Antioxidative defense against omeprazole-induced toxicogenetical effects in Swiss mice.
Animals
Antineoplastic Agents
/ pharmacology
Antioxidants
/ pharmacology
Ascorbic Acid
/ pharmacology
Comet Assay
Cyclophosphamide
/ toxicity
DNA Repair
/ drug effects
Diterpenes
/ pharmacology
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Male
Mice
Mutagenesis
/ drug effects
Omeprazole
/ administration & dosage
Proton Pump Inhibitors
/ administration & dosage
Retinyl Esters
/ pharmacology
Antioxidants
Genotoxicity
Mus musculus
Mutagenicity
Omeprazole
Journal
Pharmacological reports : PR
ISSN: 2299-5684
Titre abrégé: Pharmacol Rep
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101234999
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Apr 2021
Apr 2021
Historique:
received:
29
09
2020
accepted:
07
01
2021
revised:
30
12
2020
pubmed:
22
1
2021
medline:
3
11
2021
entrez:
21
1
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Omeprazole (OME), a most frequently used proton pump inhibitor in gastric acidosis, is evident to show many adverse effects, including genetic instability. This study evaluated toxicogenic effects of OME in Mus musculus. For this study, 40 male Swiss mice were divided into 8 groups (n = 5) and treated with OME at doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg and/or treated with the antioxidants retinol palmitate (100 IU/kg) and ascorbic acid (2.0 μM/kg). Cyclophosphamide 50 mg/kg, (cytotoxic agent) and the vehicle were served as positive and negative control group, respectively. After 14 days of treatment, the stomach cells along with the bone marrow and peripheral blood lymphocytes were collected and submitted to the comet assay (alkaline version) and micronucleus test. Additionally, hematological and biochemical parameters of the animals were also determined inspect of vehicle group. The results suggest that OME at all doses induced genotoxicity and mutagenicity in the treated cells. However, in association with the antioxidants, these effects were modulated and/or inhibited along with a DNA repair capacity. Taken together, antioxidants (such as retinol palmitate and ascorbic acid) may be one of the best options to counteract OME-induced cytogenetic instability.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Omeprazole (OME), a most frequently used proton pump inhibitor in gastric acidosis, is evident to show many adverse effects, including genetic instability. This study evaluated toxicogenic effects of OME in Mus musculus.
METHODS
METHODS
For this study, 40 male Swiss mice were divided into 8 groups (n = 5) and treated with OME at doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg and/or treated with the antioxidants retinol palmitate (100 IU/kg) and ascorbic acid (2.0 μM/kg). Cyclophosphamide 50 mg/kg, (cytotoxic agent) and the vehicle were served as positive and negative control group, respectively. After 14 days of treatment, the stomach cells along with the bone marrow and peripheral blood lymphocytes were collected and submitted to the comet assay (alkaline version) and micronucleus test. Additionally, hematological and biochemical parameters of the animals were also determined inspect of vehicle group.
RESULTS
RESULTS
The results suggest that OME at all doses induced genotoxicity and mutagenicity in the treated cells. However, in association with the antioxidants, these effects were modulated and/or inhibited along with a DNA repair capacity.
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
Taken together, antioxidants (such as retinol palmitate and ascorbic acid) may be one of the best options to counteract OME-induced cytogenetic instability.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33476036
doi: 10.1007/s43440-021-00219-1
pii: 10.1007/s43440-021-00219-1
doi:
Substances chimiques
Antineoplastic Agents
0
Antioxidants
0
Diterpenes
0
Proton Pump Inhibitors
0
Retinyl Esters
0
retinol palmitate
1D1K0N0VVC
Cyclophosphamide
8N3DW7272P
Omeprazole
KG60484QX9
Ascorbic Acid
PQ6CK8PD0R
Types de publication
Comparative Study
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
551-562Références
White JR, Winter JA, Robinson K. Differential inflammatory response to Helicobacter pylori infection: etiology and clinical outcomes. J Inflamm Res. 2015;8:137–47. https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S64888 .
doi: 10.2147/JIR.S64888
pubmed: 26316793
pmcid: 4540215
Zhang F, Wang L, Wang JJ, Luo PF, Wang XT, Xia ZF. The caspase-1 inhibitor AC-YVAD-CMK attenuates acute gastric injury in mice: involvement of silencing NLRP3 inflammasome activities. Sci Rep. 2016;6:24166. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24166 .
