Persistence of atrazine and trifluralin in a clay loam soil undergoing different temperature and moisture conditions.

Dissipation kinetics of atrazine and trifluralin in a clay loam soil was investigated in a laboratory incubation experiment under different temperature and moisture conditions. The soil was spiked with diluted atrazine and trifluralin concentrations at 4.50 and 4.25 mg/kg soil, respectively, the moisture content adjusted to 40, 70, and 100% of field capacity (FC) and then incubated in three climatic chambers at 10, 20, and 30 °C. For each of the herbicides, soil samples were collected at 0, 7, 21, 42, 70, and 105 days and analysed by Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD). A stochastic gamma model was used to model the dissipation of herbicides from the clay loam soil by incorporating environmental factors as covariates to determine half-life and days to complete dissipation. Results showed that temperature played a greater role on atrazine persistence than soil moisture; while the interaction effect of temperature and moisture was significant on the persistence of trifluralin over time. Atrazine dissipated more rapidly at 30 °C compared to 10 and 20 °C, with a half-life of 7.50 days and 326.23 days to reach complete dissipation. Rapid loss of trifluralin was observed at 70% moisture content when incubated at 30 °C, with a half-life of 5.80 days and 182.01 days to complete dissipation. It was observed that the half-life of both herbicides tended to double with every 10 °C decreases of temperature over the range tested. The model indicated that both atrazine and trifluralin have the potential to persist in clay loam soil for several years at temperature ≤20 °C; which could potentially affect following crops in rotation.

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Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.