Overcoming open defecation for healthier environment in case of Pakistan.
Environment
Open defecation
Pakistan
Public health
Journal
Environmental science and pollution research international
ISSN: 1614-7499
Titre abrégé: Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 9441769
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Apr 2021
Apr 2021
Historique:
received:
10
12
2019
accepted:
01
12
2020
pubmed:
5
1
2021
medline:
10
4
2021
entrez:
4
1
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
With the growing awareness of the linkage among open defecation (OD), environment, and health, it is important to understand the factors responsible for OD. It is a necessary step toward developing a strategy to end open defecation for ensuring a better environment and human health. There is no such study available for Pakistan. The study, therefore, aims to bridge this gap. Using household data of Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2017-2018, an association of OD with potential predictors, analysis of variance, and a logistic regression model are employed to develop the evidence. The results suggest that place of residence, education, poverty status, social norms, geopolitical regions, and living space significantly predict the OD behavior in Pakistan. This study recommends two things: first is to facilitate the households and communities to own latrines, second is to change the behavior through intervention. However, political commitment and effective administration will be key to ascertain ending OD.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33394408
doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-11919-1
pii: 10.1007/s11356-020-11919-1
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
19179-19185Références
Abubakar IR (2017) Access to sanitation facilities among Nigerian households: determinants and sustainability implications. Sustainability 9(4):547
doi: 10.3390/su9040547
Azjen, I. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs.
Coffey D, Gupta A, Hathi P, Khurana N, Spears D, Srivastav N, Vyas S (2014) Revealed preference for open defecation. Econ Polit Wkly 49(38):43
Coombes Y, Devine J. (2010). Introducing FOAM: A Framework to Analyze Handwashing Behaviors to Design Handwashing Programs. World Bank.
Crocker J, Saywell D, Bartram J (2017) Sustainability of community-led total sanitation outcomes: evidence from Ethiopia and Ghana. Int J Hyg Environ Health 220(3):551–557
doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.02.011
Desai R, McFarlane C, Graham S (2015) The politics of open defecation: informality, body, and infrastructure in Mumbai. Antipode 47(1):98–120
doi: 10.1111/anti.12117
Galan DI, Kim S-S, Graham JP (2013) Exploring changes in open defecation prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa based on national level indices. BMC Public Health 13(1):527
doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-527
Gertler P, Shah M, Alzua ML, Cameron L, Martinez S, Patil S (2015). How does health promotion work? Evidence from the dirty business of eliminating open defecation (No. w20997). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Gross E, Günther I (2014) Why do households invest in sanitation in rural B enin: health, wealth, or prestige? Water Resour Res 50(10):8314–8329
doi: 10.1002/2014WR015899
Hathi P, Spears D, Coffey D (2016) Can collective action strategies motivate behaviour change to reduce open defecation in rural India? Waterlines 35(2):118–135
doi: 10.3362/1756-3488.2016.011
Hulland K, Martin N, Dreibelbis R, Valliant J, Winch P (2015) What factors affect sustained adoption of safe water, hygiene and sanitation technologies? A systematic review of literature. EPPI-Centre, Social Science Research Unit, UCL Institute of Education, University College London, London
Kerstens S, Spiller M, Leusbrock I, Zeeman G (2016) A new approach to nationwide sanitation planning for developing countries: case study of Indonesia. Sci Total Environ 550:676–689
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.104
Kirigia JM, Kainyu L (2000) Predictors of toilet ownership in South Africa. East African Medical Journal 77(12):667–672
Mara D (2017) The elimination of open defecation and its adverse health effects: a moral imperative for governments and development professionals. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 7(1):1–12
Noor TR, Ashrafee, S, 2004. An end to Open Defecation: Process, Cost, Motivation and Sustainability. 30th WEDC International Conference: People-Centred Approaches to Water and Environmental Sanitation. Vientiane, Lao PDR pp. 120–123. NPC & ICF International (2014) Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (2013) NPC and ICF International, Abuja, Nigeria, and Rockville. Maryland, USA
Okurut K, Kulabako R, Abbott P, Adogo J, Chenoweth J, Pedley S et al (2014) Access to improved sanitation facilities in low-income informal settlements of East African cities. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5(1):89–99
doi: 10.2166/washdev.2014.029
O’Reilly K, Dhanju R, Goel A (2017) Exploring “the remote” and “the rural”: open defecation and latrine use in Uttarakhand, India. World Dev 93:193–205
doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.12.022
Park M, Clements A, Gray D, Sadler R, Laksono B, Stewart D (2016) Quantifying accessibility and use of improved sanitation: towards a comprehensive indicator of the need for sanitation interventions. Sci Rep 6:30299
doi: 10.1038/srep30299
Sara S, Graham J (2014) Ending open defecation in rural Tanzania: which factors facilitate latrine adoption? Int J Environ Res Public Health 11(9):9854–9870
doi: 10.3390/ijerph110909854
Spears D, Ghosh A, Cumming O (2013) Open defecation and childhood stunting in India: an ecological analysis of new data from 112 districts. PLoS One 8(9):e73784
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073784
World Bank Group (2016) World development report 2016: digital dividends: World Bank Publications
World Health Organization, Unicef (2017) Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines. World Health Organization.