doi: 10.1038/srep24166
pubmed: 27053298
pmcid: 4823746
Wadhwa R, Song S, Lee JS, Yao Y, Wei Q, Ajani JA. Gastric cancer-molecular and clinical dimensions. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2013;10:643–55. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2013.170 .
doi: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2013.170
pubmed: 24061039
pmcid: 3927982
Yanagihara GR, de Paiva AG, Neto MP, Torres LH, Shimano AC, Louzada MJ, et al. Effects of long-term administration of omeprazole on bone mineral density and the mechanical properties of the bone. Rev Bras Ortop. 2015;50:232–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rboe.2015.03.002 .
doi: 10.1016/j.rboe.2015.03.002
pubmed: 26229922
pmcid: 4519573
Savarino V, Dulbecco P, De Bortoli N, Ottonello A, Savarino E. The appropriate use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): need for a reappraisal. Eur J Internal Med. 2017;37:19–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2016.10.007 .
doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2016.10.007
INCA (Instituto Nacional de Câncer). 2017. Câncer: O que é Câncer? https://www.inca.gov.br/o-que-e-cancer .
Asatryan AD, Komarova NL. Evolution of genetic instability in heterogeneous tumors. J Theoretical Biol. 2016;396:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.11.028 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.11.028
Ferguson LR, Chen H, Collins AR, Connell M, Damia G, Dasgupta S, et al. Genomic instability in human cancer: molecular insights and opportunities for therapeutic attack and prevention through diet and nutrition. Seminars Cancer Biol. 2015;35:S5-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.005 .
doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.005
Herbet M, Izdebska M, Pia I. Estimation of oxidative stress parameters in rats after simultaneous administration of rosuvastatin with antidepressants. Pharmacol Rep. 2016;68:172–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharep.2015.08.004 .
doi: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.08.004
pubmed: 26721369
Gunasekarana V, Raj GV, Chand P. A comprehensive review on clinical applications of comet assay. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9:GE01-5. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2015/12062.5622 .
doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2015/12062.5622
pubmed: 25954633
pmcid: 4413081
García-Rodríguez MC, Hernández-Cortés LM, Altamirano-Lozano MA. In vivo effects of vanadium pentoxide and antioxidants (ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol) on apoptotic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic damage in peripheral blood of mice. Oxidat Med Cellul Longev. 2016;2016:6797851. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6797851 .
doi: 10.1155/2016/6797851
Rahal A, Kumar A, Singh V, Yadav B, Tiwari R, Chakraborty S, Dhama K. Oxidative stress, prooxidants, and antioxidants: the interplay. BioMed Res Int. 2014;2014:7612–24. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/761264 .
doi: 10.1155/2014/761264
Cha JH, Yu QM, Seo JS. Vitamin A supplementation modifies the antioxidant system in rats. Nutri Res Pract. 2016;10:26–32. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2016.10.1.26 .
doi: 10.4162/nrp.2016.10.1.26
De Carvalho RM, Aguiar RP, Islam MT, De Alencar MV, Da Mata AM, Braga AL, et al. Cytogenotoxicological defense of retinyl palmitate in the front damage of antineoplastics. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2017;69:293–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etp.2017.01.013 .
doi: 10.1016/j.etp.2017.01.013
pubmed: 28216169
Hall AG, Tilby MJ. Mechanisms of action of, and modes of resistance to, alkylating agents used in the treatment of haematological malignancies. Blood Rev. 1992;6(3):163–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/0268-960X(92)90028-O .
doi: 10.1016/0268-960X(92)90028-O
pubmed: 1422285
Stork CM, Schreffler SM (2014) Cyclophosphamide. Encyclopedia of toxicology (Third Edition), Elsevier, Academic Press, U.S.A. p. 1111–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386454-3.00720-X
Kang SH, Kwon JY, Lee JK, Seo YR. Recent advances in in vivo genotoxicity testing: prediction of carcinogenic potential using comet and micronucleus assay in animal models. J Cancer Prev. 2013;18:277–88.
doi: 10.15430/JCP.2013.18.4.277
Hodskinson MR, Silhan J, Crossan GP, Garaycoechea JI, Mukherjee S, Johnson CM, et al. Mouse SLX4 is a tumor suppressor that stimulates the activity of the nuclease XPF-ERCC1 in DNA crosslink repair. Mol Cell. 2014;54:472–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2014.03.014 .
doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.03.014
pubmed: 24726326
pmcid: 4017094
Hayashi M. The micronucleus test-most widely used in vivo genotoxicity test. Hayashi Genes Environ. 2016;38:18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41021-016-0044-x .
