Reconstruction after extended endonasal approaches to the anterior cranial base: surgical techniques and current results.

The development of extended endoscopic endonasal approaches (EEA) to the anterior skull base has allowed successful resection of selected extradural and intradural skull base tumors through an endonasal corridor, minimizing brain and cranial nerve manipulation. However, as the complexity of the approaches has increased, so has the need for more robust and reliable reconstructive options to minimize morbidity. Reconstructive decision-making after extended EEA for anterior skull base tumors must take into consideration multiple factors including patient characteristics (Body Mass Index, previous surgeries, and radiation), location and the size of the skull base defect. A multilayered reconstruction which includes a combination of free grafts and a vascularized flap is the standard approach to anterior skull base defects after EEA and should be applied in a stepwise manner tailored to each patient. The techniques and materials used to accomplish skull base repair are discussed, the outcomes in the literature are reviewed, and our reconstructive paradigm presented.