Suicide prevention in psychiatric patients.
psychiatric disorders
psychiatric patients
risk and protective factors
suicide prevention
treatment
Journal
Asia-Pacific psychiatry : official journal of the Pacific Rim College of Psychiatrists
ISSN: 1758-5872
Titre abrégé: Asia Pac Psychiatry
Pays: Australia
ID NLM: 101506757
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Sep 2021
Sep 2021
Historique:
revised:
12
01
2021
received:
22
09
2020
accepted:
02
02
2021
pubmed:
20
2
2021
medline:
26
10
2021
entrez:
19
2
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
An increased risk of suicide has been reported for psychiatric patients. In several world regions, an underlying psychiatric disorder is reported in up to 90% of people who die from suicide, though this rate seems to be considerably lower in low- and middle-income countries. Major psychiatric conditions associated with suicidality are mood disorders, alcohol and substance use disorders, borderline personality disorder, and schizophrenia. Comorbidity between different disorders is frequently associated with a higher suicide risk. A history of suicide attempts, feelings of hopelessness, impulsivity and aggression, adverse childhood experiences, severe psychopathology, and somatic disorders are common risk factors for suicide among psychiatric patients. Stressful life events and interpersonal problems, including interpersonal violence, are often triggers. A comprehensive and repeated suicide risk assessment represents the first step for effective suicide prevention. Particular attention should be paid during and after hospitalization, with the first days and weeks after discharge representing the most critical period. Pharmacological treatment of mood disorders and schizophrenia has been shown to have an anti-suicidal effect. A significant reduction of suicidal thoughts and behavior has been reported for cognitive behavioral therapy and dialectical behavior therapy. Brief interventions, including psychoeducation and follow-ups, are associated with a decrease in suicide deaths. Further development of suicide prevention in psychiatric patients will require a better understanding of additional risk and protective factors, such as the role of a person's decision-making capacity and social support, the role of spiritual and religious interventions, and the reduction of the treatment gap in mental health care.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
e12450Informations de copyright
© 2021 The Authors. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.
Références
Aguilar, E. J., & Siris, S. G. (2007). Do antipsychotic drugs influence suicidal behavior in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 40(3), 128-142.
Arsenault-Lapierre, G., Kim, C., & Turecki, G. (2004). Psychiatric diagnoses in 3275 suicides: A meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 4(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-4-37
Asenjo Lobos, C., Komossa, K., Rummel-Kluge, C., Hunger, H., Schmid, F., Schwarz, S., & Leucht, S. (2010). Clozapine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11, CD006633. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006633.pub2
Bagge, C. L., Conner, K. R., Reed, L., Dawkins, M., & Murray, K. (2015). Alcohol use to facilitate a suicide attempt: An event-based examination. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 76(3), 474-481. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2015.76.474
Barak, Y., Mirecki, I., Knobler, H., Natan, Z., & Aizenberg, D. (2004). Suicidality and second generation anytipsychotics in schizophrenia patients: A case-controlled retrospective study during a 5-year period. Psychopharmacology, 175(2), 215-219.
