Persistence of Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens-With a Focus on the Metabolic Perspective.
ATP-DnaA complex
DNA replication initiation
intracellular bacterial pathogens
mechanisms of persister formation
persistence
stress conditions
Journal
Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
ISSN: 2235-2988
Titre abrégé: Front Cell Infect Microbiol
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101585359
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
2020
2020
Historique:
received:
09
10
2020
accepted:
30
11
2020
entrez:
1
2
2021
pubmed:
2
2
2021
medline:
22
6
2021
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Persistence has evolved as a potent survival strategy to overcome adverse environmental conditions. This capability is common to almost all bacteria, including all human bacterial pathogens and likely connected to chronic infections caused by some of these pathogens. Although the majority of a bacterial cell population will be killed by the particular stressors, like antibiotics, oxygen and nitrogen radicals, nutrient starvation and others, a varying subpopulation (termed persisters) will withstand the stress situation and will be able to revive once the stress is removed. Several factors and pathways have been identified in the past that apparently favor the formation of persistence, such as various toxin/antitoxin modules or stringent response together with the alarmone (p)ppGpp. However, persistence can occur stochastically in few cells even of stress-free bacterial populations. Growth of these cells could then be induced by the stress conditions. In this review, we focus on the persister formation of human intracellular bacterial pathogens, some of which belong to the most successful persister producers but lack some or even all of the assumed persistence-triggering factors and pathways. We propose a mechanism for the persister formation of these bacterial pathogens which is based on their specific intracellular bipartite metabolism. We postulate that this mode of metabolism ultimately leads, under certain starvation conditions, to the stalling of DNA replication initiation which may be causative for the persister state.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33520740
doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.615450
pmc: PMC7841308
doi:
Substances chimiques
Anti-Bacterial Agents
0
Antitoxins
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
615450Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2021 Eisenreich, Rudel, Heesemann and Goebel.
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Références
Cell. 1984 Oct;38(3):889-900
pubmed: 6091903
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2014 Sep;78(3):343-71
pubmed: 25184558
Nat Microbiol. 2016 Apr 18;1:16051
pubmed: 27572649
Cell Rep. 2017 May 9;19(6):1214-1228
pubmed: 28494870
J Bacteriol. 2002 Feb;184(3):621-8
pubmed: 11790730
J Bacteriol. 2013 Dec;195(24):5629-38
pubmed: 24123821
Curr Opin Microbiol. 2015 Jun;25:67-72
pubmed: 26025019
Cell. 2007 Sep 7;130(5):797-810
pubmed: 17803904
Cell Host Microbe. 2013 Jun 12;13(6):632-42
