Resistance Training Load Effects on Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength Gain: Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.
Journal
Medicine and science in sports and exercise
ISSN: 1530-0315
Titre abrégé: Med Sci Sports Exerc
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 8005433
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
01 06 2021
01 06 2021
Historique:
pubmed:
13
1
2021
medline:
24
8
2021
entrez:
12
1
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
This study aimed to analyze the effect of resistance training (RT) performed until volitional failure with low, moderate, and high loads on muscle hypertrophy and muscle strength in healthy adults and to assess the possible participant-, design-, and training-related covariates that may affect the adaptations. Using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases were searched. Including only studies that performed sets to volitional failure, the effects of low- (>15 repetitions maximum (RM)), moderate- (9-15 RM), and high-load (≤8 RM) RTs were examined in healthy adults. Network meta-analysis was undertaken to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) between RT loads in overall and subgroup analyses involving studies deemed of high quality. Associations between participant-, design-, and training-related covariates with SMD were assessed by univariate and multivariate network meta-regression analyses. Twenty-eight studies involving 747 healthy adults were included. Although no differences in muscle hypertrophy between RT loads were found in overall (P = 0.113-0.469) or subgroup analysis (P = 0.871-0.995), greater effects were observed in untrained participants (P = 0.033) and participants with some training background who undertook more RT sessions (P = 0.031-0.045). Muscle strength improvement was superior for both high-load and moderate-load compared with low-load RT in overall and subgroup analysis (SMD, 0.60-0.63 and 0.34-0.35, respectively; P < 0.001-0.003), with a nonsignificant but superior effect for high compared with moderate load (SMD, 0.26-0.28, P = 0.068). Although muscle hypertrophy improvements seem to be load independent, increases in muscle strength are superior in high-load RT programs. Untrained participants exhibit greater muscle hypertrophy, whereas undertaking more RT sessions provides superior gains in those with previous training experience.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33433148
doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002585
pii: 00005768-202106000-00012
pmc: PMC8126497
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Meta-Analysis
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Systematic Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1206-1216Commentaires et corrections
Type : ErratumIn
Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Sports Medicine.
Références
Delorme TL, Watkins AL. Technics of progressive resistance exercise. Arch Phys Med Rehabil . 1948;29(5):263–73.
Anderson T, Kearney JT. Effects of three resistance training programs on muscular strength and absolute and relative endurance. Res Q Exerc Sport . 1982;53(1):1–7.
Campos GE, Luecke TJ, Wendeln HK, et al. Muscular adaptations in response to three different resistance-training regimens: specificity of repetition maximum training zones. Eur J Appl Physiol . 2002;88(1–2):50–60.
Lasevicius T, Ugrinowitsch C, Schoenfeld BJ, et al. Effects of different intensities of resistance training with equated volume load on muscle strength and hypertrophy. Eur J Sport Sci . 2018;18(6):772–80.
Lim C, Kim HJ, Morton RW, et al. Resistance exercise–induced changes in muscle phenotype are load dependent. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2019;51(12):2578–85.
Mitchell CJ, Churchward-Venne TA, West DW, et al. Resistance exercise load does not determine training-mediated hypertrophic gains in young men. J Appl Physiol (1985) . 2012;113(1):71–7.
Schoenfeld BJ, Contreras B, Vigotsky AD, Peterson M. Differential effects of heavy versus moderate loads on measures of strength and hypertrophy in resistance-trained men. J Sports Sci Med . 2016;15(4):715–22.
Burd NA, Mitchell CJ, Churchward-Venne TA, Phillips SM. Bigger weights may not beget bigger muscles: evidence from acute muscle protein synthetic responses after resistance exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab . 2012;37(3):551–4.
Schoenfeld BJ, Grgic J, Ogborn D, Krieger JW. Strength and hypertrophy adaptations between low- vs. high-load resistance training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res . 2017;31(12):3508–23.