Barbui, C., Esposito, E., & Cipriani, A. (2009). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of suicide: A systematic review of observational studies. CMAJ, 180(3), 291-297. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.081514
Bertolote, J. M., Fleischmann, A., De Leo, D., & Wasserman, D. (2004). Psychiatric diagnoses and suicide: Revisiting the evidence. Crisis, 25(4), 147-155. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.25.4.147
Bishop, T. M., Walsh, P. G., Ashrafioun, L., Lavigne, J. E., & Pigeon, W. R. (2020). Sleep, suicide behaviors, and the protective role of sleep medicine. Sleep Medicine, 66, 264-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2019.07.016
Black, D. W., Blum, N., Pfohl, B., & Hale, N. (2004). Suicidal behavior in borderline personality disorder: Prevalence, risk factors, prediction, and prevention. Journal of Personality Disorders, 18(3), 226-239. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.18.3.226.35445
Bohnert, A. S. B., & Ilgen, M. A. (2019). Understanding links among opioid use, overdose, and suicide. New England Journal of Medicine, 380(1), 71-79. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1802148
Borges, G., Bagge, C. L., Cherpitel, C. J., Conner, K. R., Orozco, R., & Rossow, I. (2017). A meta-analysis of acute use of alcohol and the risk of suicide attempt. Psychological Medicine, 47(5), 949-957. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716002841
Borges, G., Bagge, C. L., & Orozco, R. (2016). A literature review and meta-analyses of cannabis use and suicidality. Journal of Affective Disorders, 195, 63-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.007
Bostwick, J. M., Pabbati, C., Geske, J. R., & McKean, A. J. (2016). Suicide attempt as a risk factor for completed suicide: Even more lethal than we knew. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(11), 1094-1100. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15070854
Bowers, L., Banda, T., & Nijman, H. (2010). Suicide inside: A systematic review of inpatient suicides. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(5), 315-328. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181da47e2
Brent, D. A. (2011). Preventing youth suicide: Time to ask how. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(8), 738-740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2010.09.017
Brent, D. A. (2016). Antidepressants and Suicidality. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 39(3), 503-512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2016.04.002
Brodsky, B. S., Groves, S. A., Oquendo, M. A., Mann, J. J., & Stanley, B. (2006). Interpersonal precipitants and suicide attempts in borderline personality disorder. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 36(3), 313-322. https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.2006.36.3.313
Brown, S., Kim, M., Mitchell, C., & Inskip, H. (2010). Twenty-five year mortality of a community cohort with schizophrenia. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 196(2), 116-121. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.067512
Brown, T. A., Campbell, L. A., Lehman, C. L., Grisham, J. R., & Mancill, R. B. (2001). Current and lifetime comorbidity of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders in a large clinical sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(4), 585-599. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-843x.110.4.585
Bryan, C. J., Mintz, J., Clemans, T. A., Leeson, B., Burch, T. S., Williams, S. R., Maney, E., & Rudd, M. D. (2017). Effect of crisis response planning vs. contracts for safety on suicide risk in US Army soldiers: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 212, 64-72.
Cassidy, R. M., Yang, F., Kapczinski, F., & Passos, I. C. (2018). Risk factors for Suicidality in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of 96 studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 44(4), 787-797. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbx131
Cavanagh, J. T., Carson, A. J., Sharpe, M., & Lawrie, S. M. (2003). Psychological autopsy studies of suicide: A systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 33(3), 395-405. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291702006943
Chesney, E., Goodwin, G. M., & Fazel, S. (2014). Risks of all-cause and suicide mortality in mental disorders: A meta-review. World Psychiatry, 13(2), 153-160. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20128
Cipriani, A., Geddes, J. R., Furukawa, T. A., & Barbui, C. (2007). Metareview on short-term effectiveness and safety of antidepressants for depression: An evidence-based approach to inform clinical practice. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(9), 553-562. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370705200903
Cooper, J., Kapur, N., Webb, R., Lawlor, M., Guthrie, E., Mackway-Jones, K., & Appleby, L. (2005). Suicide after deliberate self-harm: A 4-year cohort study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(2), 297-303. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.297
Culliford, L. (2002). Spiritual care and psychiatric treatment: An introduction. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 8(4), 249-258. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.8.4.249
Darke, S., & Ross, J. (2002). Suicide among heroin users: Rates, risk factors and methods. Addiction, 97(11), 1383-1394. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00214.x
Darvishi, N., Farhadi, M., Haghtalab, T., & Poorolajal, J. (2015). Alcohol-related risk of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and completed suicide: A meta-analysis. PLoS One, 10(5), e0126870. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126870
Davis, J. (2009). Enjoying and enduring: Groups reading aloud for wellbeing. The Lancet, 373(9665), 714-715. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60426-8
DeCou, C. R., Comtois, K. A., & Landes, S. J. (2019). Dialectical behavior therapy is effective for the treatment of suicidal behavior: A meta-analysis. Behavior Therapy, 50(1), 60-72.