pubmed: 23768488
J Mol Biol. 2019 Aug 23;431(18):3462-3471
pubmed: 30914294
Sci Rep. 2016 Feb 03;6:20519
pubmed: 26837570
Nature. 2001 Oct 25;413(6858):852-6
pubmed: 11677609
Cell. 2013 Aug 29;154(5):1140-1150
pubmed: 23993101
PLoS Pathog. 2015 Jun 25;11(6):e1004866
pubmed: 26110434
Mol Cell. 2013 Oct 24;52(2):248-54
pubmed: 24095282
Mol Syst Biol. 2016 Sep 21;12(9):882
pubmed: 27655400
Front Microbiol. 2017 Dec 21;8:2496
pubmed: 29312202
Drug Discov Today. 2013 Mar;18(5-6):250-5
pubmed: 23032727
Blood. 2010 Jun 10;115(23):4742-9
pubmed: 20351312
J Mol Biol. 1968 Mar 28;32(3):611-29
pubmed: 4868760
Cell Microbiol. 2010 Oct;12(10):1389-97
pubmed: 20731667
Future Microbiol. 2014;9(4):497-507
pubmed: 24810349
Int J Mol Sci. 2013 Apr 17;14(4):8517-37
pubmed: 23595001
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1986 Apr 14;136(1):322-8
pubmed: 3010969
Annu Rev Microbiol. 2019 Sep 8;73:359-385
pubmed: 31500532
PLoS Pathog. 2017 Nov 30;13(11):e1006734
pubmed: 29190284
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016 Jun;14(6):385-400
pubmed: 27108705
Cell. 2018 Feb 22;172(5):1135
pubmed: 29474913
J Mol Biol. 1990 Sep 5;215(1):67-71
pubmed: 2204708
J Bacteriol. 2006 Jul;188(14):5136-44
pubmed: 16816185
FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2002 Oct 29;216(1):1-7
pubmed: 12423744
Curr Biol. 2015 Aug 17;25(16):2090-8
pubmed: 26255847
BMC Genomics. 2013 Jul 08;14:459
pubmed: 23834488
PLoS Pathog. 2009 Jan;5(1):e1000284
pubmed: 19158962
J Bacteriol. 1990 Jan;172(1):31-9
pubmed: 2152907
Trends Microbiol. 2015 Mar;23(3):164-71
pubmed: 25582885
IUBMB Life. 2018 Sep;70(9):836-844
pubmed: 30092117
Front Microbiol. 2019 Aug 29;10:2009
pubmed: 31555240
Adv Microb Physiol. 2001;44:35-91
pubmed: 11407115
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Feb 23;107(8):3746-51
pubmed: 20133586
Arch Microbiol. 1982 Dec 3;133(4):278-82
pubmed: 7171287
Science. 2013 Mar 8;339(6124):1210-3
pubmed: 23471409
Annu Rev Microbiol. 2011;65:189-213
pubmed: 21639793
Nat Commun. 2018 May 18;9(1):1993
pubmed: 29777131
Front Microbiol. 2016 Apr 08;7:486
pubmed: 27092135
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2017 Aug;18(8):507-516
pubmed: 28537574
J Med Microbiol. 2009 Jan;58(Pt 1):138-141
pubmed: 19074666
Pathog Dis. 2018 Jun 1;76(4):
pubmed: 29788125
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2016 Nov 5;371(1707):
pubmed: 27672159
Infect Immun. 1995 Jan;63(1):199-205
pubmed: 7806358
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Sep 26;103(39):14578-83
pubmed: 16983090
Microbiol Rev. 1994 Dec;58(4):686-99
pubmed: 7854252
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2019 Jan 09;8:450
pubmed: 30687647
Nucleic Acids Res. 2011 Jul;39(13):5513-25
pubmed: 21422074
mBio. 2018 Sep 25;9(5):
pubmed: 30254124
Science. 2004 Sep 10;305(5690):1622-5
pubmed: 15308767
Cell. 1992 Apr 3;69(1):5-8
pubmed: 1555241
Curr Microbiol. 1995 Jan;30(1):27-32
pubmed: 7765879
Front Microbiol. 2018 Feb 28;9:319
pubmed: 29541066
PLoS Genet. 2015 Jul 02;11(7):e1005342
pubmed: 26134530
FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2018 Mar 1;42(2):116-136
pubmed: 29365084
