Low-Dose vs Standard-Dose Alteplase in Acute Lacunar Ischemic Stroke: The ENCHANTED Trial.


Journal

Neurology
ISSN: 1526-632X
Titre abrégé: Neurology
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0401060

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
16 03 2021
Historique:
received: 06 07 2020
accepted: 07 12 2020
pubmed: 5 2 2021
medline: 27 3 2021
entrez: 4 2 2021
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

To determine any differential efficacy and safety of low- vs standard-dose IV alteplase for lacunar vs nonlacunar acute ischemic stroke (AIS), we performed post hoc analyzes from the Enhanced Control of Hypertension and Thrombolysis Stroke Study (ENCHANTED) alteplase dose arm. In a cohort of 3,297 ENCHANTED participants, we identified those with lacunar or nonlacunar AIS with different levels of confidence (definite/according to prespecified definitions based on clinical and adjudicated imaging findings. Logistic regression models were used to determine associations of lacunar AIS with 90-day outcomes (primary, modified Rankin Scale [mRS] scores 2-6; secondary, other mRS scores, intracerebral hemorrhage [ICH], and early neurologic deterioration or death) and treatment effects of low- vs standard-dose alteplase across lacunar and nonlacunar AIS with adjustment for baseline covariables. Of 2,588 participants with available imaging and clinical data, we classified cases as definite/probable lacunar (n = 490) or nonlacunar AIS (n = 2,098) for primary analyses. Regardless of alteplase dose received, lacunar AIS participants had favorable functional (mRS 2-6, adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval] 0.60 [0.47-0.77]) and other clinical or safety outcomes compared to participants with nonlacunar AIS. Low-dose alteplase (versus standard) had no differential effect on functional outcomes (mRS 2-6, 1.04 [0.87-1.24]) but reduced the risk of symptomatic ICH in all included participants. There were no differential treatment effects of low- vs standard-dose alteplase on all outcomes across lacunar and nonlacunar AIS (all We found no evidence from the ENCHANTED trial that low-dose alteplase had any advantages over standard dose for definite/probable lacunar AIS. This study provides Class II evidence that for patients with lacunar AIS, low-dose alteplase had no additional benefit or safety over standard-dose alteplase. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT01422616.

Identifiants

pubmed: 33536271
pii: WNL.0000000000011598
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000011598
pmc: PMC8032382
doi:

Substances chimiques

Fibrinolytic Agents 0
Tissue Plasminogen Activator EC 3.4.21.68

Banques de données

ClinicalTrials.gov
['NCT01422616']

Types de publication

Journal Article Multicenter Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

e1512-e1526

Subventions

Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MC_G1002455
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Department of Health
Pays : United Kingdom

Commentaires et corrections

Type : ErratumIn

Informations de copyright

Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.

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Auteurs

Zien Zhou (Z)

From The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine (Z.Z., C.D., C.X., S. Yoshimura, C.C., T.T.-Y., A.M., X.C., M.L.H., M.W., J.C., C.S.A.), and South Western Clinical School (M.W.P.), University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia; Department of Radiology (Z.Z., J.X.), Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (C.D., C.C., C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners; Sydney Medical School (C.D., C.C.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery (C.X.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S. Yoshimura, T.T.-Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (T.T.-Y.), Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Neurology (S. You), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health (M.W.), Imperial College, London; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Center (T.G.R.), University of Leicester, UK; Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital University Department of Medicine (M.W.P.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (A.M.D.), University of Calgary, Canada; Westmead Applied Research Centre (R.I.L.), University of Sydney, Australia; Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging and Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (G.M., J.M.W.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh; and The George Institute China at Peking University Health Science Center (C.S.A.), Beijing, China.

Candice Delcourt (C)

From The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine (Z.Z., C.D., C.X., S. Yoshimura, C.C., T.T.-Y., A.M., X.C., M.L.H., M.W., J.C., C.S.A.), and South Western Clinical School (M.W.P.), University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia; Department of Radiology (Z.Z., J.X.), Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (C.D., C.C., C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners; Sydney Medical School (C.D., C.C.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery (C.X.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S. Yoshimura, T.T.-Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (T.T.-Y.), Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Neurology (S. You), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health (M.W.), Imperial College, London; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Center (T.G.R.), University of Leicester, UK; Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital University Department of Medicine (M.W.P.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (A.M.D.), University of Calgary, Canada; Westmead Applied Research Centre (R.I.L.), University of Sydney, Australia; Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging and Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (G.M., J.M.W.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh; and The George Institute China at Peking University Health Science Center (C.S.A.), Beijing, China.

