Macrophage polarization by phytotherapy in the tumor microenvironment.
macrophage polarization
phytotherapy
signaling pathways
tumor
Journal
Phytotherapy research : PTR
ISSN: 1099-1573
Titre abrégé: Phytother Res
Pays: England
ID NLM: 8904486
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Jul 2021
Jul 2021
Historique:
revised:
28
12
2020
received:
14
10
2020
accepted:
08
02
2021
pubmed:
26
2
2021
medline:
29
9
2021
entrez:
25
2
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Several signaling pathways were involved in M1 (classic) and M2 (alternative) macrophage polarization. Disruption of M2-related signaling pathways and improvement of M1-related signaling pathways can be identified as one of the cancer therapeutic approaches. Prevention of macrophage differentiation into M2 by different herbal agents with antitumor properties can be considered as a promising therapeutic target for cancer patients. In the present review study, we investigated the effect of herbal compounds on M1 and M2 related signaling pathways to reduce M2 and increase M1 macrophage polarization for the treatment of different types of cancer.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
3632-3648Informations de copyright
© 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Références
Adarsh, C., Kumar, V., Vidyasagaran, K., & Ganesh, P. (2015). Decomposition of wood by polypore fungi in tropics-biological, ecological and environmental factors-a case study. Research Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, 2320, 6063.
Albini, A., Bruno, A., Noonan, D. M., & Mortara, L. (2018). Contribution to tumor angiogenesis from innate immune cells within the tumor microenvironment: Implications for immunotherapy. Frontiers in Immunology, 9, 527.
Almatroodi, S. A., McDonald, C. F., Darby, I. A., & Pouniotis, D. S. (2016). Characterization of M1/M2 tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) and Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles in patients with NSCLC. Cancer Microenvironment, 9(1), 1-11.
Andersen, M. N., Etzerodt, A., Graversen, J. H., Holthof, L. C., Moestrup, S. K., Hokland, M., & Møller, H. J. (2019). STAT3 inhibition specifically in human monocytes and macrophages by CD163-targeted corosolic acid-containing liposomes. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy, 68(3), 489-502.
Basappa, J., Citir, M., Zhang, Q., Wang, H. Y., Liu, X., Melnikov, O., … Traynor-Kaplan, A. (2020). ACLY is the novel signaling target of PIP2/PIP3 and Lyn in acute myeloid leukemia. Heliyon, 6(5), e03910.
Benoit, M., Desnues, B., & Mege, J.-L. (2008). Macrophage polarization in bacterial infections. The Journal of Immunology, 181(6), 3733-3739.
Bertani, F. R., Mozetic, P., Fioramonti, M., Iuliani, M., Ribelli, G., Pantano, F., … Businaro, L. (2017). Classification of M1/M2-polarized human macrophages by label-free hyperspectral reflectance confocal microscopy and multivariate analysis. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1-9.
Camille, N., & Dealtry, G. (2018). Regulation of M1/M2 macrophage polarization by Sutherlandia frutescens via NFkB and MAPK signaling pathways. South African Journal of Botany, 116, 42-51.
Cao, M., Yan, H., Han, X., Weng, L., Wei, Q., Sun, X., … Cai, X. (2019). Ginseng-derived nanoparticles alter macrophage polarization to inhibit melanoma growth. Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer, 7(1), 326.
Cassetta, L., Fragkogianni, S., Sims, A. H., Swierczak, A., Forrester, L. M., Zhang, H., … Lin, E. Y. (2019). Human tumor-associated macrophage and monocyte transcriptional landscapes reveal cancer-specific reprogramming, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets. Cancer Cell, 35(4), 588-602. e510.
Castro-Aceituno, V., Ahn, S., Simu, S. Y., Singh, P., Mathiyalagan, R., Lee, H. A., & Yang, D. C. (2016). Anticancer activity of silver nanoparticles from Panax ginseng fresh leaves in human cancer cells. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 84, 158-165.
Chen, J., & Ivashkiv, L. B. (2010). IFN-γ abrogates endotoxin tolerance by facilitating toll-like receptor-induced chromatin remodeling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(45), 19438-19443.