mBio. 2017 Oct 24;8(5):
pubmed: 29066549
Front Public Health. 2014 Jul 31;2:103
pubmed: 25133139
PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e52378
pubmed: 23285016
Annu Rev Food Sci Technol. 2016;7:439-56
pubmed: 26772414
Mol Cell Proteomics. 2013 May;12(5):1180-91
pubmed: 23345537
Environ Microbiol Rep. 2018 Apr;10(2):140-154
pubmed: 29411544
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 Aug 15;77(16):5577-83
pubmed: 21685157
Expert Rev Mol Med. 2011 Dec 16;13:e39
pubmed: 22172201
Biotechnol Bioeng. 2016 Sep;113(9):1984-92
pubmed: 26914280
mBio. 2017 Dec 12;8(6):
pubmed: 29233898
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2007 Jan;5(1):48-56
pubmed: 17143318
Mol Cell. 2013 May 23;50(4):475-87
pubmed: 23665232
Toxins (Basel). 2017 Jan 13;9(1):
pubmed: 28098783
Infect Immun. 2016 Aug 19;84(9):2703-13
pubmed: 27400720
Mol Microbiol. 1999 Aug;33(4):721-31
pubmed: 10447882
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019 Jul;17(7):441-448
pubmed: 30980069
Sci Rep. 2017 Mar 10;7:43839
pubmed: 28281556
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jul 13;107(28):12541-6
pubmed: 20616060
Trends Microbiol. 2019 Jun;27(6):550-561
pubmed: 30655036
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2013 Aug;11(8):587-91
pubmed: 24020075
mBio. 2018 Jan 9;9(1):
pubmed: 29317513
Infect Immun. 2016 Sep 19;84(10):2791-801
pubmed: 27430273
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 Nov;55(11):5380-3
pubmed: 21844322
Mol Microbiol. 2009 Jul;73(2):253-66
pubmed: 19555460
Curr Opin Chem Biol. 2018 Jun;44:39-46
pubmed: 29906645
Mol Microbiol. 1996 Sep;21(5):887-93
pubmed: 8885260
J Microbiol Methods. 2007 Dec;71(3):220-4
pubmed: 17931727
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2008 Dec;72(4):579-89, Table of Contents
pubmed: 19052321
Vaccine. 2016 Sep 30;34(42):5073-5081
pubmed: 27591954
J Bacteriol. 2013 Jul;195(14):3173-82
pubmed: 23667235
ISME J. 2016 May;10(5):1274-9
pubmed: 26505828
J Bacteriol. 2018 Aug 10;200(17):
pubmed: 29941425
PLoS One. 2015 Nov 25;10(11):e0143593
pubmed: 26606059
mBio. 2017 Apr 18;8(2):
pubmed: 28420737
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013 Dec;79(23):7116-21
pubmed: 24038684
Mol Microbiol. 2008 Oct;70(1):258-70
pubmed: 18761622
Methods Mol Biol. 2016;1333:17-28
pubmed: 26468096
J Infect Dis. 2010 Jun 15;201 Suppl 2:S88-95
pubmed: 20470046
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 Sep;56(9):4922-6
pubmed: 22777047
Gene. 1999 Jun 11;233(1-2):261-9
pubmed: 10375643
Annu Rev Genet. 2015;49:603-25
pubmed: 26442844
Nature. 2013 Jul 11;499(7457):178-83
pubmed: 23823726
J Bacteriol. 2010 Apr;192(7):1946-55
pubmed: 20097861
Mol Microbiol. 2006 Aug;61(4):940-7
pubmed: 16879647
Trends Microbiol. 2015 Jan;23(1):7-13
pubmed: 25449050
Sci Rep. 2016 Jun 30;6:28759
pubmed: 27357537
mBio. 2015 Sep 01;6(5):e00731-15
pubmed: 26330511
Science. 2011 Nov 18;334(6058):982-6
pubmed: 22096200
Annu Rev Microbiol. 2010;64:357-72
pubmed: 20528688
Methods Mol Biol. 2015;1285:201-13
pubmed: 25779317
Nat Rev Immunol. 2014 Aug;14(8):571-8
pubmed: 25033907
FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2010 Jul;34(4):415-25
