Properties of Iron Primary Cosmic Rays: Results from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer.

Journal

Physical review letters
ISSN: 1079-7114
Titre abrégé: Phys Rev Lett
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0401141

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
29 Jan 2021
Historique:
received: 02 10 2020
revised: 22 11 2020
accepted: 09 12 2020
entrez: 12 2 2021
pubmed: 13 2 2021
medline: 13 2 2021
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

We report the observation of new properties of primary iron (Fe) cosmic rays in the rigidity range 2.65 GV to 3.0 TV with 0.62×10^{6} iron nuclei collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer experiment on the International Space Station. Above 80.5 GV the rigidity dependence of the cosmic ray Fe flux is identical to the rigidity dependence of the primary cosmic ray He, C, and O fluxes, with the Fe/O flux ratio being constant at 0.155±0.006. This shows that unexpectedly Fe and He, C, and O belong to the same class of primary cosmic rays which is different from the primary cosmic rays Ne, Mg, and Si class.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.041104 PMID: 33576661
pubmed: 33576661
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.041104
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

041104

Auteurs

M Aguilar (M)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

L Ali Cavasonza (LA)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

M S Allen (MS)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

B Alpat (B)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

G Ambrosi (G)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

L Arruda (L)

Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.

N Attig (N)

Jülich Supercomputing Centre and JARA-FAME, Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.

F Barao (F)

Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.

L Barrin (L)

European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

A Bartoloni (A)

INFN Sezione di Roma 1, 00185 Roma, Italy.

S Başeğmez-du Pree (S)

Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands.

R Battiston (R)

INFN TIFPA, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.
Università di Trento, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

M Behlmann (M)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

B Beischer (B)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

J Berdugo (J)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

B Bertucci (B)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

V Bindi (V)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

W de Boer (W)

Institut für Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.

K Bollweg (K)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA.

B Borgia (B)

INFN Sezione di Roma 1, 00185 Roma, Italy.
Università di Roma La Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy.

M J Boschini (MJ)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

M Bourquin (M)

DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

E F Bueno (EF)

Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands.

J Burger (J)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

W J Burger (WJ)

INFN TIFPA, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

S Burmeister (S)

Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Alberts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.

X D Cai (XD)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

M Capell (M)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

J Casaus (J)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

G Castellini (G)

CNR-IROE, 50125 Firenze, Italy.

F Cervelli (F)

INFN Sezione di Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy.

Y H Chang (YH)

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
Physics Department and Center for High Energy and High Field Physics, National Central University (NCU), Tao Yuan, 32054, Taiwan.

G M Chen (GM)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, China.

G R Chen (GR)

Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.

H S Chen (HS)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, China.

Y Chen (Y)

DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.
Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.

L Cheng (L)

Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.

H Y Chou (HY)

Physics Department and Center for High Energy and High Field Physics, National Central University (NCU), Tao Yuan, 32054, Taiwan.

S Chouridou (S)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

V Choutko (V)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

C H Chung (CH)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

C Clark (C)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA.

G Coignet (G)

Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France.

C Consolandi (C)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

A Contin (A)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.

C Corti (C)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

Z Cui (Z)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.
Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.

K Dadzie (K)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

C Delgado (C)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

S Della Torre (S)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

M B Demirköz (MB)

Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800 Ankara, Turkey.

L Derome (L)

Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France.

S Di Falco (S)

INFN Sezione di Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy.

V Di Felice (V)

INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy.

C Díaz (C)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

F Dimiccoli (F)

INFN TIFPA, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

P von Doetinchem (P)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

F Dong (F)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing, 210096, China.

F Donnini (F)

INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy.

M Duranti (M)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

A Egorov (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

A Eline (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

J Feng (J)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

E Fiandrini (E)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

P Fisher (P)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

V Formato (V)

INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy.

C Freeman (C)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

Y Galaktionov (Y)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

C Gámez (C)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

R J García-López (RJ)

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), 38205 La Laguna, and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.

C Gargiulo (C)

European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

H Gast (H)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

M Gervasi (M)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

F Giovacchini (F)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

D M Gómez-Coral (DM)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

J Gong (J)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing, 210096, China.

C Goy (C)

Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France.

V Grabski (V)

Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, 01000 Mexico.

D Grandi (D)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

M Graziani (M)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

S Haino (S)

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.

K C Han (KC)

National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST), Longtan, Tao Yuan, 32546, Taiwan.

R K Hashmani (RK)

Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800 Ankara, Turkey.

Z H He (ZH)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou, 510275, China.

B Heber (B)

Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Alberts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.

T H Hsieh (TH)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

J Y Hu (JY)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, China.

M Incagli (M)

INFN Sezione di Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy.

W Y Jang (WY)

CHEP, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Korea.

Yi Jia (Y)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

H Jinchi (H)

National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST), Longtan, Tao Yuan, 32546, Taiwan.

K Kanishev (K)

INFN TIFPA, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

B Khiali (B)

INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy.

G N Kim (GN)

CHEP, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Korea.

Th Kirn (T)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

M Konyushikhin (M)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

O Kounina (O)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

A Kounine (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

V Koutsenko (V)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

A Kuhlman (A)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

A Kulemzin (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

G La Vacca (G)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

E Laudi (E)

European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

G Laurenti (G)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.