Chen, Y., Bi, L., Luo, H., Jiang, Y., Chen, F., Wang, Y., … Chen, W. (2019). Water extract of ginseng and astragalus regulates macrophage polarization and synergistically enhances DDP's anticancer effect. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 232, 11-20.
Choi, H.-J., Choi, H.-J., Chung, T.-W., & Ha, K.-T. (2016). Luteolin inhibits recruitment of monocytes and migration of Lewis lung carcinoma cells by suppressing chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 expression in tumor-associated macrophage. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 470(1), 101-106.
Duan, J., Liu, X., Wang, H., & Guo, S.-W. (2018). The M2a macrophage subset may be critically involved in the fibrogenesis of endometriosis in mice. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 37(3), 254-268.
Fan, H., Gao, Z., Ji, K., Li, X., Wu, J., Liu, Y., … Li, X. (2019). The in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effect of osthole, the major natural coumarin from Cnidium monnieri (L.) cuss, via the blocking of the activation of the NF-κB and MAPK/p38 pathways. Phytomedicine, 58, 152864.
Fujiwara, Y., Komohara, Y., Ikeda, T., & Takeya, M. (2011). Corosolic acid inhibits glioblastoma cell proliferation by suppressing the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 and nuclear factor-kappa B in tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages. Cancer Science, 102(1), 206-211.
Fujiwara, Y., Komohara, Y., Kudo, R., Tsurushima, K., Ohnishi, K., Ikeda, T., & Takeya, M. (2011). Oleanolic acid inhibits macrophage differentiation into the M2 phenotype and glioblastoma cell proliferation by suppressing the activation of STAT3. Oncology Reports, 26(6), 1533-1537.
Fujiwara, Y., Takaishi, K., Nakao, J., Ikeda, T., Katabuchi, H., Takeya, M., & Komohara, Y. (2013). Corosolic acid enhances the antitumor effects of chemotherapy on epithelial ovarian cancer by inhibiting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling. Oncology Letters, 6(6), 1619-1623.
Ganji, A., Roshan, H. M., Varasteh, A., Moghadam, M., & Sankian, M. (2015). The effects of WW2/WW3 domains of Smurf2 molecule on TGF-β signaling and arginase I gene expression. Cell Biology International, 39(6), 690-695.
Gui, D., Guo, Y., Wang, F., Liu, W., Chen, J., Chen, Y., … Wang, N. (2012). Astragaloside IV, a novel antioxidant, prevents glucose-induced podocyte apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One, 7(6), e39824.
Guilliams, M., Ginhoux, F., Jakubzick, C., Naik, S. H., Onai, N., Schraml, B. U., … Yona, S. (2014). Dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages: A unified nomenclature based on ontogeny. Nature Reviews Immunology, 14(8), 571-578.
He, J., Yin, P., & Xu, K. (2020). Effect and molecular mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine on tumor targeting tumor-associated macrophages. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 14, 907-919.
Holohan, C., Van Schaeybroeck, S., Longley, D. B., & Johnston, P. G. (2013). Cancer drug resistance: An evolving paradigm. Nature Reviews Cancer, 13(10), 714-726.
Huang, S., Wang, L.-L., Xue, N.-N., Li, C., Guo, H.-H., Ren, T.-K., … Chen, X.-G. (2019). Chlorogenic acid effectively treats cancers through induction of cancer cell differentiation. Theranostics, 9(23), 6745-6763.
Hughes, R., Qian, B.-Z., Rowan, C., Muthana, M., Keklikoglou, I., Olson, O. C., … Clemons, M. (2015). Perivascular M2 macrophages stimulate tumor relapse after chemotherapy. Cancer Research, 75(17), 3479-3491.
Irey, E. A., Lassiter, C. M., Brady, N. J., Chuntova, P., Wang, Y., Knutson, T. P., … Nelson, A. C. (2019). JAK/STAT inhibition in macrophages promotes therapeutic resistance by inducing expression of protumorigenic factors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(25), 12442-12451.
