed: 8596360
Poynard T, Bedossa P, Opolon P (1997) Natural history of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C. The OBSVIRC, METAVIR, CLINIVIR, and DOSVIRC groups. Lancet (London, England) 349(9055):825–832. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(96)07642-8
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)07642-8
Poynard T, Ratziu V, Benmanov Y et al (2000) Fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C: detection and significance. Semin Liver Dis 20(1):47–55. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-9258
doi: 10.1055/s-2000-9258
pubmed: 10895431
Pozzato G, Mazzaro C, Artemova M et al (2020) Direct-acting antiviral agents for hepatitis C virus-mixed cryoglobulinaemia: dissociated virological and haematological responses. Br J Haematol. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.17036
Quinn ER, Chan CH, Hadlock KG et al (2001) The B-cell receptor of a hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma binds the viral E2 envelope protein, implicating HCV in lymphomagenesis. Blood 98(13):3745–3749. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.v98.13.3745
doi: 10.1182/blood.v98.13.3745
pubmed: 11739181
Rattotti S, Ferretti VV, Rusconi C et al (2019) Lymphomas associated with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: a prospective multicenter cohort study from the rete Ematologica Lombarda (REL) clinical network. Hematol Oncol 37(2):160–167. https://doi.org/10.1002/hon.2575
doi: 10.1002/hon.2575
pubmed: 30726562
Revuelto Artigas T, Betriu Bars À, Zaragoza Velasco N et al (2019a) Antiviral treatment does not improve subclinical atheromatosis in patients with chronic hepatitis caused by hepatitis C virus. El tratamiento antiviral no mejora la ateromatosis subclínica en pacientes con hepatitis crónica por virus de la hepatitis C. Gastroenterol Hepatol 42(6):362–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gastrohep.2019.02.002
doi: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2019.02.002
pubmed: 30952463
Revuelto Artigas T, Zaragoza Velasco N, Gómez Arbones X et al (2019b) Chronic hepatitis C infection: An independent risk factor for subclinical atheromatosis. Infección crónica por el virus de la hepatitis C: un factor de riesgo independiente para la ateromatosis subclínica. Rev Clin Esp 219(6):293–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rce.2018.12.007
doi: 10.1016/j.rce.2018.12.007
pubmed: 30773286
Roccatello D, Saadoun D, Ramos-Casals M et al (2018) Cryoglobulinaemia. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2(4(1)):11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-018-0009-4
doi: 10.1038/s41572-018-0009-4
Rodríguez de Santiago E, Velázquez Kennedy K, García González M et al (2018) HCV-positive lymphoma after sustained virological response with direct-acting antiviral agents: the game is not over after HCV eradication. J Viral Hepat 25(5):614–615. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvh.12843
doi: 10.1111/jvh.12843
pubmed: 29239080
Romano C, Cuomo G, Ferrara R et al (2018) Uncommon immune-mediated extrahepatic manifestations of HCV infection. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 14(12):1089–1099. https://doi.org/10.1080/1744666X.2018.1538790
doi: 10.1080/1744666X.2018.1538790
pubmed: 30338718
Rossotti R, Travi G, Pazzi A et al (2015) Rapid clearance of HCV-related splenic marginal zone lymphoma under an interferon-free, NS3/NS4A inhibitor-based treatment. A case report. J Hepatol 62(1):234–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2014.09.031
doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.09.031
pubmed: 25285757
Saadoun D, Resche Rigon M, Thibault V et al (2014) Peg-IFNα/ribavirin/protease inhibitor combination in hepatitis C virus associated mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis: results at week 24. Ann Rheum Dis 73(5):831–837. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202770
doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202770
pubmed: 23606708
Saadoun D, Resche Rigon M, Pol S et al (2015) PegIFNα/ribavirin/protease inhibitor combination in severe hepatitis C virus-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis. J Hepatol 62(1):24–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2014.08.015
doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.08.015
pubmed: 25135864
Saadoun D, Pol S, Ferfar Y, et al (2017) Efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir plus daclatasvir for treatment of HCV-associated cryoglobulinemia vasculitis. Gastroenterology 153(1):49–52.e5. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2017.03.006
Sagnelli E, Pisaturo M, Stanzione M et al (2013) Clinical presentation, outcome, and response to therapy among patients with acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis C. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 11(9):1174–1180.e11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2013.03.025
Sagnelli E, Macera M, Russo A et al (2019) Epidemiological and etiological variations in hepatocellular carcinoma. Infection. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-019-01345-y