Del Matto, L., Muscas, M., Murru, A., Verdolini, N., Anmella, G., Fico, G., Corponi, F., Carvalho, A. F., Samalin, L., Carpiniello, B., Fagiolini, A., Vieta, E., & Pacchiarotti, I. (2020). Lithium and suicide prevention in mood disorders and in the general population: A systematic review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 116, 142-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.017
Dong, M., Wang, S. B., Li, Y., Xu, D. D., Ungvari, G. S., Ng, C. H., Chow, I. H. I., & Xiang, Y. T. (2018). Prevalence of suicidal behaviors in patients with major depressive disorder in China: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 225, 32-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.043
Doyle, M., While, D., Mok, P. L., Windfuhr, K., Ashcroft, D. M., Kontopantelis, E., Chew-Graham, C. A., Appleby, L., Shaw, J., & Webb, R. T. (2016). Suicide risk in primary care patients diagnosed with a personality disorder: A nested case control study. BMC Family Practice, 17(1), 106. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-016-0479-y
Ferrari, A. J., Norman, R. E., Freedman, G., Baxter, A. J., Pirkis, J. E., Harris, M. G., Page, A., Carnahan, E., Degenhardt, L., Vos, T., & Whiteford, H. A. (2014). The burden attributable to mental and substance use disorders as risk factors for suicide: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. PLoS One, 9(4), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091936
Fleischmann, A., Bertolote, J. M., Wasserman, D., De Leo, D., Bolhari, J., Botega, N. J., De Silva, D., Phillips, M., Vijayakumar, L., Varnik, A., Schlebusch, L., & Thanh, H. T. (2008). Effectiveness of brief intervention and contact for suicide attempters: A randomized controlled trial in five countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86(9), 703-709. https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.07.046995
Foster, T. (2011). Adverse life events proximal to adult suicide: A synthesis of findings from psychological autopsy studies. Archives of Suicide Research, 15(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2011.540213
Gibbons, R. D., Brown, C. H., Hur, K., Davis, J., & Mann, J. J. (2012). Suicidal thoughts and behavior with antidepressant treatment: Reanalysis of the randomized placebo-controlled studies of fluoxetine and venlafaxine. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(6), 580-587. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2048
Gibbons, R. D., Hur, K., Brown, C. H., & Mann, J. J. (2009). Relationship between antiepileptic drugs and suicide attempts in patients with bipolar disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66(12), 1354-1360. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.159
Goodman, M., Roiff, T., Oakes, A. H., & Paris, J. (2012). Suicidal risk and management in borderline personality disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 14(1), 79-85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-011-0249-4
Gvion, Y., Levi-Belz, Y., Hadlaczky, G., & Apter, A. (2015). On the role of impulsivity and decision-making in suicidal behavior. World Journal of Psychiatry, 5(3), 255-259. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v5.i3.255
Han, J., Batterham, P. J., Calear, A. L., & Randall, R. (2018). Factors influencing professional help-seeking for suicidality. Crisis, 39(3), 175-196. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000485
Harris, E. C., & Barraclough, B. (1998). Excess mortality of mental disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 173(1), 11-53. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.173.1.11
Hawton, K., Casanas, I. C. C., Haw, C., & Saunders, K. (2013). Risk factors for suicide in individuals with depression: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 147(1-3), 17-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.004
Hawton, K., Sutton, L., Haw, C., Sinclair, J., & Deeks, J. J. (2005). Schizophrenia and suicide: Systematic review of risk factors. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 187(1), 9-20. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.1.9
Hawton, K., Zahl, D., & Weatherall, R. (2003). Suicide following deliberate self-harm: Long-term follow-up of patients who presented to a general hospital. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 182(6), 537-542. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.182.6.537
Heidari, M., Borujeni, M. G., & Rafiei, H. (2019). The assessment effect of spiritual care on hopelessness and depression in suicide attempts. Journal of Religion and Health, 58(4), 1453-1461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0473-2
Hirschfeld, R. M. (2001). The comorbidity of major depression and anxiety disorders: Recognition and management in primary care. Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 3(6), 244-254. https://doi.org/10.4088/pcc.v03n0609
Hjelmeland, H., & Knizek, B. L. (2017). Suicide and mental disorders: A discourse of politics, power, and vested interests. Death Studies, 41(8), 481-492. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2017.1332905