Wernbom M, Augustsson J, Thomeé R. The influence of frequency, intensity, volume and mode of strength training on whole muscle cross-sectional area in humans. Sports Med . 2007;37(3):225–64.
Henneman E. Relation between size of neurons and their susceptibility to discharge. Science . 1957;126(3287):1345–7.
Adam A, De Luca CJ. Recruitment order of motor units in human vastus lateralis muscle is maintained during fatiguing contractions. J Neurophysiol . 2003;90(5):2919–27.
Baechle TR, Earle RW. Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning . Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; 2008.
Looney DP, Kraemer WJ, Joseph MF, et al. Electromyographical and perceptual responses to different resistance intensities in a squat protocol: does performing sets to failure with light loads produce the same activity? J Strength Cond Res . 2016;30(3):792–9.
Miller JD, Lippman JD, Trevino MA, Herda TJ. Neural drive is greater for a high-intensity contraction than for moderate-intensity contractions performed to fatigue. J Strength Cond Res . 2020;34(11):3013–21.
Morton RW, Sonne MW, Farias Zuniga A, et al. Muscle fibre activation is unaffected by load and repetition duration when resistance exercise is performed to task failure. J Physiol . 2019;597(17):4601–13.
Newton RU, Kraemer WJ. Developing explosive muscular power: implications for a mixed methods training strategy. Strength Cond J . 1994;16(5):20–31.
Burd NA, West DW, Staples AW, et al. Low-load high volume resistance exercise stimulates muscle protein synthesis more than high-load low volume resistance exercise in young men. PLoS One . 2010;5(8):e12033.
Schoenfeld BJ, Wilson JM, Lowery RP, Krieger JW. Muscular adaptations in low- versus high-load resistance training: a meta-analysis. Eur J Sport Sci . 2016;16(1):1–10.
Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ . 2009;339:b2700.
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. Mapping of reporting guidance for systematic reviews and meta-analyses generated a comprehensive item bank for future reporting guidelines. J Clin Epidemiol . 2020;118:60–8.
Furlan AD, Pennick V, Bombardier C, van Tulder M; Editorial Board, Cochrane Back Review Group. 2009 updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the Cochrane Back Review Group. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) . 2009;34(18):1929–41.
American College of Sports Medicine. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2009;41(3):687–708.
Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ . 2019;366:l4898.
Higgins J, Thomas J, Chandler J, et al. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.0 (updated July 2019) . London (UK): Cochrane; 2019.
Shim S, Yoon BH, Shin IS, Bae JM. Network meta-analysis: application and practice using Stata. Epidemiol Health . 2017;39:e2017047.
Shim SR, Kim SJ, Lee J, Rucker G. Network meta-analysis: application and practice using R software. Epidemiol Health . 2019;41:e2019013.
Cohen J. Statistical power analysis. Curr Dir Psychol Sci . 1992;1(3):98–101.
Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ . 1997;315(7109):629–34.
Rucker G, Schwarzer G, Krahn U, Konig J. Network meta-analysis using frequentist methods. In: . R package version 1.2.1.2017.
White IR. Multivariate random-effects meta-regression: updates to mvmeta. The Stata Journal . 2011;11(2):255–70.
Cholewa JM, Rossi FE, MacDonald C, et al. The effects of moderate- versus high-load resistance training on muscle growth, body composition, and performance in collegiate women. J Strength Cond Res . 2018;32(6):1511–24.
Dinyer TK, Byrd MT, Garver MJ, et al. Low-load vs. high-load resistance training to failure on one repetition maximum strength and body composition in untrained women. J Strength Cond Res . 2019;33(7):1737–44.
Fink J, Kikuchi N, Yoshida S, Terada K, Nakazato K. Impact of high versus low fixed loads and non-linear training loads on muscle hypertrophy, strength and force development. Springerplus . 2016;5(1):698.