pubmed: 20059548
Science. 2016 Dec 16;354(6318):
pubmed: 27980159
Front Microbiol. 2015 Dec 15;6:1338
pubmed: 26696964
ISME J. 2018 May;12(5):1199-1209
pubmed: 29335635
Microbiol Spectr. 2015 Dec;3(6):
pubmed: 27337279
FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2009 Jul;33(4):704-17
pubmed: 19207742
FEBS Lett. 2016 Nov;590(21):3868-3886
pubmed: 27455397
Cell Microbiol. 2003 Sep;5(9):593-600
pubmed: 12925129
J Bacteriol. 2010 Dec;192(23):6191-9
pubmed: 20935098
Environ Microbiol. 2018 Jun;20(6):2038-2048
pubmed: 29457686
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 Sep;77(18):6559-69
pubmed: 21764947
PLoS Pathog. 2014 May 22;10(5):e1004144
pubmed: 24851864
PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e42007
pubmed: 22911873
J Microbiol. 2015 Nov;53(11):783-95
pubmed: 26502963
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015 May;13(5):298-309
pubmed: 25853779
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2005 May;3(5):371-82
pubmed: 15864262
PLoS Pathog. 2009 Oct;5(10):e1000641
pubmed: 19876386
J Bacteriol. 2004 Feb;186(3):683-91
pubmed: 14729693
J Biol Chem. 2018 Jan 12;293(2):510-522
pubmed: 29123027
Front Microbiol. 2017 Apr 20;8:699
pubmed: 28473824
J Biol Chem. 2017 Jan 27;292(4):1251-1266
pubmed: 27941026
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Jul;57(7):3230-9
pubmed: 23629720
mBio. 2015 Mar 17;6(2):e02428
pubmed: 25784702
J Bacteriol. 2009 Mar;191(5):1618-30
pubmed: 19114484
Nat Microbiol. 2016 Nov 07;2:16204
pubmed: 27819667
Mol Microbiol. 2017 Mar;103(6):1004-1019
pubmed: 27997721
Microb Ecol. 1982 Dec;8(4):313-23
pubmed: 24226049
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Dec 23;100(26):15971-6
pubmed: 14673075
Environ Microbiol. 2012 Mar;14(3):669-79
pubmed: 22026739
PLoS Pathog. 2013;9(6):e1003454
pubmed: 23818855
PLoS Biol. 2010 Feb 23;8(2):e1000317
pubmed: 20186264
Mol Microbiol. 2003 Oct;50(1):349-62
pubmed: 14507385
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Apr 21;112(16):5171-6
pubmed: 25848049
J Cell Biochem. 2019 Nov;120(11):18572-18587
pubmed: 31237031
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2017 Aug;15(8):453-464
pubmed: 28529326
Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013 Mar;36(2):199-209
pubmed: 23414774
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2019 Mar 04;9:42
pubmed: 30886834
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Jan 15;110(3):936-41
pubmed: 23277577
Mol Biosyst. 2015 Sep;11(9):2473-82
pubmed: 26138404
Sci Rep. 2016 Aug 03;6:30837
pubmed: 27484197
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jul 23;99(15):9697-702
pubmed: 12119387
J Bacteriol. 1999 Feb;181(4):1196-202
pubmed: 9973346
Cytokine. 2018 Dec;112:95-101
pubmed: 29885991
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 May 1;90(9):3998-4002
pubmed: 8387206
Front Microbiol. 2018 Dec 12;9:3101
pubmed: 30619180
Nat Chem Biol. 2012 Mar 18;8(5):431-3
pubmed: 22426114
Front Microbiol. 2016 Jan 25;7:13
pubmed: 26834731
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2012 Feb 16;10(3):203-12
pubmed: 22337166
Infect Immun. 2011 Apr;79(4):1631-7
pubmed: 21300770