Isidro, R. A., & Appleyard, C. B. (2016). Colonic macrophage polarization in homeostasis, inflammation, and cancer. American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 311(1), G59-G73.
Ji, Y., Sun, S., Xu, A., Bhargava, P., Yang, L., Lam, K. S., … Qi, L. (2012). Activation of natural killer T cells promotes M2 macrophage polarization in adipose tissue and improves systemic glucose tolerance via interleukin-4 (IL-4)/STAT6 protein signaling axis in obesity. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 287(17), 13561-13571.
Jia, W., Luo, S., Lai, G., Li, S., Huo, S., Li, M., & Zeng, X. (2020). Polyporus polysaccharide regulates proliferation, apoptosis and migration of bladder cancer cells by polarizing macrophages to M1 subtype in tumor microenvironment.
Jia, X., Yu, F., Wang, J., Iwanowycz, S., Saaoud, F., Wang, Y., … Fan, D. (2014). Emodin suppresses pulmonary metastasis of breast cancer accompanied with decreased macrophage recruitment and M2 polarization in the lungs. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 148(2), 291-302.
Jia, Y., Yuan, H., Shan, S., Xu, G., Yu, J., Zhao, C., & Mou, X. (2016). Corosolic acid inhibits the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells by inducing apoptosis. Oncology Letters, 12(5), 4187-4194.
Jiang, K., Lu, Q., Li, Q., Ji, Y., Chen, W., & Xue, X. (2017). Astragaloside IV inhibits breast cancer cell invasion by suppressing Vav3 mediated Rac1/MAPK signaling. International Immunopharmacology, 42, 195-202.
Jiang, L., Li, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, M., Tang, Z., & Lv, K. (2017). Microarray and bioinformatics analyses of gene expression profiles in BALB/c murine macrophage polarization. Molecular Medicine Reports, 16(5), 7382-7390.
Jin, U.-H., Lee, J.-Y., Kang, S.-K., Kim, J.-K., Park, W.-H., Kim, J.-G., … Kim, C.-H. (2005). A phenolic compound, 5-caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid), is a new type and strong matrix metalloproteinase-9 inhibitor: Isolation and identification from methanol extract of Euonymus alatus. Life Sciences, 77(22), 2760-2769.
Kawakami, T., Koike, A., Maehara, T., Hayashi, T., & Fujimori, K. (2020). Bicarbonate enhances the inflammatory response by activating JAK/STAT signalling in LPS+ IFN-γ-stimulated macrophages. The Journal of Biochemistry, 167(6), 623-631.
Kim, D., Shin, E., Kim, Y., Lee, B., Jun, J. G., Park, J., & Kim, J. K. (2009). Suppression of inflammatory responses by celastrol, a quinone methide triterpenoid isolated from Celastrus regelii. European journal of clinical investigation, 39(9), 819-827.
Komohara, Y., Fujiwara, Y., Ohnishi, K., & Takeya, M. (2016). Tumor-associated macrophages: Potential therapeutic targets for anti-cancer therapy. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 99, 180-185.
Kuchta, K., Xiang, Y., Huang, S., Tang, Y., Peng, X., Wang, X., … Lin, Z. (2017). Celastrol, an active constituent of the TCM plant Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F., inhibits prostate cancer bone metastasis. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases, 20(2), 156-164.
Kzhyshkowska, J., Riabov, V., Gudima, A., Wang, N., Orekhov, A., & Mickley, A. (2014). Role of tumor associated macrophages in tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Frontiers in Physiology, 5, 75.
Lee, J., French, B., Morgan, T., & French, S. W. (2014). The liver is populated by a broad spectrum of markers for macrophages. In alcoholic hepatitis the macrophages are M1 and M2. Experimental and Molecular Pathology, 96(1), 118-125.
Li, C., Wang, Q., Shen, S., Wei, X., & Li, G. (2019). HIF-1α/VEGF signaling-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis is critically involved in anti-metastasis effect of luteolin in melanoma cells. Phytotherapy Research, 33(3), 798-807.