Franco CMC, Carneiro MADS, Alves LTH, Júnior GNO, de Sousa JFR, Orsatti FL. Lower-load is more effective than higher-load resistance training in increasing muscle mass in young women. J Strength Cond Res . 2019;33(1 Suppl):S152–8.
Herman-Montemayor JR, Hikida RS, Staron RS. Early-phase satellite cell and myonuclear domain adaptations to slow-speed vs. traditional resistance training programs. J Strength Cond Res . 2015;29(11):3105–14.
Hisaeda H, Miyagawa K, Kuno S, Fukunaga T, Muraoka I. Influence of two different modes of resistance training in female subjects. Ergonomics . 1996;39(6):842–52.
Jenkins NDM, Miramonti AA, Hill EC, et al. Greater neural adaptations following high- vs. low-load resistance training. Front Physiol . 2017;8:331.
Lasevicius T, Schoenfeld BJ, Silva-Batista C, et al. Muscle failure promotes greater muscle hypertrophy in low-load but not in high-load resistance training. J Strength Cond Res . 2019; doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003454. Online ahead of print.
doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003454.
Lopes CR, Aoki MS, Crisp AH, et al. The effect of different resistance training load schemes on strength and body composition in trained men. J Hum Kinet . 2017;58:177–86.
Mangine GT, Hoffman JR, Gonzalez AM, et al. The effect of training volume and intensity on improvements in muscular strength and size in resistance-trained men. Physiol Rep . 2015;3(8):e12472.
Mikkola J, Vesterinen V, Taipale R, Capostagno B, Häkkinen K, Nummela A. Effect of resistance training regimens on treadmill running and neuromuscular performance in recreational endurance runners. J Sports Sci . 2011;29(13):1359–71.
Morton RW, Oikawa SY, Wavell CG, et al. Neither load nor systemic hormones determine resistance training-mediated hypertrophy or strength gains in resistance-trained young men. J Appl Physiol (1985) . 2016;121(1):129–38.
Nobrega SR, Ugrinowitsch C, Pintanel L, Barcelos C, Libardi CA. Effect of resistance training to muscle failure vs. volitional interruption at high- and low-intensities on muscle mass and strength. J Strength Cond Res . 2018;32(1):162–9.
Ozaki H, Kubota A, Natsume T, et al. Effects of drop sets with resistance training on increases in muscle CSA, strength, and endurance: a pilot study. J Sports Sci . 2018;36(6):691–6.
Rana SR, Chleboun GS, Gilders RM, et al. Comparison of early phase adaptations for traditional strength and endurance, and low velocity resistance training programs in college-age women. J Strength Cond Res . 2008;22(1):119–27.
Schoenfeld BJ, Peterson MD, Ogborn D, Contreras B, Sonmez GT. Effects of low- vs. high-load resistance training on muscle strength and hypertrophy in well-trained men. J Strength Cond Res . 2015;29(10):2954–63.
Schoenfeld BJ, Ratamess NA, Peterson MD, Contreras B, Sonmez GT, Alvar BA. Effects of different volume-equated resistance training loading strategies on muscular adaptations in well-trained men. J Strength Cond Res . 2014;28(10):2909–18.
Schuenke MD, Herman JR, Gliders RM, et al. Early-phase muscular adaptations in response to slow-speed versus traditional resistance-training regimens. Eur J Appl Physiol . 2012;112(10):3585–95.
Stefanaki DGA, Dzulkarnain A, Gray SR. Comparing the effects of low and high load resistance exercise to failure on adaptive responses to resistance exercise in young women. J Sports Sci . 2019;37(12):1375–80.
Stone WJ, Coulter SP. Strength/endurance effects from three resistance training protocols with women. J Strength Cond Res . 1994;8(4):231–4.
Van Roie E, Bautmans I, Boonen S, Coudyzer W, Kennis E, Delecluse C. Impact of external resistance and maximal effort on force-velocity characteristics of the knee extensors during strengthening exercise: a randomized controlled experiment. J Strength Cond Res . 2013;27(4):1118–27.