I Lazzizzera (I)

INFN TIFPA, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.
Università di Trento, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

A Lebedev (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

H T Lee (HT)

Academia Sinica Grid Center (ASGC), Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.

S C Lee (SC)

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.

J Q Li (JQ)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing, 210096, China.

M Li (M)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

Q Li (Q)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing, 210096, China.

S Li (S)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

J H Li (JH)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.

Z H Li (ZH)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, China.

J Liang (J)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.

C Light (C)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

C H Lin (CH)

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.

T Lippert (T)

Jülich Supercomputing Centre and JARA-FAME, Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.

J H Liu (JH)

Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.

Z Liu (Z)

DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

S Q Lu (SQ)

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.

Y S Lu (YS)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.

K Luebelsmeyer (K)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

J Z Luo (JZ)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing, 210096, China.

Xi Luo (X)

Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.

S S Lyu (SS)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou, 510275, China.

F Machate (F)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

C Mañá (C)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

J Marín (J)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

J Marquardt (J)

Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Alberts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.

T Martin (T)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA.

G Martínez (G)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

N Masi (N)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.

D Maurin (D)

Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France.

A Menchaca-Rocha (A)

Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, 01000 Mexico.

Q Meng (Q)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing, 210096, China.

V V Mikhailov (VV)

NRNU MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Moscow, 115409 Russia.

D C Mo (DC)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou, 510275, China.

M Molero (M)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

P Mott (P)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA.

L Mussolin (L)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

J Negrete (J)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

N Nikonov (N)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

F Nozzoli (F)

INFN TIFPA, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

A Oliva (A)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.

M Orcinha (M)

Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.

M Palermo (M)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

F Palmonari (F)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.

M Paniccia (M)

DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

A Pashnin (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

M Pauluzzi (M)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

S Pensotti (S)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

H D Phan (HD)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

R Piandani (R)

Institut für Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.

V Plyaskin (V)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

S Poluianov (S)

Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory and Space Physics and Astronomy Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.

X Qin (X)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Z Y Qu (ZY)

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.

L Quadrani (L)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.

P G Rancoita (PG)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

D Rapin (D)

DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

A Reina Conde (AR)

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), 38205 La Laguna, and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.

E Robyn (E)

DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

S Rosier-Lees (S)

Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France.

A Rozhkov (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

D Rozza (D)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

R Sagdeev (R)

East-West Center for Space Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

S Schael (S)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

A Schulz von Dratzig (AS)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

G Schwering (G)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

E S Seo (ES)

IPST, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

Z Shakfa (Z)

Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800 Ankara, Turkey.

B S Shan (BS)

Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing, 100191, China.

T Siedenburg (T)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

C Solano (C)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

J W Song (JW)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.

X J Song (XJ)

Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.

R Sonnabend (R)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

L Strigari (L)

INFN Sezione di Roma 1, 00185 Roma, Italy.

T Su (T)

Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.

Q Sun (Q)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.

Z T Sun (ZT)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, China.

M Tacconi (M)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

X W Tang (XW)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.

Z C Tang (ZC)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.

J Tian (J)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

Samuel C C Ting (SCC)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

S M Ting (SM)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

N Tomassetti (N)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

J Torsti (J)

Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.

C Tüysüz (C)

Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800 Ankara, Turkey.

T Urban (T)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA.

I Usoskin (I)

Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory and Space Physics and Astronomy Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.

V Vagelli (V)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), 00133 Roma, Italy.

R Vainio (R)

Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.

M Valencia-Otero (M)

Physics Department and Center for High Energy and High Field Physics, National Central University (NCU), Tao Yuan, 32054, Taiwan.

E Valente (E)

INFN Sezione di Roma 1, 00185 Roma, Italy.
Università di Roma La Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy.

E Valtonen (E)

Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.

M Vázquez Acosta (M)

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), 38205 La Laguna, and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.

M Vecchi (M)

Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands.

M Velasco (M)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

J P Vialle (JP)

Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France.

C X Wang (CX)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.

L Wang (L)

Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.

L Q Wang (LQ)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.

N H Wang (NH)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.

Q L Wang (QL)

Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.

S Wang (S)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

X Wang (X)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Yu Wang (Y)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.

Z M Wang (ZM)

Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.

J Wei (J)

DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

Z L Weng (ZL)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

H Wu (H)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing, 210096, China.

R Q Xiong (RQ)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing, 210096, China.

W Xu (W)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.
Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.

Q Yan (Q)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Y Yang (Y)

National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.

I I Yashin (II)

NRNU MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Moscow, 115409 Russia.

H Yi (H)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing, 210096, China.

Y M Yu (YM)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou, 510275, China.

Z Q Yu (ZQ)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.

M Zannoni (M)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

C Zhang (C)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.

F Zhang (F)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.

F Z Zhang (FZ)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, China.

J H Zhang (JH)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing, 210096, China.

Z Zhang (Z)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

F Zhao (F)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, China.

C Zheng (C)

Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.

Z M Zheng (ZM)

Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing, 100191, China.

H L Zhuang (HL)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.

V Zhukov (V)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

A Zichichi (A)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.

N Zimmermann (N)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

P Zuccon (P)

INFN TIFPA, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.
Università di Trento, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

Classifications MeSH