Li, J., Cai, H., Sun, H., Qu, J., Zhao, B., Hu, X., … Kang, F. (2020). Extracts of Cordyceps sinensis inhibit breast cancer growth through promoting M1 macrophage polarization via NF-κB pathway activation. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 260, 112969.
Li, Y., Qi, W., Song, X., Lv, S., Zhang, H., & Yang, Q. (2016). Huaier extract suppresses breast cancer via regulating tumor-associated macrophages. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 1-10.
Lin, Y., Xu, J., & Lan, H. (2019). Tumor-associated macrophages in tumor metastasis: Biological roles and clinical therapeutic applications. Journal of Hematology & Oncology, 12(1), 76.
Lissner, D., Schumann, M., Batra, A., Kredel, L.-I., Kühl, A. A., Erben, U., … Siegmund, B. (2015). Monocyte and M1 macrophage-induced barrier defect contributes to chronic intestinal inflammation in IBD. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 21(6), 1297-1305.
Liu, A.-j., Yu, J., Ji, H.-y., Zhang, H.-c., Zhang, Y., & Liu, H.-p. (2018). Extraction of a novel cold-water-soluble polysaccharide from Astragalus membranaceus and its antitumor and immunological activities. Molecules, 23(1), 62.
Liu, C.-P., Zhang, X., Tan, Q.-L., Xu, W.-X., Zhou, C.-Y., Luo, M., … Zeng, X. (2017). NF-κB pathways are involved in M1 polarization of RAW 264.7 macrophage by polyporus polysaccharide in the tumor microenvironment. PLoS One, 12(11), e0188317.
Liu, J., Zhang, N., Li, Q., Zhang, W., Ke, F., Leng, Q., … Wang, H. (2011). Tumor-associated macrophages recruit CCR6+ regulatory T cells and promote the development of colorectal cancer via enhancing CCL20 production in mice. PLoS One, 6(4), e19495.
Liu, L., Yi, H., He, H., Pan, H., Cai, L., & Ma, Y. (2017). Tumor associated macrophage-targeted microRNA delivery with dual-responsive polypeptide nanovectors for anti-cancer therapy. Biomaterials, 134, 166-179.
Locati, M., Curtale, G., & Mantovani, A. (2020). Diversity, mechanisms, and significance of macrophage plasticity. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, 15, 123-147.
Lou, Z., Peng, Z., Wang, B., Li, X., Li, X., & Zhang, X. (2019). miR-142-5p promotes the osteoclast differentiation of bone marrow-derived macrophages via PTEN/PI3K/AKT/FoxO1 pathway. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism, 37(5), 815-824.
Lu, K., Bhat, M., & Basu, S. (2016). Plants and their active compounds: Natural molecules to target angiogenesis. Angiogenesis, 19(3), 287-295.
Lurier, E. B., Dalton, D., Dampier, W., Raman, P., Nassiri, S., Ferraro, N. M., … Spiller, K. L. (2017). Transcriptome analysis of IL-10-stimulated (M2c) macrophages by next-generation sequencing. Immunobiology, 222(7), 847-856.
Maizura, M., Aminah, A., & Wan Aida, W. (2011). Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of kesum (Polygonum minus), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) extract. International Food Research Journal, 18(2), 529-534.
Makaremi, S., Ganji, A., Ghazavi, A., & Mosayebi, G. (2021). Inhibition of tumor growth in CT-26 colorectal cancer-bearing mice with alcoholic extracts of Curcuma longa and Rosmarinus officinalis. Gene Reports, 22, 101006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.genrep.2020.101006.
Mantovani, A., Sozzani, S., Locati, M., Allavena, P., & Sica, A. (2002). Macrophage polarization: Tumor-associated macrophages as a paradigm for polarized M2 mononuclear phagocytes. Trends in Immunology, 23(11), 549-555.
Masoud, G. N., & Li, W. (2015). HIF-1α pathway: Role, regulation and intervention for cancer therapy. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, 5(5), 378-389.
Mori, K., Haraguchi, S., Hiori, M., Shimada, J., & Ohmori, Y. (2015). Tumor-associated macrophages in oral premalignant lesions coexpress CD163 and STAT1 in a Th1-dominated microenvironment. BMC Cancer, 15(1), 573.