Chao Xia (C)

From The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine (Z.Z., C.D., C.X., S. Yoshimura, C.C., T.T.-Y., A.M., X.C., M.L.H., M.W., J.C., C.S.A.), and South Western Clinical School (M.W.P.), University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia; Department of Radiology (Z.Z., J.X.), Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (C.D., C.C., C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners; Sydney Medical School (C.D., C.C.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery (C.X.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S. Yoshimura, T.T.-Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (T.T.-Y.), Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Neurology (S. You), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health (M.W.), Imperial College, London; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Center (T.G.R.), University of Leicester, UK; Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital University Department of Medicine (M.W.P.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (A.M.D.), University of Calgary, Canada; Westmead Applied Research Centre (R.I.L.), University of Sydney, Australia; Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging and Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (G.M., J.M.W.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh; and The George Institute China at Peking University Health Science Center (C.S.A.), Beijing, China.

Sohei Yoshimura (S)

From The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine (Z.Z., C.D., C.X., S. Yoshimura, C.C., T.T.-Y., A.M., X.C., M.L.H., M.W., J.C., C.S.A.), and South Western Clinical School (M.W.P.), University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia; Department of Radiology (Z.Z., J.X.), Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (C.D., C.C., C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners; Sydney Medical School (C.D., C.C.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery (C.X.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S. Yoshimura, T.T.-Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (T.T.-Y.), Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Neurology (S. You), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health (M.W.), Imperial College, London; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Center (T.G.R.), University of Leicester, UK; Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital University Department of Medicine (M.W.P.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (A.M.D.), University of Calgary, Canada; Westmead Applied Research Centre (R.I.L.), University of Sydney, Australia; Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging and Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (G.M., J.M.W.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh; and The George Institute China at Peking University Health Science Center (C.S.A.), Beijing, China.

Cheryl Carcel (C)

From The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine (Z.Z., C.D., C.X., S. Yoshimura, C.C., T.T.-Y., A.M., X.C., M.L.H., M.W., J.C., C.S.A.), and South Western Clinical School (M.W.P.), University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia; Department of Radiology (Z.Z., J.X.), Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (C.D., C.C., C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners; Sydney Medical School (C.D., C.C.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery (C.X.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S. Yoshimura, T.T.-Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (T.T.-Y.), Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Neurology (S. You), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health (M.W.), Imperial College, London; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Center (T.G.R.), University of Leicester, UK; Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital University Department of Medicine (M.W.P.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (A.M.D.), University of Calgary, Canada; Westmead Applied Research Centre (R.I.L.), University of Sydney, Australia; Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging and Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (G.M., J.M.W.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh; and The George Institute China at Peking University Health Science Center (C.S.A.), Beijing, China.

Takako Torii-Yoshimura (T)

From The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine (Z.Z., C.D., C.X., S. Yoshimura, C.C., T.T.-Y., A.M., X.C., M.L.H., M.W., J.C., C.S.A.), and South Western Clinical School (M.W.P.), University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia; Department of Radiology (Z.Z., J.X.), Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (C.D., C.C., C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners; Sydney Medical School (C.D., C.C.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery (C.X.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S. Yoshimura, T.T.-Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (T.T.-Y.), Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Neurology (S. You), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health (M.W.), Imperial College, London; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Center (T.G.R.), University of Leicester, UK; Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital University Department of Medicine (M.W.P.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (A.M.D.), University of Calgary, Canada; Westmead Applied Research Centre (R.I.L.), University of Sydney, Australia; Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging and Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (G.M., J.M.W.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh; and The George Institute China at Peking University Health Science Center (C.S.A.), Beijing, China.

