Evidence for divergence of DNA methylation maintenance and a conserved inhibitory mechanism from DNA demethylation in chickens and mammals.
Chicken
DNA methylation
Divergence
Mammalian chromosome
Journal
Genes & genomics
ISSN: 2092-9293
Titre abrégé: Genes Genomics
Pays: Korea (South)
ID NLM: 101481027
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
03 2021
03 2021
Historique:
received:
17
12
2020
accepted:
06
01
2021
pubmed:
9
2
2021
medline:
27
1
2022
entrez:
8
2
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
DNA methylation is a significant epigenetic modification that is evolutionarily conserved in various species and often serves as a repressive mark for transcription. DNA methylation levels and patterns are regulated by a balance of opposing enzyme functions, DNA methyltransferases, DNMT1/3A/3B and methylcytosine dioxygenases, TET1/2/3. In mice, the TET enzyme converts DNA cytosine methylation (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) at the beginning of fertilisation and gastrulation and initiates a global loss of 5mC, while the 5mC level is increased on the onset of cell differentiation during early embryonic development. Global loss and gain of DNA methylation may be differently regulated in diverged species. Chicken B-cell lymphoma DT40 cells were used as an avian model to compare differences in the overall regulation of DNA modification with mammals. We found that DNA methylation is maintained at high levels in DT40 cells through compact chromatin formation, which inhibits TET-mediated demethylation. Human and mouse chromosomes introduced into DT40 cells by cell fusion lost the majority of 5mC, except for human subtelomeric repeats. Our attempt to elucidate the differences in the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms between birds and mammals explored the evidence that they share a common chromatin-based regulation of TET-DNA access, while chicken DNMT1 is involved in different target sequence recognition systems, suggesting that factors inducing DNMT-DNA association have already diverged.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
DNA methylation is a significant epigenetic modification that is evolutionarily conserved in various species and often serves as a repressive mark for transcription. DNA methylation levels and patterns are regulated by a balance of opposing enzyme functions, DNA methyltransferases, DNMT1/3A/3B and methylcytosine dioxygenases, TET1/2/3. In mice, the TET enzyme converts DNA cytosine methylation (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) at the beginning of fertilisation and gastrulation and initiates a global loss of 5mC, while the 5mC level is increased on the onset of cell differentiation during early embryonic development.
OBJECTIVE
Global loss and gain of DNA methylation may be differently regulated in diverged species.
METHODS
Chicken B-cell lymphoma DT40 cells were used as an avian model to compare differences in the overall regulation of DNA modification with mammals.
RESULTS
We found that DNA methylation is maintained at high levels in DT40 cells through compact chromatin formation, which inhibits TET-mediated demethylation. Human and mouse chromosomes introduced into DT40 cells by cell fusion lost the majority of 5mC, except for human subtelomeric repeats.
CONCLUSION
Our attempt to elucidate the differences in the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms between birds and mammals explored the evidence that they share a common chromatin-based regulation of TET-DNA access, while chicken DNMT1 is involved in different target sequence recognition systems, suggesting that factors inducing DNMT-DNA association have already diverged.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33555502
doi: 10.1007/s13258-021-01046-7
pii: 10.1007/s13258-021-01046-7
pmc: PMC7966644
doi:
Substances chimiques
Chromatin
0
Dioxygenases
EC 1.13.11.-
DNA Modification Methylases
EC 2.1.1.-
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
269-280Références
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