Hjorthoj, C. R., Madsen, T., Agerbo, E., & Nordentoft, M. (2014). Risk of suicide according to level of psychiatric treatment: A nationwide nested case-control study 2. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49, 1357-1365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-014-0860-x
Holmstrand, C., Bogren, M., Mattisson, C., & Bradvik, L. (2015). Long-term suicide risk in no, one or more mental disorders: The Lundby study 1947-1997. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 132(6), 459-469. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12506
Hor, K., & Taylor, M. (2010). Suicide and schizophrenia: A systematic review of rates and risk factors. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 24(4 Suppl), 81-90. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359786810385490
Hulten, A., Jiang, G. X., Wasserman, D., Hawton, K., Hjelmeland, H., De Leo, D., Ostamo, A., Salander-Renberg, E., & Schmidtke, A. (2001). Repetition of attempted suicide among teenagers in Europe: Frequency, timing and risk factors. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 10(3), 161-169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s007870170022
Hung, G. C., Cheng, C. T., Jhong, J. R., Tsai, S. Y., Chen, C. C., & Kuo, C. J. (2015). Risk and protective factors for suicide mortality among patients with alcohol dependence. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76(12), 1687-1693. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.15m09825
Isometsa, E. (2014). Suicidal behaviour in mood disorders-Who, when, and why? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 59(3), 120-130. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371405900303
Kanwar, A., Malik, S., Prokop, L. J., Sim, L. A., Feldstein, D., Wang, Z., & Murad, M. H. (2013). The association between anxiety disorders and suicidal behaviors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Depression and Anxiety, 30(10), 917-929. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22074
Kasahara-Kiritani, M., Hadlaczky, G., Westerlund, M., Carli, V., Wasserman, C., Apter, A., Balazs, J., Bobes, J., Brunner, R., Mcmahon, E., Cosman, D., Farkas, L., Haring, C., Kaess, M., Kahn, J.-P., Keeley, H., Nemes, B., Mars Bitenc, U., Postuvan, V., … Wasserman, D. (2015). Reading books and watching films as a protective factor against suicidal ideation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(12), 15937-15942. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121215032
Khemiri, L., Jokinen, J., Runeson, B., & Jayaram-Lindstrom, N. (2016). Suicide risk associated with experience of violence and impulsivity in alcohol dependent patients. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 19373. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19373
Kleiman, E. M., & Liu, R. T. (2013). Social support as a protective factor in suicide: Findings from two nationally representative samples. Journal of Affective Disorders, 150(2), 540-545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.033
Knipe, D., Williams, A. J., Hannam-Swain, S., Upton, S., Brown, K., Bandara, P., Chang, S. S., & Kapur, N. (2019). Psychiatric morbidity and suicidal behaviour in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 16(10), e1002905. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002905
Kohn, R., Saxena, S., Levav, I., & Saraceno, B. (2004). The treatment gap in mental health care. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 82(11), 858-866. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0042-96862004001100011
Kopacz, M. S. (2013, 2013/09/01). Providing pastoral care services in a clinical setting to veterans at-risk of suicide. Journal of Religion and Health, 52(3), 759-767. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-013-9693-2
Kopacz, M. S. (2014). The spiritual health of veterans with a history of suicide ideation. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, 2(1), 349-358. https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2014.881260
Large, M., Smith, G., Sharma, S., Nielssen, O., & Singh, S. P. (2011). Systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical factors associated with the suicide of psychiatric in-patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 124(1), 18-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01672.x
Laursen, T. M., Plana-Ripoll, O., Andersen, P. K., McGrath, J. J., Toender, A., Nordentoft, M., Canudas-Romo, V., & Erlangsen, A. (2019). Cause-specific life years lost among persons diagnosed with schizophrenia: Is it getting better or worse? Schizophrenia Research, 206, 284-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2018.11.003
Lawrence, D., Kisely, S., & Pais, J. (2010). The epidemiology of excess mortality in people with mental illness. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(12), 752-760. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371005501202
Leavey, K., & Hawkins, R. (2017). Is cognitive behavioural therapy effective in reducing suicidal ideation and behaviour when delivered face-to-face or via e-health? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 46(5), 353-374.