Shoujiang You (S)

From The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine (Z.Z., C.D., C.X., S. Yoshimura, C.C., T.T.-Y., A.M., X.C., M.L.H., M.W., J.C., C.S.A.), and South Western Clinical School (M.W.P.), University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia; Department of Radiology (Z.Z., J.X.), Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (C.D., C.C., C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners; Sydney Medical School (C.D., C.C.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery (C.X.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S. Yoshimura, T.T.-Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (T.T.-Y.), Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Neurology (S. You), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health (M.W.), Imperial College, London; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Center (T.G.R.), University of Leicester, UK; Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital University Department of Medicine (M.W.P.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (A.M.D.), University of Calgary, Canada; Westmead Applied Research Centre (R.I.L.), University of Sydney, Australia; Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging and Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (G.M., J.M.W.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh; and The George Institute China at Peking University Health Science Center (C.S.A.), Beijing, China.

Alejandra Malavera (A)

From The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine (Z.Z., C.D., C.X., S. Yoshimura, C.C., T.T.-Y., A.M., X.C., M.L.H., M.W., J.C., C.S.A.), and South Western Clinical School (M.W.P.), University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia; Department of Radiology (Z.Z., J.X.), Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (C.D., C.C., C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners; Sydney Medical School (C.D., C.C.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery (C.X.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S. Yoshimura, T.T.-Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (T.T.-Y.), Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Neurology (S. You), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health (M.W.), Imperial College, London; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Center (T.G.R.), University of Leicester, UK; Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital University Department of Medicine (M.W.P.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (A.M.D.), University of Calgary, Canada; Westmead Applied Research Centre (R.I.L.), University of Sydney, Australia; Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging and Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (G.M., J.M.W.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh; and The George Institute China at Peking University Health Science Center (C.S.A.), Beijing, China.

Xiaoying Chen (X)

From The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine (Z.Z., C.D., C.X., S. Yoshimura, C.C., T.T.-Y., A.M., X.C., M.L.H., M.W., J.C., C.S.A.), and South Western Clinical School (M.W.P.), University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia; Department of Radiology (Z.Z., J.X.), Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (C.D., C.C., C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners; Sydney Medical School (C.D., C.C.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery (C.X.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S. Yoshimura, T.T.-Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (T.T.-Y.), Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Neurology (S. You), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health (M.W.), Imperial College, London; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Center (T.G.R.), University of Leicester, UK; Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital University Department of Medicine (M.W.P.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (A.M.D.), University of Calgary, Canada; Westmead Applied Research Centre (R.I.L.), University of Sydney, Australia; Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging and Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (G.M., J.M.W.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh; and The George Institute China at Peking University Health Science Center (C.S.A.), Beijing, China.

Maree L Hackett (ML)

From The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine (Z.Z., C.D., C.X., S. Yoshimura, C.C., T.T.-Y., A.M., X.C., M.L.H., M.W., J.C., C.S.A.), and South Western Clinical School (M.W.P.), University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia; Department of Radiology (Z.Z., J.X.), Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (C.D., C.C., C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners; Sydney Medical School (C.D., C.C.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery (C.X.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S. Yoshimura, T.T.-Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (T.T.-Y.), Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Neurology (S. You), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health (M.W.), Imperial College, London; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Center (T.G.R.), University of Leicester, UK; Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital University Department of Medicine (M.W.P.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (A.M.D.), University of Calgary, Canada; Westmead Applied Research Centre (R.I.L.), University of Sydney, Australia; Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging and Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (G.M., J.M.W.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh; and The George Institute China at Peking University Health Science Center (C.S.A.), Beijing, China.

Mark Woodward (M)

From The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine (Z.Z., C.D., C.X., S. Yoshimura, C.C., T.T.-Y., A.M., X.C., M.L.H., M.W., J.C., C.S.A.), and South Western Clinical School (M.W.P.), University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia; Department of Radiology (Z.Z., J.X.), Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (C.D., C.C., C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners; Sydney Medical School (C.D., C.C.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery (C.X.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S. Yoshimura, T.T.-Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (T.T.-Y.), Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Neurology (S. You), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health (M.W.), Imperial College, London; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Center (T.G.R.), University of Leicester, UK; Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital University Department of Medicine (M.W.P.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (A.M.D.), University of Calgary, Canada; Westmead Applied Research Centre (R.I.L.), University of Sydney, Australia; Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging and Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (G.M., J.M.W.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh; and The George Institute China at Peking University Health Science Center (C.S.A.), Beijing, China.