Nat Commun. 2019 Mar 12;10(1):1177
pubmed: 30862812
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Aug 19;100(17):10026-31
pubmed: 12897239
Elife. 2016 Mar 16;5:e12552
pubmed: 26981769
Mol Microbiol. 1995 May;16(3):373-84
pubmed: 7565099
Nucleic Acids Res. 2017 Aug 21;45(14):8180-8189
pubmed: 28854732
Poult Sci. 2014 Feb;93(2):441-7
pubmed: 24570467
PLoS Biol. 2006 Oct;4(11):e349
pubmed: 17048989
Cell Microbiol. 2006 Nov;8(11):1791-802
pubmed: 16803581
PLoS Pathog. 2014 Nov 20;10(11):e1004510
pubmed: 25412183
FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2012 Jan;36(1):131-48
pubmed: 22091839
Int J Med Microbiol. 2015 Feb;305(2):183-9
pubmed: 25595023
Nature. 2008 Jan 17;451(7176):350-4
pubmed: 18202661
Arch Microbiol. 2006 Jun;185(5):340-7
pubmed: 16518617
J Biol Chem. 2011 Aug 19;286(33):29336-46
pubmed: 21708944
Curr Opin Microbiol. 2018 Apr;42:25-30
pubmed: 29024914
Microbiology (Reading). 2006 Sep;152(Pt 9):2573-2578
pubmed: 16946252
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015 May;59(5):2713-9
pubmed: 25712354
J Bacteriol. 1975 Jan;121(1):219-26
pubmed: 1090569
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2014 Oct 22;4:148
pubmed: 25374846
Genes Genet Syst. 2012;87(4):221-31
pubmed: 23229309
Open Biol. 2017 Nov;7(11):
pubmed: 29093212
Mol Microbiol. 2003 Nov;50(4):1199-213
pubmed: 14622409
Curr Biol. 2015 Jun 15;25(12):1613-8
pubmed: 26051891
Drug Resist Updat. 2018 May;38:12-26
pubmed: 29857815
Mol Microbiol. 2009 Feb;71(3):640-58
pubmed: 19040633
Microbiol Spectr. 2019 Mar;7(2):
pubmed: 31025623
Science. 2004 Sep 10;305(5690):1629-31
pubmed: 15308764
J Microbiol. 2019 Oct;57(10):829-835
pubmed: 31463787
J Mol Biol. 1961 Apr;3:144-55
pubmed: 13764647
J Exp Med. 2016 May 2;213(5):809-25
pubmed: 27114608
mBio. 2017 Feb 7;8(1):
pubmed: 28174313
Sci Adv. 2019 Mar 20;5(3):eaav2104
pubmed: 30906866
Front Microbiol. 2014 Mar 03;5:70
pubmed: 24624123
FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2017 May 1;41(3):219-251
pubmed: 28333307
Annu Rev Genet. 2011;45:61-79
pubmed: 22060041
Infect Immun. 2005 Apr;73(4):2547-9
pubmed: 15784602
mBio. 2018 Aug 14;9(4):
pubmed: 30108166
Genes Dev. 2009 May 15;23(10):1221-33
pubmed: 19401329
J Biol Chem. 2018 Apr 13;293(15):5679-5694
pubmed: 29475943
Immunol Rev. 2015 Mar;264(1):182-203
pubmed: 25703560
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Mar 29;292(2):333-8
pubmed: 11906166
Science. 2014 Jan 10;343(6167):204-8
pubmed: 24408438
Trends Genet. 2019 Jun;35(6):401-411
pubmed: 31036343
J Biol Chem. 1988 May 25;263(15):7124-30
pubmed: 2835363
J Microbiol. 2005 Feb;43 Spec No:93-100
pubmed: 15765062
J Bacteriol. 2005 Mar;187(5):1591-603
pubmed: 15716429
J Bacteriol. 2002 Aug;184(16):4455-65
pubmed: 12142416
J Bacteriol. 2014 Apr;196(7):1297-305
pubmed: 24488313
J Bacteriol. 1990 Apr;172(4):2013-9
pubmed: 1690706
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2015 Aug;13(8):497-508
pubmed: 26145732
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2014 Apr 11;4:44
pubmed: 24783061
Front Microbiol. 2018 Aug 28;9:2014
pubmed: 30210482
Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2016 Dec;60:155-167