doi: 10.1186/s41021-016-0044-x
pubmed: 27733885
Melo-Cavalcante AAC, Sousa LR, Alencar MVOB, Santos JVO, Mata AMO, Paz MFCJ, Carvalho RM, Nunes NMF, Islam MT, Mendes AN. Retinol palmitate and ascorbic acid: role in oncological prevention and therapy. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;109:1394–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.115 .
doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.115
Hartmann A, Agurell E, Beevers C, Brendler-Schwaab S, Burlinson B, Clay P, et al. Recommendations for conducting the in vivo alkaline comet assay. Mutagenesis. 2003;18:45–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/mutage/18.1.45 .
doi: 10.1093/mutage/18.1.45
pubmed: 12473734
Uno Y, Kojimab H, Omoric T, Corvid R, Honmab M, Schechtma LM, et al. JaCVAM-organized international validation study of the in vivo rodent alkaline comet assay for detection of genotoxic carcinogens: II. Summary of definitive validation study results. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen. 2015;786–788:45–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.04.010 .
doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.04.010
pubmed: 26212295
Furtado MA, Almeida LCF, Furtado RA, Cunha WR, Tavares DC. Antimutagenicity of rosmarinic acid in Swiss mice evaluated by the micronucleus assey. Mutation Res. 2008;657:150–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.09.003 .
doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.09.003
pubmed: 18926924
Downes N, Foster J. Regulatory forum opinion piece: carcinogen risk assessment: the move from screens to science. Toxicol Pathol. 2015;43:1064–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192623315598578 .
doi: 10.1177/0192623315598578
pubmed: 26296629
Panchuk R, Skorokhyd N, Chumak V, Stoika R. Specific antioxidant compounds differentially modulate cytotoxic activity of doxorubicin and cisplatin: In vitro and in vivo study. Croatian Med J. 2014;55:206–17. https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2014.55.206 .
doi: 10.3325/cmj.2014.55.206
Kohler JE, Blass AL, Liu J, Tai K, Soybel DI. Antioxidant pre-treatment prevents omeprazole-induced toxicity in an in vitro model of infectious gastritis. Free Radic Biol Med. 2010;49:786–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.05.034 .
doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.05.034
pubmed: 20554018
pmcid: 2910817
Portantiolo TN, Vale IAV, Bergman RB, Alib RT. Consumo de Vitaminas Antioxidantes por Mulheres com Câncer de Mama submetidas ao Tratamento Quimioterápico na Cidade de Pelotas-RS. Rev Bras Cancerol. 2014;60:323–9.
doi: 10.32635/2176-9745.RBC.2014v60n4.450
Chang H, Sheen L, Lei Y. The protective role of carotenoids and polyphenols in patients with head and neck cancer. J Chinese Med Assoc. 2015;78:89–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcma.2014.08.010 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jcma.2014.08.010
Celik VK, Eken IE, Yildiz G, Yilmaz MB, Gurlek A, Aydin H. Vitamin E and antioxidant activity; its role in slow coronary flow. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2013;24:360–3. https://doi.org/10.5830/CVJA-2013-076 .
doi: 10.5830/CVJA-2013-076
pubmed: 24337212
Zhang L, Zhou Q, Zhang N, Li W, Ying M, Ding W, Yang B, He Q. E2F1 impairs all-trans retinoic acid-induced osteogenic differentiation of osteosarcoma via promoting ubiquitination-mediated degradation of RARα. Cell Cycle. 2014;13:1277–87. https://doi.org/10.4161/cc.28190 .
doi: 10.4161/cc.28190
pubmed: 24608861
pmcid: 4049964
Rim KT, Kim SJ. A review on mutagenicity testing for hazard classification of chemicals at work: focusing on in vivo micronucleus test for allyl chloride. Saf Health Work. 2015;6:184–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2015.05.005 .
doi: 10.1016/j.shaw.2015.05.005
pubmed: 26929826
pmcid: 4674498
Balmus G, Karp NA, Ng BL, Jackson SP, Adams DJ, McIntyre RE. A high-throughput in vivo micronucleus assay for genome instability screening in mice. Nat Protoc. 2015;10:205–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2015.010 .
doi: 10.1038/nprot.2015.010
pubmed: 25551665
Fenech M, Kirsch-Volders M, Natarajan AT, Surralles J, Crott JW, Parry J, et al. Molecular mechanisms of micronucleus, nucleoplasmic bridge and nuclear bud formation in mammalian and human cells. Mutagenesis. 2011;26:125–32. https://doi.org/10.1093/mutage/geq052 .