John Chalmers (J)

From The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine (Z.Z., C.D., C.X., S. Yoshimura, C.C., T.T.-Y., A.M., X.C., M.L.H., M.W., J.C., C.S.A.), and South Western Clinical School (M.W.P.), University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia; Department of Radiology (Z.Z., J.X.), Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (C.D., C.C., C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners; Sydney Medical School (C.D., C.C.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery (C.X.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S. Yoshimura, T.T.-Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (T.T.-Y.), Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Neurology (S. You), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health (M.W.), Imperial College, London; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Center (T.G.R.), University of Leicester, UK; Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital University Department of Medicine (M.W.P.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (A.M.D.), University of Calgary, Canada; Westmead Applied Research Centre (R.I.L.), University of Sydney, Australia; Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging and Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (G.M., J.M.W.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh; and The George Institute China at Peking University Health Science Center (C.S.A.), Beijing, China.

Jianrong Xu (J)

From The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine (Z.Z., C.D., C.X., S. Yoshimura, C.C., T.T.-Y., A.M., X.C., M.L.H., M.W., J.C., C.S.A.), and South Western Clinical School (M.W.P.), University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia; Department of Radiology (Z.Z., J.X.), Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (C.D., C.C., C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners; Sydney Medical School (C.D., C.C.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery (C.X.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S. Yoshimura, T.T.-Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (T.T.-Y.), Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Neurology (S. You), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health (M.W.), Imperial College, London; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Center (T.G.R.), University of Leicester, UK; Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital University Department of Medicine (M.W.P.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (A.M.D.), University of Calgary, Canada; Westmead Applied Research Centre (R.I.L.), University of Sydney, Australia; Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging and Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (G.M., J.M.W.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh; and The George Institute China at Peking University Health Science Center (C.S.A.), Beijing, China.

Thompson G Robinson (TG)

From The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine (Z.Z., C.D., C.X., S. Yoshimura, C.C., T.T.-Y., A.M., X.C., M.L.H., M.W., J.C., C.S.A.), and South Western Clinical School (M.W.P.), University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia; Department of Radiology (Z.Z., J.X.), Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (C.D., C.C., C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners; Sydney Medical School (C.D., C.C.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery (C.X.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S. Yoshimura, T.T.-Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (T.T.-Y.), Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Neurology (S. You), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health (M.W.), Imperial College, London; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Center (T.G.R.), University of Leicester, UK; Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital University Department of Medicine (M.W.P.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (A.M.D.), University of Calgary, Canada; Westmead Applied Research Centre (R.I.L.), University of Sydney, Australia; Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging and Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (G.M., J.M.W.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh; and The George Institute China at Peking University Health Science Center (C.S.A.), Beijing, China.

Mark W Parsons (MW)

From The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine (Z.Z., C.D., C.X., S. Yoshimura, C.C., T.T.-Y., A.M., X.C., M.L.H., M.W., J.C., C.S.A.), and South Western Clinical School (M.W.P.), University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia; Department of Radiology (Z.Z., J.X.), Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (C.D., C.C., C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners; Sydney Medical School (C.D., C.C.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery (C.X.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S. Yoshimura, T.T.-Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (T.T.-Y.), Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Neurology (S. You), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health (M.W.), Imperial College, London; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Center (T.G.R.), University of Leicester, UK; Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital University Department of Medicine (M.W.P.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (A.M.D.), University of Calgary, Canada; Westmead Applied Research Centre (R.I.L.), University of Sydney, Australia; Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging and Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (G.M., J.M.W.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh; and The George Institute China at Peking University Health Science Center (C.S.A.), Beijing, China.

Andrew M Demchuk (AM)

From The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine (Z.Z., C.D., C.X., S. Yoshimura, C.C., T.T.-Y., A.M., X.C., M.L.H., M.W., J.C., C.S.A.), and South Western Clinical School (M.W.P.), University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia; Department of Radiology (Z.Z., J.X.), Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (C.D., C.C., C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners; Sydney Medical School (C.D., C.C.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery (C.X.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S. Yoshimura, T.T.-Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (T.T.-Y.), Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Neurology (S. You), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health (M.W.), Imperial College, London; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Center (T.G.R.), University of Leicester, UK; Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital University Department of Medicine (M.W.P.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (A.M.D.), University of Calgary, Canada; Westmead Applied Research Centre (R.I.L.), University of Sydney, Australia; Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging and Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (G.M., J.M.W.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh; and The George Institute China at Peking University Health Science Center (C.S.A.), Beijing, China.