Sagnelli C, Uberti-Foppa C, Cella E et al (2020) Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 infection in immigrant population in norther Italy. Epidemiol Infect 148:e19. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268819002012
doi: 10.1017/S0950268819002012
pubmed: 32019634
pmcid: 7019499
Sanchez MJ, Bergasa NV (2008) Hepatitis C associated cardiomyopathy: potential pathogenic mechanisms and clinical implications. Med Sci Monit 14(5):RA55–RA63
pubmed: 18443562
Santantonio T, Medda E, Ferrari C et al (2006) Risk factors and outcome among a large patient cohort with community-acquired acute hepatitis C in Italy. Clin Infect Dis 43(9):1154–1159. https://doi.org/10.1086/507640
doi: 10.1086/507640
pubmed: 17029134
Sarhan MA, Pham TN, Chen AY et al (2018) Hepatitis C virus infection of human T lymphocytes is mediated by CD5. J Virol 86(7):3723–3735. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.06956-11
doi: 10.1128/JVI.06956-11
Schiavinato A, Zanetto A, Pantano G et al (2017) Polyclonal and monoclonal B lymphocytes response in HCV-infected patients treated with direct-acting antiviral agents. J Viral Hepat 24(12):1168–1176. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvh.12746
doi: 10.1111/jvh.12746
pubmed: 28643451
Shapira MY, Muszkat M, Braunstein I et al (2001) Co-occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma and lymphoma in patients with hepatitis C virus cirrhosis. J Clin Gastroenterol 32(4):368–369. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004836-200104000-00023
doi: 10.1097/00004836-200104000-00023
pubmed: 11276290
Shimono J, Miyoshi H, Kato T et al (2017) Hepatitis C virus infection is an independent prognostic factor in follicular lymphoma. Oncotarget 9(2):1717–1725. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.23138
doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.23138
pubmed: 29416725
pmcid: 5788593
Shin HP, Park JA, Burman B et al (2017) Efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir-based regimens for treatment in chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 patients with moderately impaired renal function. Clin Mol Hepatol 23(4):316–322. https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2016.0087
doi: 10.3350/cmh.2016.0087
pubmed: 28827512
pmcid: 5760003
Sigon G, D’Ambrosio R, Clerici M et al (2019) Procoagulant imbalance influences cardiovascular and liver damage in chronic hepatitis C independently of steatosis. Liver Int. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.14213
Simó R, Lecube A, Genescà J et al (2006) Sustained virological response correlates with reduction in the incidence of glucose abnormalities in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Diabetes Care 29(11):2462–2466. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc06-0456
doi: 10.2337/dc06-0456
pubmed: 17065685
Sise ME, Bloom AK, Wisocky J et al (2016) Treatment of hepatitis C virus-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia with direct-acting antiviral agents. Hepatology 63(2):408–417. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.28297
doi: 10.1002/hep.28297
pubmed: 26474537
Sise ME, Chute DF, Oppong Y et al (2020) Direct-acting antiviral therapy slows kidney function decline in patients with hepatitis C virus infection and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 97(1):193–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2019.04.030
doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.04.030
pubmed: 31337501
Soeiro C, Gonçalves C, Marques et al (2018) Glomerular filtration rate change during chronic hepatitis C treatment with Sofosbuvir/Ledipasvir in HCV/HIV Coinfected patients treated with Tenofovir and a boosted protease inhibitor: an observational prospective study. BMC Infect Dis 18(1):364. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3278-3
doi: 10.1186/s12879-018-3278-3
pubmed: 30075765
pmcid: 6090809
Soriano V, Barreiro P, de Mendoza C (2016) Hypoglycemia in a diabetic patient during hepatitis C therapy. Hepatology 63(6):2065–2066. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.28137
doi: 10.1002/hep.28137
pubmed: 26316199
Stine JG, Wynter JA, Niccum B et al (2017) Effect of treatment with direct acting antiviral on glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic hepatitis C. Ann Hepatol 16(2):215–220. https://doi.org/10.5604/16652681.1231581
doi: 10.5604/16652681.1231581
pubmed: 31153414
pmcid: 6600819
Stroffolini T, Sagnelli E, Sagnelli C et al (2018) Geographical pattern of chronic liver diseases in Italy: results from two pooled national surveys Eur J Intern Med. pii: S0953–6205(18)30408–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2018.10.015
Su TH, Liu CJ, Tseng TC et al (2019) Early antiviral therapy reduces the risk of lymphoma in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 49(3):331–339. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15101
doi: 10.1111/apt.15101
pubmed: 30592071
Suarez F, Lortholary O, Hermine O et al (2006) Infection-associated lymphomas derived from marginal zone B cells: a model of antigen-driven lymphoproliferation. Blood 107(8):3034–3044. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-09-3679