Vargas S, Petro JL, Romance R, et al. Comparison of changes in lean body mass with a strength- versus muscle endurance-based resistance training program. Eur J Appl Physiol . 2019;119(4):933–40.
Au JS, Oikawa SY, Morton RW, Macdonald MJ, Phillips SM. Arterial stiffness is reduced regardless of resistance training load in young men. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2017;49(2):342–8.
Smith RA, Martin GJ, Szivak TK, et al. The effects of resistance training prioritization in NCAA Division I Football summer training. J Strength Cond Res . 2014;28(1):14–22.
Häkkinen K, Pakarinen A. Acute hormonal responses to two different fatiguing heavy-resistance protocols in male athletes. J Appl Physiol (1985) . 1993;74(2):882–7.
Dankel SJ, Jessee MB, Mattocks KT, et al. Training to fatigue: the answer for standardization when assessing muscle hypertrophy? Sports Med . 2017;47(6):1021–7.
Izquierdo M, Ibañez J, González-Badillo JJ, et al. Differential effects of strength training leading to failure versus not to failure on hormonal responses, strength, and muscle power gains. J Appl Physiol (1985) . 2006;100(5):1647–56.
Izquierdo-Gabarren M, González De Txabarri Expósito R, García-pallarés J, Sánchez-medina L, De Villarreal ES, Izquierdo M. Concurrent endurance and strength training not to failure optimizes performance gains. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2010;42(6):1191–9.
Testa M, Noakes TD, Desgorces FD. Training state improves the relationship between rating of perceived exertion and relative exercise volume during resistance exercises. J Strength Cond Res . 2012;26(11):2990–6.
Sale DG. Neural adaptation to resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 1988;20(5 Suppl):S135–45.
Coffey VG, Zhong Z, Shield A, et al. Early signaling responses to divergent exercise stimuli in skeletal muscle from well-trained humans. FASEB J . 2006;20(1):190–2.
Hakkinen K. Neuromuscular adaptation during strength training, ageing, detraining, and immobilization. Crit Rev Phys Rehabil Med . 1994;14:161–98.
Häkkinen K, Komi PV. Electromyographic changes during strength training and detraining. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 1983;15(6):455–60.
Moritani T, deVries HA. Neural factors versus hypertrophy in the time course of muscle strength gain. Am J Phys Med . 1979;58(3):115–30.
Cotter JA, Garver MJ, Dinyer TK, Fairman CM, Focht BC. Ratings of perceived exertion during acute resistance exercise performed at imposed and self-selected loads in recreationally trained women. J Strength Cond Res . 2017;31(8):2313–8.
Focht BC. Perceived exertion and training load during self-selected and imposed-intensity resistance exercise in untrained women. J Strength Cond Res . 2007;21(1):183–7.
Ratamess NA, Faigenbaum AD, Hoffman JR, Kang J. Self-selected resistance training intensity in healthy women: the influence of a personal trainer. J Strength Cond Res . 2008;22(1):103–11.
Kraemer WJ, Mazzetti SA, Nindl BC, et al. Effect of resistance training on women’s strength/power and occupational performances. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2001;33(6):1011–25.
Pannucci CJ, Wilkins EG. Identifying and avoiding bias in research. Plast Reconstr Surg . 2010;126(2):619–25.
Spitz RW, Bell ZW, Wong V, et al. Strength testing or strength training: considerations for future research. Physiol Meas . 2020;41(9):09TR01.
Haun CT, Vann CG, Roberts BM, Vigotsky AD, Schoenfeld BJ, Roberts MD. A critical evaluation of the biological construct skeletal muscle hypertrophy: size matters but so does the measurement. Front Physiol . 2019;10:247.
da Silva LXN, Teodoro JL, Menger E, et al. Repetitions to failure versus not to failure during concurrent training in healthy elderly men: a randomized clinical trial. Exp Gerontol . 2018;108:18–27.