Lecrubier, Y. (2007). Widespread underrecognition and undertreatment of anxiety and mood disorders: Results from 3 European studies. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68(Suppl 2), 36-41 Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17288506
Lengvenyte, A., Olie, E., & Courtet, P. (2019). Suicide has many faces, so does ketamine: A narrative review on ketamine's antisuicidal actions. Current Psychiatry Reports, 21(12), 132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-1108-y
Lepine, J. P., & Briley, M. (2011). The increasing burden of depression. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 7(Suppl 1), 3-7. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S19617
Li, Y., Zhang, J., & McKeown, R. E. (2009). Cross-sectional assessment of diet quality in individuals with a lifetime history of attempted suicide. Psychiatry Research, 165(1-2), 111-119.
Luoma, J. B., Martin, C. E., & Pearson, J. L. (2002). Contact with mental health and primary care providers before suicide: A review of the evidence. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(6), 909-916. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.6.909
Madsen, T., & Nordentoft, M. (2013). Changes in inpatient and postdischarge suicide rates in a nationwide cohort of Danish psychiatric inpatients, 1998-2005. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 74(12), e1190-e1194. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13m08656
Malone, K. M., Oquendo, M. A., Haas, G. L., Ellis, S. P., Li, S., & Mann, J. J. (2000). Protective factors against suicidal acts in major depression: Reasons for living. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(7), 1084-1088. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.7.1084
Meltzer, H. Y. (2001). Treatment of suicidality in schizophrenia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 932(1), 44-58; discussion 58-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05797.x
Miller, C., & Bauer, M. S. (2014). Excess mortality in bipolar disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 16(11), 499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-014-0499-z
Miller, J. N., & Black, D. W. (2020). Bipolar disorder and Suicide: A review. Current Psychiatry Reports, 22(2), 6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-020-1130-0
Mishara, B. L., & Chagnon, F. (2016). Why mental illness is a risk factor for suicide. In The International Handbook of Suicide Prevention (pp. 594-608). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118903223.ch34
Mitchell, A. J., Vaze, A., & Rao, S. (2009). Clinical diagnosis of depression in primary care: A meta-analysis. Lancet, 374(9690), 609-619. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60879-5
Möller, H.-J. (2016). Pharmacological treatment of underlying psychiatric disorders in suicidal patients. In D. Wasserman (Ed.), Suicide: An unnecessary death. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198717393.003.0027
Monnin, J., Thiemard, E., Vandel, P., Nicolier, M., Tio, G., Courtet, P., Bellivier, F., Sechter, D., & Haffen, E. (2012). Sociodemographic and psychopathological risk factors in repeated suicide attempts: Gender differences in a prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136(1-2), 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.09.001
Moreira-Almeida, A., Sharma, A., van Rensburg, B. J., Verhagen, P. J., & Cook, C. C. (2016). WPA position statement on spirituality and religion in psychiatry. World Psychiatry, 15(1), 87-88. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20304
Nock, M. K., Hwang, I., Sampson, N. A., & Kessler, R. C. (2010). Mental disorders, comorbidity and suicidal behavior: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Molecular Psychiatry, 15(8), 868-876. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2009.29
Nordentoft, M., Wahlbeck, K., Hallgren, J., Westman, J., Osby, U., Alinaghizadeh, H., Gissler, M., & Laursen, T. M. (2013). Excess mortality, causes of death and life expectancy in 270,770 patients with recent onset of mental disorders in Denmark, Finland and Sweden. PLoS One, 8(1), e55176. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055176
Norstrom, T., & Rossow, I. (2016). Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for suicidal behavior: A systematic review of associations at the individual and at the population level. Archives of Suicide Research, 20(4), 489-506. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2016.1158678
Novick, D. M., Swartz, H. A., & Frank, E. (2010). Suicide attempts in bipolar I and bipolar II disorder: A review and meta-analysis of the evidence. Bipolar Disorders, 12(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00786.x