pubmed: 27448494
J Bacteriol. 2013 Feb;195(4):647-57
pubmed: 23204462
Crit Rev Microbiol. 2014 Aug;40(3):207-24
pubmed: 23537324
Front Microbiol. 2014 Jun 02;5:258
pubmed: 24917854
J Biol Chem. 1993 Nov 25;268(33):24665-8
pubmed: 8227025
Microbiol Spectr. 2015 Jun;3(3):
pubmed: 26185075
J Vis Exp. 2015 Oct 13;(104):
pubmed: 26484535
J Bacteriol. 2002 Sep;184(18):5077-87
pubmed: 12193624
J Bacteriol. 2001 Dec;183(23):6746-51
pubmed: 11698361
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2017 Jul 13;7:316
pubmed: 28752080
Vet Microbiol. 2003 Apr 2;92(3):213-23
pubmed: 12523983
Antibiotics (Basel). 2019 Aug 06;8(3):
pubmed: 31390740
Reprod Biol. 2017 Jun;17(2):120-125
pubmed: 28336198
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2017 Jun 21;7:275
pubmed: 28680859
J Bacteriol. 1977 Mar;129(3):1466-75
pubmed: 321429
Mol Cell. 2017 Dec 21;68(6):1147-1154.e3
pubmed: 29225037
Cell Res. 2015 Jul;25(7):771-84
pubmed: 26045163
Mol Syst Biol. 2019 Feb 14;15(2):e8470
pubmed: 30765425
Traffic. 2002 Mar;3(3):170-7
pubmed: 11886587
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Jul 3;115(27):E6301-E6309
pubmed: 29915065
J Bacteriol. 2000 Sep;182(17):4889-98
pubmed: 10940033
Mol Cell. 2015 Jul 2;59(1):9-21
pubmed: 26051177
Trends Microbiol. 2014 Jul;22(7):406-16
pubmed: 24814671
Immunity. 2014 Jul 17;41(1):14-20
pubmed: 25035950
Nat Chem Biol. 2016 Apr;12(4):208-14
pubmed: 26991085
Microb Pathog. 2018 Sep;122:19-24
pubmed: 29879433
Annu Rev Microbiol. 2008;62:35-51
pubmed: 18454629
PLoS Genet. 2017 Oct 26;13(10):e1007077
pubmed: 29073136
J Biol Chem. 1991 Mar 25;266(9):5980-90
pubmed: 2005134
Cell Host Microbe. 2013 Aug 14;14(2):159-70
pubmed: 23954155
PLoS One. 2010 May 11;5(5):e10586
pubmed: 20485672
Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2014 Mar-Apr;49(2):91-101
pubmed: 24328927
Cell Chem Biol. 2017 Feb 16;24(2):195-206
pubmed: 28111098
Annu Rev Microbiol. 2006;60:351-75
pubmed: 16753031
Cell Microbiol. 2006 Jan;8(1):149-62
pubmed: 16367874
Mol Microbiol. 2002 Apr;44(1):89-105
pubmed: 11967071
J Bacteriol. 2009 Dec;191(24):7436-46
pubmed: 19820090
J Biol Chem. 2012 Apr 6;287(15):12098-110
pubmed: 22334680
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009 May;7(5):333-40
pubmed: 19369949
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2011 Jan;9(1):62-75
pubmed: 21164535
PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e47427
pubmed: 23077614
Bioessays. 2010 Aug;32(8):687-97
pubmed: 20658707
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2017 Jun 29;7:285
pubmed: 28706879
Methods Enzymol. 2012;517:387-406
pubmed: 23084949
mSystems. 2020 Dec 1;5(6):
pubmed: 33262242
Microb Biotechnol. 2012 Jul;5(4):509-22
pubmed: 22221537
Microb Biotechnol. 2017 Sep;10(5):1054-1056
pubmed: 28696066
Nature. 2011 May 12;473(7346):216-20
pubmed: 21562562
Microbiol Spectr. 2017 Jan;5(1):
pubmed: 28155811
Nucleic Acids Res. 2005 Feb 17;33(3):966-76
pubmed: 15718296
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013 Mar;57(3):1468-73
pubmed: 23295927
Cell. 1985 Jan;40(1):159-69
pubmed: 2981626
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2016 Aug;100(15):6545-6553