doi: 10.1182/blood-2005-09-3679
pubmed: 16397126
Sultanik P, Klotz C, Brault P et al (2015) Regression of an HCV-associated disseminated marginal zone lymphoma under IFN-free antiviral treatment. Blood 125(15):2446–2447. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2014-12-618652
doi: 10.1182/blood-2014-12-618652
pubmed: 25858892
Tada S, Saito H, Ebinuma H et al (2009) Treatment of hepatitis C virus with peg-interferon and ribavirin combination therapy significantly affects lipid metabolism. Hepatol Res 39(2):195–199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1872-034X.2008.00439.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1872-034X.2008.00439.x
pubmed: 19054155
Taramasso L, Di Biagio A, Bovis F et al (2018) Trend of estimated glomerular filtration rate during ombistasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir plus dasabuvir ± ribavirin in HIV/HCV co-infected patients. PLoS One 13(2):e0192627. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192627
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192627
pubmed: 29462201
pmcid: 5819795
Targher G, Bertolini L, Padovani R et al (2007) Differences and similarities in early atherosclerosis between patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and chronic hepatitis B and C. J Hepatol 46(6):1126–1132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2007.01.021
doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.01.021
pubmed: 17335930
Teegen EM, Dürr M, Maurer MM et al (2019) Evaluation of histological dynamics, kidney function and diabetes in liver transplant patients after antiviral treatment with direct-acting antivirals: therapy of HCV-recurrence. Transpl Infect Dis 21
Terrier B, Karras A, Cluzel P et al (2013) Presentation and prognosis of cardiac involvement in hepatitis C virus-related vasculitis. Am J Cardiol 111(2):265–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.09.028
doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.09.028
pubmed: 23116612
Tomiyama H, Arai T, Hirose K et al (2003) Hepatitis C virus seropositivity, but not hepatitis B virus carrier or seropositivity, associated with increased pulse wave velocity. Atherosclerosis 166(2):401–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9150(02)00388-x
doi: 10.1016/s0021-9150(02)00388-x
pubmed: 12535755
Tran TT, Mehta D, Goldstein A et al (2017) Potential effect of hepatitis C treatment on renal, cardiovascular and metabolic extrahepatic manifestations: results from clinical trials of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir ± ribavirin. J Hepatol 66(1):S302. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(17)30921-2
doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(17)30921-2
Tran TT, Mehta D, Mensa F et al (2018) Pan-genotypic hepatitis C treatment with Glecaprevir and Pibrentasvir for 8 weeks resulted in improved cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes and stable renal function: a post-hoc analysis of phase 3 clinical trials. Infect Dis Ther 7(4):473–484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40121-018-0218-x
doi: 10.1007/s40121-018-0218-x
pubmed: 30368684
pmcid: 6249176
Tsai MS, Hsu YC, Yu PC et al (2015) Long-term risk of acute coronary syndrome in hepatitis C virus infected patients without antiviral treatment: a cohort study from an endemic area. Int J Cardiol 181:27–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.11.200
doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.11.200
pubmed: 25479534
Tsui JI, Whooley MA, Monto A et al (2009) Association of hepatitis C virus seropositivity with inflammatory markers and heart failure in persons with coronary heart disease: data from the heart and soul study. J Card Fail 15(5):451–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2008.12.003
doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2008.12.003
pubmed: 19477406
pmcid: 2782758
Urbaczek AC, Ribeiro LCDEA, Ximenes VF et al (2014) Inflammatory response of endothelial cells to hepatitis C virus recombinant envelope glycoprotein 2 protein exposure. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 109(6):748–756. https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-0276140090
doi: 10.1590/0074-0276140090
pubmed: 25317702
pmcid: 4238766
Utsunomiya T, Okamoto M, Tsujita E et al (2009) Hepatocellular carcinoma infiltrated with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: report of a case. Surg Today 39(11):1010–1012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00595-009-3966-0
doi: 10.1007/s00595-009-3966-0
pubmed: 19882328
Vanni E, Bugianesi E, Saracco G (2016) Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus by viral eradication in chronic hepatitis C: myth or reality? Dig Liver Dis 48(2):105–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2015.10.016
doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2015.10.016
pubmed: 26614641
