A Pound of Flesh: What Cachexia Is and What It Is Not.
3D skeletal muscle models
biomarkers
cachexia syndrome
chronic degenerative diseases
diagnosis
muscle wasting
Journal
Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2075-4418
Titre abrégé: Diagnostics (Basel)
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101658402
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
12 Jan 2021
12 Jan 2021
Historique:
received:
05
01
2021
accepted:
11
01
2021
entrez:
15
1
2021
pubmed:
16
1
2021
medline:
16
1
2021
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Body weight loss, mostly due to the wasting of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, is the hallmark of the so-called cachexia syndrome. Cachexia is associated with several acute and chronic disease states such as cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart and kidney failure, and acquired and autoimmune diseases and also pharmacological treatments such as chemotherapy. The clinical relevance of cachexia and its impact on patients' quality of life has been neglected for decades. Only recently did the international community agree upon a definition of the term cachexia, and we are still awaiting the standardization of markers and tests for the diagnosis and staging of cancer-related cachexia. In this review, we discuss cachexia, considering the evolving use of the term for diagnostic purposes and the implications it has for clinical biomarkers, to provide a comprehensive overview of its biology and clinical management. Advances and tools developed so far for the in vitro testing of cachexia and drug screening will be described. We will also evaluate the nomenclature of different forms of muscle wasting and degeneration and discuss features that distinguish cachexia from other forms of muscle wasting in the context of different conditions.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33445790
pii: diagnostics11010116
doi: 10.3390/diagnostics11010116
pmc: PMC7828214
pii:
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Références
Biogerontology. 2018 Dec;19(6):519-536
pubmed: 30259289
ScientificWorldJournal. 2013;2013:237260
pubmed: 23533342
Hum Gene Ther. 1998 Nov 20;9(17):2555-64
pubmed: 9853522
Tissue Eng Part A. 2013 Oct;19(19-20):2147-55
pubmed: 23574457
Sci Rep. 2013;3:1420
pubmed: 23478253
FASEB J. 2004 Jun;18(9):992-4
pubmed: 15059966
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2017 Oct;8(5):789-797
pubmed: 28627024
Circulation. 1992 May;85(5):1751-9
pubmed: 1315220
Cell Rep. 2019 Aug 6;28(6):1612-1622.e4
pubmed: 31390573
Ann Palliat Med. 2019 Jan;8(1):24-32
pubmed: 30525765
Sci Rep. 2017 Oct 31;7(1):14470
pubmed: 29089584
Bone. 2015 Nov;80:109-114
pubmed: 26453500
Front Physiol. 2014 Jul 04;5:255
pubmed: 25071600
Front Immunol. 2020 May 19;11:951
pubmed: 32508832
Int J Mol Med. 2014 Jul;34(1):228-36
pubmed: 24820910
Eur Heart J. 2015 Mar 21;36(12):743-50
pubmed: 24835485
Eur J Transl Myol. 2018 Jun 06;28(2):7590
pubmed: 29991992
Muscle Nerve. 2008 Apr;37(4):438-47
pubmed: 18236465
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2013 Mar;4(1):1-17
pubmed: 22996343
Lancet Oncol. 2011 May;12(5):489-95
pubmed: 21296615
Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2010 Dec;4(4):249-53
pubmed: 20693907
Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Sep;98(3):738-48
pubmed: 23902785
Muscle Nerve. 2010 Mar;41(3):385-91
pubmed: 19813200
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Feb 1;318(2):E117-E130
pubmed: 31743039
Muscle Nerve. 2001 Jul;24(7):893-9
pubmed: 11410916
J Endocrinol. 2016 May;229(2):R67-81
pubmed: 26931135
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2019 Oct;10(5):1116-1127
pubmed: 31307125
Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Aug 16;19(8):
pubmed: 30115857
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Aug;90(8):4549-54
pubmed: 15899961
Biofabrication. 2020 Jun 12;12(3):035021
pubmed: 32357347
Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2012 Jan;15(1):12-22
pubmed: 22108098
Eur Endocrinol. 2019 Apr;15(1):13-14
pubmed: 31244904
Ageing Res Rev. 2015 Jul;22:58-71
pubmed: 25962896
Sci Rep. 2016 May 31;6:26991
pubmed: 27244599
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2002 Nov;283(5):C1557-65
pubmed: 12372817
J Orthop Trauma. 2003 Jul;17(6):430-5
pubmed: 12843728
JBMR Plus. 2017 Oct;1(2):86-100
pubmed: 29104955
Am J Clin Nutr. 1983 Mar;37(3):478-94
pubmed: 6829490