pubmed: 27262568
Curr Opin Microbiol. 2013 Apr;16(2):184-91
pubmed: 23485258
Nature. 2000 Aug 17;406(6797):735-8
pubmed: 10963599
Gene. 2018 Jan 30;641:161-171
pubmed: 29066303
Infect Genet Evol. 2018 Aug;62:270-274
pubmed: 29751196
Genes Dev. 2017 Aug 1;31(15):1549-1560
pubmed: 28864445
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1967 Nov;58(5):1911-8
pubmed: 4866982
Infect Immun. 2009 Mar;77(3):1230-7
pubmed: 19103767
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2013 Nov 01;5(11):a012674
pubmed: 24097899
J Food Prot. 2014 Jan;77(1):150-70
pubmed: 24406014
J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol. 2001 Oct;3(4):585-600
pubmed: 11545276
Tuber Lung Dis. 1998;79(2):127-32
pubmed: 10645451
J Immunol Res. 2019 Apr 14;2019:1356540
pubmed: 31111075
Nat Chem Biol. 2011 Jun;7(6):359-66
pubmed: 21516113
PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e54737
pubmed: 23358116
Cell Host Microbe. 2017 Dec 13;22(6):757-765.e3
pubmed: 29199098
Mol Microbiol. 2013 Oct;90(1):195-207
pubmed: 23927792
Nat Commun. 2018 Oct 10;9(1):4184
pubmed: 30305619
Nucleic Acids Res. 2016 Nov 16;44(20):9860-9871
pubmed: 27599842
Nat Immunol. 2014 Apr;15(4):314-5
pubmed: 24646590
J Bacteriol. 2009 Jul;191(14):4555-61
pubmed: 19447912
Front Biosci. 2002 Feb 01;7:d458-69
pubmed: 11815304
Dev Cell. 2005 Mar;8(3):300-1
pubmed: 15737924
J Bacteriol. 2006 May;188(10):3494-7
pubmed: 16672603
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2014 Nov 03;4:156
pubmed: 25405102
J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol. 2002 Jan;4(1):77-91
pubmed: 11763973
Curr Protoc Microbiol. 2015 Feb 02;36:17.9.1-17.9.14
pubmed: 25641098
PLoS One. 2009 Nov 06;4(11):e7723
pubmed: 19893744
Mol Microbiol. 2016 Apr;100(2):229-46
pubmed: 26691313
Cell Microbiol. 2009 Aug;11(8):1151-9
pubmed: 19388905
FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2017 Aug 1;364(14):
pubmed: 28854672
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2015;831:1-9
pubmed: 25384659
J Exp Med. 2003 Sep 1;198(5):705-13
pubmed: 12953092
mBio. 2019 Jul 2;10(4):
pubmed: 31266875
Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2017 Aug;46:98-105
pubmed: 28292710
mBio. 2017 May 30;8(3):
pubmed: 28559487
Microbiology (Reading). 2009 Dec;155(Pt 12):4104-4113
pubmed: 19762448
Bioessays. 2014 Oct;36(10):991-6
pubmed: 25100240
J Bacteriol. 2018 Sep 24;200(20):
pubmed: 30082460
J Bacteriol. 2014 Aug 15;196(16):2901-11
pubmed: 24914187
J Biol Chem. 2016 Mar 18;291(12):6471-82
pubmed: 26792862
Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2017 Oct 5;24(10):
pubmed: 28835360
Front Microbiol. 2017 Sep 20;8:1795
pubmed: 28979246
J Leukoc Biol. 2011 Apr;89(4):557-63
pubmed: 21248152
Cell. 2004 Apr 2;117(1):57-68
pubmed: 15066282
Molecules. 2016 Jun 17;21(6):
pubmed: 27322231
Nat New Biol. 1972 Dec 20;240(103):237-40
pubmed: 4566048
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010 Apr;8(4):290-5
pubmed: 20234377
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Dec 1;90(23):11004-8
pubmed: 7504290
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010 Mar;54(3):1082-93