Olfson, M., Wall, M., Wang, S., Crystal, S., Liu, S. M., Gerhard, T., & Blanco, C. (2016). Short-term suicide risk after psychiatric hospital discharge. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(11), 1119-1126. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2035
Oquendo, M. A., & Volkow, N. D. (2018). Suicide: A silent contributor to opioid-overdose deaths. New England Journal of Medicine, 378(17), 1567-1569. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1801417
Ostamo, A., & Lonnqvist, J. (2001). Excess mortality of suicide attempters. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 36(1), 29-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001270050287
Ostergaard, M. L. D., Nordentoft, M., & Hjorthoj, C. (2017). Associations between substance use disorders and suicide or suicide attempts in people with mental illness: A Danish nation-wide, prospective, register-based study of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, unipolar depression or personality disorder. Addiction, 112(7), 1250-1259. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13788
Otsuka, T., Tomata, Y., Zhang, S., Tanji, F., Sugawara, Y., & Tsuji, I. (2019). The association between emotional and instrumental social support and risk of suicide death: A population-based cohort study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 114, 141-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.04.012
Palmer, B. A., Pankratz, V. S., & Bostwick, J. M. (2005, Mar). The lifetime risk of suicide in schizophrenia: A reexamination. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(3), 247-253. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.3.247
Parra-Uribe, I., Blasco-Fontecilla, H., Garcia-Pares, G., Martinez-Naval, L., Valero-Coppin, O., Cebria-Meca, A., Oquendo, M. A., & Palao-Vidal, D. (2017). Risk of re-attempts and suicide death after a suicide attempt: A survival analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 163. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1317-z
Patel, V., Maj, M., Flisher, A. J., De Silva, M. J., Koschorke, M., Prince, M., Zonal, W. P. A., & Member Society, R. (2010). Reducing the treatment gap for mental disorders: A WPA survey. World Psychiatry, 9(3), 169-176. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2010.tb00305.x
Phillips, M. R., Yang, G., Li, S., & Li, Y. (2004). Suicide and the unique prevalence pattern of schizophrenia in mainland China: A retrospective observational study. Lancet, 364(9439), 1062-1068. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17061-X
Poorolajal, J., Haghtalab, T., Farhadi, M., & Darvishi, N. (2016). Substance use disorder and risk of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt and suicide death: A meta-analysis. Journal of Public Health (Oxford, England), 38(3), e282-e291. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdv148
Popovic, D., Benabarre, A., Crespo, J. M., Goikolea, J. M., Gonzalez-Pinto, A., Gutierrez-Rojas, L., Montes, J. M., & Vieta, E. (2014). Risk factors for suicide in schizophrenia: Systematic review and clinical recommendations. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 130(6), 418-426. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12332
Pridmore, S. (2015). Mental disorder and suicide: A faulty connection. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 49(1), 18-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867414548904
Rasic, D. T., Belik, S. L., Elias, B., Katz, L. Y., Enns, M., Sareen, J., & Swampy Cree Suicide Prevention, T. (2009). Spirituality, religion and suicidal behavior in a nationally representative sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 114(1-3), 32-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.08.007
Rehm, J., & Shield, K. D. (2019). Global burden of disease and the impact of mental and addictive disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 21(2), 10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-0997-0
Ringback Weitoft, G., Berglund, M., Lindstrom, E. A., Nilsson, M., Salmi, P., & Rosen, M. (2014). Mortality, attempted suicide, re-hospitalisation and prescription refill for clozapine and other antipsychotics in Sweden-a register-based study. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 23(3), 290-298. https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.3567
Robinson, J., Harris, M. G., Harrigan, S. M., Henry, L. P., Farrelly, S., Prosser, A., Schwartz, O., Jackson, H., & McGorry, P. D. (2010). Suicide attempt in first-episode psychosis: A 7.4 year follow-up study. Schizophrenia Research, 116(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2009.10.009