Vassalle C, Masini S, Bianchi F et al (2004) Evidence for association between hepatitis C virus seropositivity and coronary artery disease. Heart 90(5):565–566. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2003.018937
doi: 10.1136/hrt.2003.018937
pubmed: 15084562
pmcid: 1768206
Vassalle C, Petta S, Pepe A et al (2018) Expert opinion on managing chronic HCV in patients with cardiovascular disease. Antivir Ther 23(Suppl 2):35–46. https://doi.org/10.3851/IMP3248
doi: 10.3851/IMP3248
pubmed: 30451152
Visco C, Finotto S (2014) Hepatitis C virus and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: pathogenesis, behavior and treatment. World J Gastroenterol 20(32):11054–11061. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i32.11054
doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i32.11054
pubmed: 25170194
pmcid: 4145748
Visco C, Wang J, Tisi MC et al (2017) Hepatitis C virus positive diffuse large B-cell lymphomas have distinct molecular features and lack BCL2 translocations. Br J Cancer 117(11):1685–1688. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2017.345
doi: 10.1038/bjc.2017.345
pubmed: 28949959
pmcid: 5729442
Wang CS, Wang ST, Yao WJ et al (2007) Hepatitis C virus infection and the development of type 2 diabetes in a community-based longitudinal study. Am J Epidemiol 166(2):196–203. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwm061
doi: 10.1093/aje/kwm061
pubmed: 17496314
Waris G, Felmlee DJ, Negro F et al (2007) Hepatitis C virus induces proteolytic cleavage of sterol regulatory element binding proteins and stimulates their phosphorylation via oxidative stress. J Virol 81(15):8122–8130. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00125-07
doi: 10.1128/JVI.00125-07
pubmed: 17507484
pmcid: 1951320
Webster DP, Klenerman P, Dusheiko GM (2015) Hepatitis C. Lancet 385(9973):1124–1135. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62401-6
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62401-6
pubmed: 25687730
pmcid: 4878852
Weidner P, Boettche D, Zimmerer T et al (2018) Impact of direct acting antiviral (DAA) treatment on glucose metabolism and reduction of pre-diabetes in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 27(3):281–289. https://doi.org/10.15403/jgld.2014.1121.273.daa
doi: 10.15403/jgld.2014.1121.273.daa
pubmed: 30240472
Wong AH, Sie J, Chen A et al (2020) Glycemic control after initiating direct-acting antiviral agents in patients with hepatitis C virus and type 2 diabetes mellitus using the United States integrated healthcare system. J Res Pharm Pract 9(1):16–23. https://doi.org/10.4103/jrpp.JRPP_19_110
doi: 10.4103/jrpp.JRPP_19_110
pubmed: 32489956
pmcid: 7235457
Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Nader F et al (2013) Associations of chronic hepatitis C with metabolic and cardiac outcomes. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 37(6):647–652. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.12234
doi: 10.1111/apt.12234
pubmed: 23384408
Younossi ZM, Elsheikh E, Stepanova M et al (2015) Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir treatment of hepatitis C virus is associated with reduction in serum apolipoprotein levels. J Viral Hepat 22(12):977–982. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvh.12448
doi: 10.1111/jvh.12448
pubmed: 26280786
Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Estep M et al (2016) Dysregulation of distal cholesterol biosynthesis in association with relapse and advanced disease in CHC genotype 2 and 3 treated with sofosbuvir and ribavirin. J Hepatol 64(1):29–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2015.08.027
doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.08.027
pubmed: 26341824
Zhao LJ, Zhang XL, Zhao P et al (2006) Up-regulation of ERK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways by hepatitis C virus E2 envelope protein in human T lymphoma cell line. J Leukoc Biol 80(2):424–432. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0106014
doi: 10.1189/jlb.0106014
pubmed: 16793913
Zhu X, Jing L, Li X (2019) Hepatitis C virus infection is a risk factor for non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a MOOSE-compliant meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 98(11):e14755. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000014755
doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000014755
Zignego AL, Ferri C, Giannini C et al (1997) Hepatitis C virus infection in mixed cryoglobulinemia and B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: evidence for a pathogenetic role. Arch Virol 142(3):545–555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s007050050100
doi: 10.1007/s007050050100
pubmed: 9349300
Zignego AL, Giannelli F, Marrocchi ME et al (2000) T(14;18) translocation in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 31(2):474–479. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.510310230
doi: 10.1002/hep.510310230
pubmed: 10655273
Zignego AL, Giannini C, Monti M et al (2007) Hepatitis C virus lymphotropism: lessons from a decade of studies. Dig Liver Dis 39(Suppl 1):S38–S45. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1590-8658(07)80009-0
doi: 10.1016/s1590-8658(07)80009-0
pubmed: 17936221