The genetics of mitochondrial disease: dissecting mitochondrial pathology using multi-omic pipelines.
genetic diagnosis
genomics
metabolomics
mitochondrial disease
mitochondrial pathology
proteomics
Journal
The Journal of pathology
ISSN: 1096-9896
Titre abrégé: J Pathol
Pays: England
ID NLM: 0204634
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
07 2021
07 2021
Historique:
revised:
07
02
2021
received:
12
01
2021
accepted:
09
02
2021
pubmed:
16
2
2021
medline:
1
1
2022
entrez:
15
2
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Mitochondria play essential roles in numerous metabolic pathways including the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate through oxidative phosphorylation. Clinically, mitochondrial diseases occur when there is mitochondrial dysfunction - manifesting at any age and affecting any organ system; tissues with high energy requirements, such as muscle and the brain, are often affected. The clinical heterogeneity is parallel to the degree of genetic heterogeneity associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Around 10% of human genes are predicted to have a mitochondrial function, and defects in over 300 genes are reported to cause mitochondrial disease. Some involve the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA), but the vast majority occur within the nuclear genome. Except for a few specific genetic defects, there remains no cure for mitochondrial diseases, which means that a genetic diagnosis is imperative for genetic counselling and the provision of reproductive options for at-risk families. Next-generation sequencing strategies, particularly exome and whole-genome sequencing, have revolutionised mitochondrial diagnostics such that the traditional muscle biopsy has largely been replaced with a minimally-invasive blood sample for an unbiased approach to genetic diagnosis. Where these genomic approaches have not identified a causative defect, or where there is insufficient support for pathogenicity, additional functional investigations are required. The application of supplementary 'omics' technologies, including transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, has the potential to greatly improve diagnostic strategies. This review aims to demonstrate that whilst a molecular diagnosis can be achieved for many cases through next-generation sequencing of blood DNA, the use of patient tissues and an integrated, multidisciplinary multi-omics approach is pivotal for the diagnosis of more challenging cases. Moreover, the analysis of clinically relevant tissues from affected individuals remains crucial for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial pathology. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33586140
doi: 10.1002/path.5641
pmc: PMC8600955
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
430-442Subventions
Organisme : Wellcome Trust
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Wellcome Trust
ID : 203105/Z/16/Z
Pays : United Kingdom
Informations de copyright
© 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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