Robinson, J., Hetrick, S. E., & Martin, C. (2011). Preventing suicide in young people: Systematic review. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45(1), 3-26. https://doi.org/10.3109/00048674.2010.511147
Schaffer, A., Isometsa, E. T., Tondo, L., D, H. M., Turecki, G., Reis, C., Cassidy, F., Sinyor, M., Azorin, J. M., Kessing, L. V., Ha, K., Goldstein, T., Weizman, A., Beautrais, A., Chou, Y. H., Diazgranados, N., Levitt, A. J., Zarate, C. A., Jr., Rihmer, Z., & Yatham, L. N. (2015). International Society for Bipolar Disorders Task Force on Suicide: Meta-analyses and meta-regression of correlates of suicide attempts and suicide deaths in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders, 17(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12271
Simon, G. E., Stewart, C., Yarborough, B. J., Lynch, F., Coleman, K. J., Beck, A., Operskalski, B. H., Penfold, R. B., & Hunkeler, E. M. (2018). Mortality rates after the first diagnosis of psychotic disorder in adolescents and young adults. JAMA Psychiatry, 75(3), 254-260. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.4437
Smith, D. J., Griffiths, E., Kelly, M., Hood, K., Craddock, N., & Simpson, S. A. (2011). Unrecognised bipolar disorder in primary care patients with depression. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 199(1), 49-56. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.083840
Smith, K. A., & Cipriani, A. (2017). Lithium and suicide in mood disorders: Updated meta-review of the scientific literature. Bipolar Disorders, 19(7), 575-586. https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12543
Sokolowski, M., & Wasserman, D. (2020). Genetic origins of suicidality? A synopsis of genes in suicidal behaviours, with regard to evidence diversity, disorder specificity and neurodevelopmental brain transcriptomics. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 37, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.06.002
Stanley, B., & Brown, G. K. (2012). Safety planning intervention: A brief intervention to mitigate suicide risk. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 19(2), 256-264.
Stene-Larsen, K., & Reneflot, A. (2019). Contact with primary and mental health care prior to suicide: A systematic review of the literature from 2000 to 2017. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 47(1), 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817746274
Tarrier, N., Taylor, K., & Gooding, P. (2008). Cognitive-behavioral interventions to reduce suicide behavior: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Behavior Modification, 32(1), 77-108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445507304728
Thornicroft, G., Chatterji, S., Evans-Lacko, S., Gruber, M., Sampson, N., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., Alonso, J., Andrade, L., Borges, G., Bruffaerts, R., Bunting, B., de Almeida, J. M., Florescu, S., de Girolamo, G., Gureje, O., Haro, J. M., He, Y., Hinkov, H., … Kessler, R. C. (2017). Undertreatment of people with major depressive disorder in 21 countries. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 210(2), 119-124. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.188078
Tidemalm, D., Langstrom, N., Lichtenstein, P., & Runeson, B. (2008). Risk of suicide after suicide attempt according to coexisting psychiatric disorder: Swedish cohort study with long term follow-up. BMJ, 337, a2205. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2205
Too, L. S., Spittal, M. J., Bugeja, L., Reifels, L., Butterworth, P., & Pirkis, J. (2019). The association between mental disorders and suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of record linkage studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 259, 302-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.054
Tseng, M. M., Chang, C. H., Liao, S. C., & Yeh, Y. C. (2019). Rates and trends of psychiatric inpatient and postdischarge suicides in Taiwan, 2002-2013: A national register-based study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 54(5), 591-598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01656-3
Vancampfort, D., Hallgren, M., Firth, J., Rosenbaum, S., Schuch, F. B., Mugisha, J., Probst, M., Van Damme, T., Carvalho, A. F., & Stubbs, B. (2018). Physical activity and suicidal ideation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 225, 438-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.070
Värnik, A., Kõlves, K., Väli, M., Tooding, L. M., & Wasserman, D. (2007). Do alcohol restrictions reduce suicide mortality? Addiction, 102(2), 251-256.