Richard I Lindley (RI)

From The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine (Z.Z., C.D., C.X., S. Yoshimura, C.C., T.T.-Y., A.M., X.C., M.L.H., M.W., J.C., C.S.A.), and South Western Clinical School (M.W.P.), University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia; Department of Radiology (Z.Z., J.X.), Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (C.D., C.C., C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners; Sydney Medical School (C.D., C.C.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery (C.X.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S. Yoshimura, T.T.-Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (T.T.-Y.), Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Neurology (S. You), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health (M.W.), Imperial College, London; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Center (T.G.R.), University of Leicester, UK; Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital University Department of Medicine (M.W.P.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (A.M.D.), University of Calgary, Canada; Westmead Applied Research Centre (R.I.L.), University of Sydney, Australia; Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging and Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (G.M., J.M.W.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh; and The George Institute China at Peking University Health Science Center (C.S.A.), Beijing, China.

Grant Mair (G)

From The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine (Z.Z., C.D., C.X., S. Yoshimura, C.C., T.T.-Y., A.M., X.C., M.L.H., M.W., J.C., C.S.A.), and South Western Clinical School (M.W.P.), University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia; Department of Radiology (Z.Z., J.X.), Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (C.D., C.C., C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners; Sydney Medical School (C.D., C.C.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery (C.X.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S. Yoshimura, T.T.-Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (T.T.-Y.), Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Neurology (S. You), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health (M.W.), Imperial College, London; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Center (T.G.R.), University of Leicester, UK; Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital University Department of Medicine (M.W.P.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (A.M.D.), University of Calgary, Canada; Westmead Applied Research Centre (R.I.L.), University of Sydney, Australia; Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging and Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (G.M., J.M.W.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh; and The George Institute China at Peking University Health Science Center (C.S.A.), Beijing, China.

Joanna M Wardlaw (JM)

From The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine (Z.Z., C.D., C.X., S. Yoshimura, C.C., T.T.-Y., A.M., X.C., M.L.H., M.W., J.C., C.S.A.), and South Western Clinical School (M.W.P.), University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia; Department of Radiology (Z.Z., J.X.), Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (C.D., C.C., C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners; Sydney Medical School (C.D., C.C.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery (C.X.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S. Yoshimura, T.T.-Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (T.T.-Y.), Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Neurology (S. You), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health (M.W.), Imperial College, London; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Center (T.G.R.), University of Leicester, UK; Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital University Department of Medicine (M.W.P.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (A.M.D.), University of Calgary, Canada; Westmead Applied Research Centre (R.I.L.), University of Sydney, Australia; Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging and Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (G.M., J.M.W.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh; and The George Institute China at Peking University Health Science Center (C.S.A.), Beijing, China.

Craig S Anderson (CS)

From The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine (Z.Z., C.D., C.X., S. Yoshimura, C.C., T.T.-Y., A.M., X.C., M.L.H., M.W., J.C., C.S.A.), and South Western Clinical School (M.W.P.), University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia; Department of Radiology (Z.Z., J.X.), Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Department of Neurology (C.D., C.C., C.S.A.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Health Partners; Sydney Medical School (C.D., C.C.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery (C.X.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (S. Yoshimura, T.T.-Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka; Department of Neurology and Neuroscience (T.T.-Y.), Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan; Department of Neurology (S. You), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health (M.W.), Imperial College, London; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Center (T.G.R.), University of Leicester, UK; Melbourne Brain Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital University Department of Medicine (M.W.P.), University of Melbourne, Australia; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Radiology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine (A.M.D.), University of Calgary, Canada; Westmead Applied Research Centre (R.I.L.), University of Sydney, Australia; Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging and Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (G.M., J.M.W.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (J.M.W.), University of Edinburgh; and The George Institute China at Peking University Health Science Center (C.S.A.), Beijing, China. canderson@georgeinstitute.org.au.

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