Br J Cancer. 2000 Aug;83(4):526-31
pubmed: 10945502
Eur J Heart Fail. 2018 Nov;20(11):1580-1587
pubmed: 30160804
Eur J Transl Myol. 2020 Jun 17;30(2):9069
pubmed: 32782767
J Cell Physiol. 2019 Dec;234(12):23547-23558
pubmed: 31180593
Eur J Transl Myol. 2018 Jun 04;28(2):7587
pubmed: 29991991
J Bone Miner Res. 2013 Sep;28(9):1857-65
pubmed: 23671010
Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2004 Sep;7(5):531-8
pubmed: 15295273
Nat Rev Cardiol. 2017 Jun;14(6):323-341
pubmed: 28436486
Oncotarget. 2016 Jul 12;7(28):43442-43460
pubmed: 27259276
BMC Cancer. 2018 Nov 27;18(1):1174
pubmed: 30482179
Clin Nutr. 2010 Apr;29(2):154-9
pubmed: 20060626
Age Ageing. 2019 Jan 1;48(1):16-31
pubmed: 30312372
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015 Dec;6(4):303-11
pubmed: 26676067
Clin Nutr. 2010 Apr;29(2):151-3
pubmed: 20071059
Cytokine. 2012 Jan;57(1):9-16
pubmed: 22099872
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Nov;94(11):4224-33
pubmed: 19837911
Eur J Transl Myol. 2017 Mar 27;27(1):6483
pubmed: 28458808
Eur J Transl Myol. 2020 Jun 22;30(2):8931
pubmed: 32782760
J Clin Oncol. 2015 Jan 1;33(1):90-9
pubmed: 25422490
Cancer Res. 1985 Jul;45(7):3347-53
pubmed: 2988769
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000 Jul;89(1):81-8
pubmed: 10904038
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2019 Feb;10(1):140-154
pubmed: 30680954
Nutrients. 2015 Jun 04;7(6):4465-79
pubmed: 26053616
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(S3):119-23
pubmed: 27165248
Am J Med. 2014 Sep;127(9):888-90
pubmed: 24813865
Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Nov 25;21(23):
pubmed: 33255677
Oncogene. 2017 May 25;36(21):3059-3066
pubmed: 27893707
Biomaterials. 2017 Jul;131:98-110
pubmed: 28388499
Methods Mol Biol. 2019;1889:169-183
pubmed: 30367414
EMBO Mol Med. 2017 May;9(5):622-637
pubmed: 28264935
Cell Metab. 2014 Sep 2;20(3):433-47
pubmed: 25043816
Proc Nutr Soc. 2009 Nov;68(4):385-92
pubmed: 19719894
J Biol Chem. 2015 Apr 24;290(17):11177-87
pubmed: 25787076
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015 Dec;6(4):317-24
pubmed: 26672741
Clin Nutr. 2008 Dec;27(6):793-9
pubmed: 18718696
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2017 Oct;8(5):768-777
pubmed: 28712119
Tissue Eng Part A. 2015 Oct;21(19-20):2548-58
pubmed: 26177063
Nat Med. 2015 Nov;21(11):1262-1271
pubmed: 26457758
Bonekey Rep. 2015 Dec 23;4:765
pubmed: 26788285
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2019 Oct;10(5):956-961
pubmed: 31523937
Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2018 Jul - Aug;61(2):151-156
pubmed: 29852198
Sci Transl Med. 2019 Jul 24;11(502):
pubmed: 31341063
Int J Oncol. 2010 Aug;37(2):347-53
pubmed: 20596662
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015 Jun;6(2):132-43
pubmed: 26136189
Calcif Tissue Int. 2014 Mar;94(3):319-26
pubmed: 24264813
Sci Rep. 2017 Oct 12;7(1):13017
pubmed: 29026190
Eur J Transl Myol. 2018 Dec 13;28(4):7931
pubmed: 30662704
Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Oct 29;21(21):
pubmed: 33137899
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015 Dec;6(4):365-80
pubmed: 26673867
Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Jul;62(1):30-9
pubmed: 7598064
Oncotarget. 2015 Dec 22;6(41):43202-15
pubmed: 26636649
Tissue Eng. 2006 Jul;12(7):1833-41
pubmed: 16889513
Front Physiol. 2020 Apr 28;11:445
pubmed: 32425814
Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:6729268
pubmed: 27034684
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Feb 21;114(8):E1375-E1384
pubmed: 28096335
Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2013 Oct;45(10):2121-9
pubmed: 23665154
Nat Rev Cancer. 2014 Nov;14(11):754-62
pubmed: 25291291
Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020 May 12;7:79
pubmed: 32478098
Atherosclerosis. 2014 Aug;235(2):328-33
pubmed: 24911636
Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2005 Oct;37(10):2036-46
pubmed: 16105746
J Clin Invest. 2013 Nov;123(11):4821-35
pubmed: 24084740
Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018 Jan 18;4:17105
pubmed: 29345251
Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2016 Dec;10(4):281-287
pubmed: 27454355
Nutrients. 2020 Aug 11;12(8):
pubmed: 32796600
Science. 2017 Aug 18;357(6352):
pubmed: 28818916
Front Physiol. 2019 Apr 24;10:401
pubmed: 31068826
Cancers (Basel). 2019 Feb 28;11(3):
pubmed: 30823492
PLoS One. 2011;6(5):e20424