doi: 10.1093/mutage/geq052
pubmed: 21164193
Neto MPL, Gomes DCV, Júnior ALG, Paz MFCJ, Alencar MVOB, Islam MT, Ferreira PMP, Melo-Cavalcante AAC. Toxicogenetic evaluation of an imidazolidine derivative PT-31. Curr Pharmaceut Biotechnol. 2016;17:1043–8.
doi: 10.2174/1389201017666160811122811
Luzhna L, Kathiria P, Kovalchuk O. Micronuclei in genotoxicity assessment: from genetics to epigenetics and beyond. Front Genet. 2013;4:131. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2013.00131 .
doi: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00131
pubmed: 23874352
pmcid: 3708156
Estevinho B, Carlan I, Blaga A, Rocha F. Soluble vitamins (vitamin B12 and vitamin C) microencapsulated with different biopolymers by a spray drying process. Powder Technol. 2016;289:71–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2015.11.019 .
doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2015.11.019
Sabharwal R, Verma P, Syed MA, Sharma T, Subudhi SK, Mohanty S, Gupta S. Emergence of micronuclei as a genomic biomarker. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol. 2015;36:212–8. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-5851.171541 .
doi: 10.4103/0971-5851.171541
pubmed: 26811590
pmcid: 4711219
Perez-Garijo A, Steller H. Spreading the word: non-autonomous effects of apoptosis during development, regeneration and disease. Development. 2015;142:3253–62. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.127878 .
doi: 10.1242/dev.127878
pubmed: 26443630
pmcid: 4631760
Hou Y, Xu J, Liu X, Xia X, Li N, Bi X. Shikonin induces apoptosis in the human gastric cancer cells HGC-27 through mitochondria-mediated pathway. Pharmacogn Mag. 2015;11:250–6. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.153074 .
doi: 10.4103/0973-1296.153074
pubmed: 25829762
pmcid: 4378121
Patlolla JM, Zhang Y, Li Q, Steele VE, Rao CV. Anti-carcinogenic properties of omeprazole against human colon cancer cells and azoxymethane-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci formation in rats. Int J Oncol. 2012;40:170–5. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2011.1214 .
doi: 10.3892/ijo.2011.1214
pubmed: 21956158
Müerköster SS, Rausch AV, Isberner A, Minkenberg J, Blaszczuk E, Witt M, et al. The apoptosis-inducing effect of gastrin on colorectal cancer cells relates to an increased IEX-1 expression mediating NF-[kappa] B inhibition. Oncogene. 2008;27:1122.
doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210728
Sharifi R, Nouri M, Eidi A, Noormohammadi Z, Dolatkhah H, Shirmohammadi M. Dietary PUFA Increase apoptosis in stomach of patients with dyspeptic symptoms and infected with H.pylori. Lipids. 2017;52:549–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-017-4257-y .
doi: 10.1007/s11745-017-4257-y
pubmed: 28493185
Kumar KR, Iqbal R, Coss E, Park C, Cryer B, Genta RM. Helicobacter gastritis induces changes in the oxyntic mucosa indistinguishable from the effects of proton pump inhibitors. Hum Pathol. 2013;44:2706–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humpath.2013.07.015 .
doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.07.015
pubmed: 24071014
Sudha S, Kripa SK, Shibily P, Shyn J. Elevated frequencies of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities of chrome plating workers occupationally exposed to hexavalent chromium. Iran J Cancer Prev. 2011;4:119–24.
pubmed: 26328050
pmcid: 4551294
Lee YY, Jeon HK, Hong JE, Cho YJ, Ryi JY, Choi JJ, et al. Proton pump inhibitors enhance the effects of cytotoxic agents in chemoresistant epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Oncotargetics. 2015;6:35040.
doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.5319
Li H, Helander HF. Hypergastrinemia increases proliferation of gastroduodenal epithelium during gastric ulcer healing in rats. Digestive Dis Sci. 1996;41:40–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02208582 .
doi: 10.1007/BF02208582
Biswas K, Bandyopadhyay U, Chattopadhyay I, Varadaraj A, Ali E, Banerjee RK. A novel antioxidant and antiapoptotic role of omeprazole to block gastric ulcer through scavenging of hydroxyl radical. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:10993–1001. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M210328200 .
doi: 10.1074/jbc.M210328200
pubmed: 12529378
Liu J, Wang Z. Increased oxidative stress as a selective anticancer therapy. Oxidat Med Cellul Longev. 2015;2015:294303. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/294303 .
doi: 10.1155/2015/294303
Oliveira MB, Prado AH, Bernegossi J, Sato CS, Brunetti IL, Scarpa MA. Topical application of retinyl palmitate-loaded nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for the treatment of skin aging. BioMed Res Int. 2014;2014:632570. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/632570 .
doi: 10.1155/2014/632570
pubmed: 24772430
pmcid: 3977527
Novotna A, Srovnalova A, Svecarova M, Korhonova M, Bartonkova I, Dvorak Z. Differential effects of omeprazole and lansoprazole enantiomers on aryl hydrocarbon receptor in human hepatocytes and cell lines. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e98711. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098711 .
