Association of Group A

Adolescent Child Child, Preschool Cohort Studies Europe / epidemiology Female Humans Male Prospective Studies Streptococcal Infections / epidemiology Symptom Flare Up Tic Disorders / epidemiology

Journal

Neurology
ISSN: 1526-632X
Titre abrégé: Neurology
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0401060

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
23 03 2021
Historique:
received: 04 08 2020
accepted: 14 12 2020
pubmed: 12 2 2021
medline: 23 4 2021
entrez: 11 2 2021
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

To examine prospectively the association between group A We followed up 715 children with CTD (age 10.7 ± 2.8 years, 76.8% boys), recruited by 16 specialist clinics from 9 countries, and followed up for 16 months on average. Tic, obsessive-compulsive symptom (OCS), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) severity was assessed during 4-monthly study visits and telephone interviews. GAS exposures were analyzed using 4 possible combinations of measures based on pharyngeal swab and serologic testing. The associations between GAS exposures and tic exacerbations or changes of tic, OC, and ADHD symptom severity were measured, respectively, using multivariate logistic regression plus multiple failure time analyses and mixed effects linear regression. A total of 405 exacerbations occurred in 308 of 715 (43%) participants. The proportion of exacerbations temporally associated with GAS exposure ranged from 5.5% to 12.9%, depending on GAS exposure definition. We did not detect any significant association of any of the 4 GAS exposure definitions with tic exacerbations (odds ratios ranging between 1.006 and 1.235, all This study does not support GAS exposures as contributing factors for tic exacerbations in children with CTD. Specific workup or active management of GAS infections is unlikely to help modify the course of tics in CTD and is therefore not recommended.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000011610 PMID: 33568537 PMC: PMC8032367
pubmed: 33568537
pii: WNL.0000000000011610
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000011610
pmc: PMC8032367
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article Multicenter Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

e1680-e1693

Commentaires et corrections

Type : CommentIn
Type : CommentIn
Type : CommentIn

Informations de copyright

© 2021 American Academy of Neurology.

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Auteurs

Davide Martino (D)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands. davide.martino@ucalgary.ca.

Anette Schrag (A)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Zacharias Anastasiou (Z)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Alan Apter (A)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Noa Benaroya-Milstein (N)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Maura Buttiglione (M)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Francesco Cardona (F)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Roberta Creti (R)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Androulla Efstratiou (A)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Tammy Hedderly (T)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Isobel Heyman (I)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Chaim Huyser (C)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Marcos Madruga (M)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Pablo Mir (P)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.
ORCID: 0000-0003-1656-302X

Astrid Morer (A)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Nanette Mol Debes (N)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Natalie Moll (N)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Norbert Müller (N)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.
ORCID: 0000-0001-6653-9103

Kirsten Müller-Vahl (K)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Alexander Munchau (A)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Peter Nagy (P)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Kerstin Jessica Plessen (KJ)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Cesare Porcelli (C)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Renata Rizzo (R)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Veit Roessner (V)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Jaana Schnell (J)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Markus Schwarz (M)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Liselotte Skov (L)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Tamar Steinberg (T)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Zsanett Tarnok (Z)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Susanne Walitza (S)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.
ORCID: 0000-0002-8161-8683

Andrea Dietrich (A)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

Pieter J Hoekstra (PJ)

From the Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.S., Z.A.), UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (A.A., N.B.-M., T.S.), Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology, Directorate National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (C.H.), De Bascule, Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) (M.M.), Seville; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A. Morer), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (A. Morer), Barcelona; Centro de Investigación en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM) (A. Morer), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid; Department of Medicine (A. Morer), University of Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center (N.M.D., K.J.P., L.S.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N. Moll, M.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N. Müller, J.S.), University Hospital LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School; Institute of Neurogenetics (A. Munchau), University of Lübeck, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (P.N., Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry (K.J.P.), Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA, Mental Health Department (C.P.), Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (R.R.), University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (A.D., P.J.H.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.

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Classifications MeSH

questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Adolescent › Association of Group A
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Enfant › Association of Group A
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Enfant › Enfant d'âge préscolaire › Association of Group A
questionsmedicales.fr › Environnement et santé publique › Santé publique › Méthodes épidémiologiques › Caractéristiques des études épidémiologiques › Études épidémiologiques › Études de cohortes › Association of Group A
questionsmedicales.fr › Régions géographiques › Europe › Association of Group A
questionsmedicales.fr › Eucaryotes › Animaux › Chordés › Vertébrés › Mammifères › Eutheria › Primates › Haplorhini › Catarrhini › Hominidae › Humains › Association of Group A
questionsmedicales.fr › Environnement et santé publique › Santé publique › Méthodes épidémiologiques › Caractéristiques des études épidémiologiques › Études épidémiologiques › Études de cohortes › Études prospectives › Association of Group A
questionsmedicales.fr › Infection › Infections bactériennes et mycoses › Infections bactériennes › Infections bactériennes à Gram positif › Infections à streptocoques › Association of Group A
questionsmedicales.fr › États, signes et symptômes pathologiques › Processus pathologiques › Caractéristiques de la maladie › Récidive › Aggravation transitoire des symptômes › Association of Group A
questionsmedicales.fr › Troubles mentaux › Troubles du développement neurologique › Troubles des tics › Association of Group A