pubmed: 21637823
EMBO Rep. 2019 Apr;20(4):
pubmed: 30890538
Ann Biomed Eng. 2019 Jul;47(7):1596-1610
pubmed: 30963383
Eur Respir J. 2017 Mar 15;49(3):
pubmed: 28298399
Nutr Clin Pract. 2006 Apr;21(2):168-74
pubmed: 16556927
Am J Pathol. 2011 Aug;179(2):915-30
pubmed: 21689628
Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2010 Feb;16(1):55-64
pubmed: 19728786
Biochem Soc Trans. 2018 Oct 19;46(5):1129-1136
pubmed: 30242118
Calcif Tissue Int. 2019 Jul;105(1):1-14
pubmed: 30972475
Nature. 2020 Nov;587(7835):626-631
pubmed: 33116312
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2018 Apr;9(2):417-432
pubmed: 29230965
Eur J Transl Myol. 2017 Sep 20;27(3):7085
pubmed: 29118960
Int J Cardiol. 2013 Jan 10;162(2):77-85
pubmed: 21982619
Sci Rep. 2017 Jun 6;7(1):2811
pubmed: 28588307
Clin Biochem. 2017 Dec;50(18):1281-1288
pubmed: 28739222
Hum Gene Ther. 1999 Mar 1;10(4):565-77
pubmed: 10094200
Clin Geriatr Med. 2002 Nov;18(4):883-91
pubmed: 12608511
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2017 Jun;8(3):386-404
pubmed: 28294567
Front Physiol. 2018 Aug 20;9:1076
pubmed: 30177884
Cancers (Basel). 2019 Aug 21;11(9):
pubmed: 31438622
J Cell Biochem. 2019 Sep;120(9):14262-14273
pubmed: 31106446
Exp Mol Med. 2016 Mar 11;48:e217
pubmed: 26964833
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013 Aug;14(8):531-2
pubmed: 23810110
Eur J Transl Myol. 2015 Aug 25;25(4):221-30
pubmed: 26913160
J Cell Physiol. 2017 Oct;232(10):2788-2797
pubmed: 28409828
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2020 Oct;11(5):1242-1249
pubmed: 32767518
Eur J Transl Myol. 2019 Nov 12;29(4):8520
pubmed: 31908747
Eur J Transl Myol. 2019 Feb 27;29(1):7960
pubmed: 31019661
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016 Sep 1;17(9):789-96
pubmed: 27324808
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2013 Mar;4(1):19-29
pubmed: 22777757
Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2018 Feb;243(3):213-221
pubmed: 29405771
Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Apr 22;20(8):
pubmed: 31013615
Eur J Endocrinol. 2014 Mar 08;170(4):501-6
pubmed: 24399249
Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:182872
pubmed: 26523094
Front Neurol. 2018 Aug 24;9:698
pubmed: 30197620
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Aug 1;303(3):E410-21
pubmed: 22669242
Eur J Transl Myol. 2020 Apr 01;30(1):8737
pubmed: 32499882
FASEB J. 2019 Apr;33(4):5482-5494
pubmed: 30653354
Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:367561
pubmed: 26504359
Public Health Rep. 1985 Mar-Apr;100(2):195-202
pubmed: 3920718
Sci Rep. 2016 Sep 26;6:32695
pubmed: 27666826
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 May;100(5):2030-8
pubmed: 25751105
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2013 Dec;4(4):267-75
pubmed: 23943593
Int J Cardiol. 2017 Jul 1;238:12-18
pubmed: 28476513
FASEB J. 2009 Oct;23(10):3325-34
pubmed: 19487307
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 Sep 22;117(38):23942-23951
pubmed: 32900939
Nutrients. 2019 Jul 17;11(7):
pubmed: 31319564
J Cell Biochem. 2017 Sep;118(9):2599-2605
pubmed: 28294416
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017 Dec 19;8:358
pubmed: 29312148
Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 13;21(4):
pubmed: 32069876
Front Nutr. 2020 Jan 31;7:4
pubmed: 32083092
J Cell Physiol. 2010 Nov;225(3):646-53
pubmed: 20533296
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2019 Sep 12;9:305
pubmed: 31572686
Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2013 Oct;45(10):2215-29
pubmed: 23770121
J Oncol Pract. 2016 Nov;12(11):1163-1171
pubmed: 27858548
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011 Feb 1;250(3):312-21
pubmed: 21074548
Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2017 Sep;42(9):916-923
pubmed: 28475846
Support Care Cancer. 2021 Feb;29(2):627-634
pubmed: 32424642
FASEB J. 2012 Mar;26(3):987-1000
pubmed: 22102632
Exp Physiol. 2009 Dec;94(12):1153-60
pubmed: 19748969
Br J Cancer. 2005 Mar 14;92(5):876-81
pubmed: 15714206
Life Sci. 2018 Sep 1;208:1-9
pubmed: 30146014
Front Physiol. 2019 May 07;10:522
pubmed: 31133872
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2015 Sep;6(3):197-207
pubmed: 26401465
Biotechnol Lett. 2014 May;36(5):1113-24
pubmed: 24563297
Eur J Transl Myol. 2016 Jun 13;26(2):5958
pubmed: 27478560
Mol Metab. 2016 Jul 16;5(10):1042-1047
pubmed: 27689017
J Clin Med. 2019 Jul 10;8(7):
pubmed: 31295923