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098711
pubmed: 24887303
pmcid: 4041848
Di Bella L, Di Bella G. Solution of retinoids in vitamin E in the Di Bella Method biological multitherapy. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2015;36:661–76.
pubmed: 26859589
Subramani T, Yeap SK, Ho WY, Ho CL, Omar AR, Aziz SA, Rahman NM, Alitheen NB. Vitamin C suppresses cell death in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells induced by tamoxifen. J Cell Mol Med. 2014;18:305–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.12188 .
doi: 10.1111/jcmm.12188
pubmed: 24266867
Marcato P, Dean CA, Liu RZ, Coyle KM, Bydoun M, Wallace M, et al. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3 influences breast cancer progression via differential retinoic acid signaling. Molecul Oncol. 2015;9:17–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molonc.2014.07.010 .
doi: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.07.010
Okonkwo COJ, Ehileboh AD, Nwobodo E, Dike CC. The effects of acute gasoline vapour inhalation on some haematological indices of albino Wistar rats. J Acute Dis. 2016;5:123–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joad.2015.11.005 .
doi: 10.1016/j.joad.2015.11.005
Adebayo JO, Yakubu MT, Egwim EC, Owoyele VB, Enaibe BU. Effect of ethanolic extract of Khaya senegalensis on some biochemical parameters of rat kidney. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;88:69–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00193-4 .
doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00193-4
pubmed: 12902053
Ruíz I, Fernández AB, Blas I. El sistema inmune de los teleósteos (III): Respuesta inmune específica. AquaTIC. 2003;18:33–8.
Vicentini M, Morais GS, Rebechi-Baggio D, Richardi VS, Santos GS, Cestari MM, et al. Benzo(a)pyrene exposure causes genotoxic and biochemical changes in the midge larvae of Chironomus sancticaroli Strixino & Strixino (Diptera: Chironomidae). Neotrop Entomol. 2017;46:658–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-017-0505-3 .
doi: 10.1007/s13744-017-0505-3
pubmed: 28332138
Levey AS, Perrone RD, Madias NE. Serum creatinine and renal function. Annu Rev Med. 1988;39:465–90. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.me.39.020188.002341 .
doi: 10.1146/annurev.me.39.020188.002341
pubmed: 3285786
Nankivell BJ. Creatinine clearance and the assessment of renal function. Aust Prescr. 2001;24:15–7.
doi: 10.18773/austprescr.2001.009
Eslami Sh, Ebrahimzadeh MA, Hajizadeh Moghaddam A, Nabavi SF, Jafari N, Nabavi SM. Renoprotective effect of Eryngium caucasicum in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxic mice. Arch Biol Sci, Belgrade. 2011;63:157–60. https://doi.org/10.2298/ABS1101157E .
doi: 10.2298/ABS1101157E
Ali BH, Al-Wabel N, Mahmoud O, Mousa HM, Hashad M. Curcumin has palliative action on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2005;19:473–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-8206.2005.00343.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2005.00343.x
pubmed: 16011735
Kumer KV, Shifow AA, Naidn MUR, Ratnaker KS. Carvedilol, a beta-bloker with antioxidant property protects against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicityin rats. Life Sci. 2007;66:2603–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00594-4 .
doi: 10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00594-4
Abdel-Raheem IT, EL-Sherbeny GA, Taye A. Green tea ameliorates of renal oxidative damage induced by gentamicin in rats. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2010;23(1):21–8.
pubmed: 20067862
Mayne PD. Clinical chemistry in diagnosis and treatment. 6th ed. New York : Oxford University Press Inc; 1994. p. 478 (ISBN-13:978-0340576472).
Smith EL, Hill LR, Ilehman IR, Lefkwitz RJ, Handler P, White A. Principles of biochemistry: mammalian biochemistry. 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1988.
Stryer L. Biochemistry. 3rd ed. Stanford: Stanford University; 1988. p. 939.