Verhagen, P., Van Praag, H. M., López-Ibor, J. J., Cox, J., & Moussaoui, D. (2012). Religion and psychiatry: Beyond boundaries (Vol. 31). John Wiley & Sons.
Vigo, D., Thornicroft, G., & Atun, R. (2016). Estimating the true global burden of mental illness. Lancet Psychiatry, 3(2), 171-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00505-2
Vijayakumar, L. (2004). Suicide prevention: The urgent need in developing countries. World Psychiatry, 3(3), 158-159 Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16633485
Vijayakumar, L., Kumar, M. S., & Vijayakumar, V. (2011). Substance use and suicide. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 24(3), 197-202. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e3283459242
Wasserman, D., Rihmer, Z., Rujescu, D., Sarchiapone, M., Sokolowski, M., Titelman, D., Zalsman, G., Zemishlany, Z., Carli, V., & European Psychiatric, A. (2012). The European Psychiatric Association (EPA) guidance on suicide treatment and prevention. European Psychiatry, 27(2), 129-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.06.003
Wasserman, D., & Sokolowski, M. (2016). Stress-vulnerability model of suicidal behaviours. Suicide. An unnecessary death, 2nd ed., 27-37. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Wasserman, D., & Värnik, A. (1998). Suicide-preventive effects of perestroika in the former USSR: The role of alcohol restriction. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 98(S394), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb10758.x
Wasserman, D., Varnik, A., & Eklund, G. (1994). Male suicides and alcohol consumption in the former USSR. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 89(5), 306-313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01520.x
Wilkinson, S. T., Ballard, E. D., Bloch, M. H., Mathew, S. J., Murrough, J. W., Feder, A., Sos, P., Wang, G., Zarate, C. A., Jr., & Sanacora, G. (2018). The effect of a single dose of intravenous ketamine on suicidal ideation: A systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(2), 150-158. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17040472
World Health Organization. (2008). mhGAP: Mental Health Gap Action Programme: Scaling up care for mental, neurological and substance use disorders. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2019). Suicide in the world: Global health estimates (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/326948
Xie, P., Wu, K., Zheng, Y., Guo, Y., Yang, Y., He, J., Ding, Y., & Peng, H. (2018). Prevalence of childhood trauma and correlations between childhood trauma, suicidal ideation, and social support in patients with depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia in southern China. Journal of Affective Disorders, 228, 41-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.011
Xuan, Z., Naimi, T. S., Kaplan, M. S., Bagge, C. L., Few, L. R., Maisto, S., Saitz, R., & Freeman, R. (2016). Alcohol policies and Suicide: A review of the literature. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 40(10), 2043-2055. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13203
Yen, S., Pagano, M. E., Shea, M. T., Grilo, C. M., Gunderson, J. G., Skodol, A. E., McGlashan, T. H., Sanislow, C. A., Bender, D. S., & Zanarini, M. C. (2005). Recent life events preceding suicide attempts in a personality disorder sample: Findings from the collaborative longitudinal personality disorders study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(1), 99-105. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.1.99
You, S., Van Orden, K. A., & Conner, K. R. (2011). Social connections and suicidal thoughts and behavior. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25(1), 180-184. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020936
Yuodelis-Flores, C., & Ries, R. K. (2015). Addiction and suicide: A review. The American Journal on Addictions, 24(2), 98-104. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.12185
Zalsman, G., Hawton, K., Wasserman, D., van Heeringen, K., Arensman, E., Sarchiapone, M., Carli, V., Hoschl, C., Barzilay, R., Balazs, J., Purebl, G., Kahn, J. P., Saiz, P. A., Lipsicas, C. B., Bobes, J., Cozman, D., Hegerl, U., & Zohar, J. (2016). Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review. Lancet Psychiatry, 3(7), 646-659. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X