pubmed: 20086164
Environ Microbiol Rep. 2014 Jun;6(3):212-25
pubmed: 24983526
J Bacteriol. 2008 Apr;190(8):2981-6
pubmed: 18296525
Clin Microbiol Rev. 2018 Aug 1;31(4):
pubmed: 30068737
FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2018 Jul 1;42(4):425-447
pubmed: 29596635
J Biol Chem. 2013 May 10;288(19):13906-16
pubmed: 23546883
Mol Microbiol. 2006 Dec;62(5):1387-401
pubmed: 17059564
Mol Syst Biol. 2010 May 11;6:364
pubmed: 20461071
Mol Microbiol. 2003 May;48(3):833-43
pubmed: 12694625
Front Microbiol. 2017 Apr 04;8:580
pubmed: 28421064
Curr Opin Microbiol. 2007 Feb;10(1):30-8
pubmed: 17215163
Environ Microbiol. 2003 Oct;5(10):986-96
pubmed: 14510852
PLoS Genet. 2013;9(4):e1003421
pubmed: 23613664
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2004 Sep;2(9):747-65
pubmed: 15372085
Microbiol Spectr. 2014 Oct;2(5):
pubmed: 26104376
Cell Host Microbe. 2013 Aug 14;14(2):171-182
pubmed: 23954156
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Nov 22;61(12):
pubmed: 28993339
Future Microbiol. 2014;9(4):509-21
pubmed: 24810350
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2018 Feb 27;8:38
pubmed: 29535972
Curr Opin Microbiol. 2010 Dec;13(6):766-72
pubmed: 21035377
Immunity. 2014 Nov 20;41(5):685-93
pubmed: 25517611
Cell. 2014 Apr 24;157(3):539-48
pubmed: 24766804
Mol Microbiol. 2008 Aug;69(4):1008-17
pubmed: 18627458
Infect Immun. 1982 Sep;37(3):1042-9
pubmed: 6813266
PLoS Pathog. 2015 Feb 12;11(2):e1004679
pubmed: 25675247
Mol Cell. 2018 Jun 7;70(5):768-784
pubmed: 29398446
J Biol Chem. 1998 Nov 13;273(46):30232-8
pubmed: 9804781
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2010 Jun;74(2):171-99
pubmed: 20508246
Front Microbiol. 2019 Oct 15;10:2350
pubmed: 31681215
Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2018 Feb 01;11(1):
pubmed: 29389876
J Bacteriol. 2010 Mar;192(6):1662-70
pubmed: 20023019
Cell Syst. 2018 May 23;6(5):569-578.e7
pubmed: 29753645
Biochimie. 2001 Jan;83(1):41-8
pubmed: 11254973
mBio. 2018 Jun 12;9(3):
pubmed: 29895634
J Med Microbiol. 2011 Jun;60(Pt 6):699-709
pubmed: 21459912
Cell Metab. 2008 Jun;7(6):496-507
pubmed: 18522831
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Mar 30;107(13):5881-6
pubmed: 20231463
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2020 Sep;18(9):479-490
pubmed: 32461608
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1963 Sep 17;76:9-24
pubmed: 14068565
Adv Appl Microbiol. 2019;106:1-48
pubmed: 30798801
Microbiol Spectr. 2016 Nov;4(6):
pubmed: 27837741
FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2017 May 1;41(3):343-353
pubmed: 28449040
Pathog Dis. 2016 Nov;74(8):
pubmed: 27609462
Drug Discov Today. 2017 Jul;22(7):1008-1016
pubmed: 28458043
PLoS Genet. 2009 Dec;5(12):e1000760
pubmed: 20011100
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2013 Apr 01;5(4):a012922
pubmed: 23471435
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Aug 9;108(32):13206-11
pubmed: 21788497
Cell Rep. 2015 Nov 3;13(5):968-80
pubmed: 26565910
FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2014 Dec;361(1):25-33
pubmed: 25283595
J Food Prot. 2007 Sep;70(9):2172-98
pubmed: 17900099