Morse, M. A., Zhou, L.-J., Tedder, T. F., Lyerly, H. K., & Smith, C. (1997). Generation of dendritic cells in vitro from peripheral blood mononuclear cells with granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-4, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha for use in cancer immunotherapy. Annals of Surgery, 226(1), 6-16.
Mukherjee, S., Hussaini, R., White, R., Atwi, D., Fried, A., Sampat, S., … Banerjee, P. (2018). TriCurin, a synergistic formulation of curcumin, resveratrol, and epicatechin gallate, repolarizes tumor-associated macrophages and triggers an immune response to cause suppression of HPV+ tumors. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy, 67(5), 761-774.
Murray, P. J., Allen, J. E., Biswas, S. K., Fisher, E. A., Gilroy, D. W., Goerdt, S., … Lawrence, T. (2014). Macrophage activation and polarization: Nomenclature and experimental guidelines. Immunity, 41(1), 14-20.
Odegaard, J. I., & Chawla, A. (2011). Alternative macrophage activation and metabolism. Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, 6, 275-297.
Parisi, L., Gini, E., Baci, D., Tremolati, M., Fanuli, M., Bassani, B., … Mortara, L. (2018). Macrophage polarization in chronic inflammatory diseases: Killers or builders? Journal of Immunology Research, 2018, 1-25.
Park, H.-J., Chi, G.-Y., Choi, Y.-H., & Park, S.-H. (2020). Lupeol suppresses plasminogen activator inhibitor-1-mediated macrophage recruitment and attenuates M2 macrophage polarization. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 527, 889-895.
Park, W., Park, S., Song, G., & Lim, W. (2019). Inhibitory effects of osthole on human breast cancer cell progression via induction of cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ER stress. Nutrients, 11(11), 2777.
Pellegrinet, L., Rodilla, V., Liu, Z., Chen, S., Koch, U., Espinosa, L., … Radtke, F. (2011). Dll1-and dll4-mediated notch signaling are required for homeostasis of intestinal stem cells. Gastroenterology, 140(4), 1230-1240. e1237.
Peters, N. K., Frost, J. W., & Long, S. R. (1986). A plant flavone, luteolin, induces expression of rhizobium meliloti nodulation genes. Science, 233(4767), 977-980.
Petty, A. J., & Yang, Y. (2017). Tumor-associated macrophages: Implications in cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy, 9(3), 289-302.
Roca, H., Varsos, Z. S., Sud, S., Craig, M. J., Ying, C., & Pienta, K. J. (2009). CCL2 and interleukin-6 promote survival of human CD11b+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells and induce M2-type macrophage polarization. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 284(49), 34342-34354.
Rocher, C., & Singla, D. K. (2013). SMAD-PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway mediates BMP-7 polarization of monocytes into M2 macrophages. PLoS One, 8(12), e84009.
Saeed, S., Quintin, J., Kerstens, H. H., Rao, N. A., Aghajanirefah, A., Matarese, F., … van der Ent, M. A. (2014). Epigenetic programming of monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and trained innate immunity. Science, 345(6204), 1251086.
Saeedifar, A. M., Mosayebi, G., Ghazavi, A., & Ganji, A. (2020). Synergistic Evaluation of Ginger and Licorice Extracts in a Mouse Model of Colorectal Cancer. Nutrition and Cancer, 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2020.1784440.
Saleem, M. (2009). Lupeol, a novel anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer dietary triterpene. Cancer Letters, 285(2), 109-115.
Saunders, I. T., Mir, H., Kapur, N., & Singh, S. (2019). Emodin inhibits colon cancer by altering BCL-2 family proteins and cell survival pathways. Cancer Cell International, 19(1), 1-15.
Shanmugam, M. K., Lee, J. H., Chai, E. Z. P., Kanchi, M. M., Kar, S., Arfuso, F., … Sethi, G. (2016). Cancer prevention and therapy through the modulation of transcription factors by bioactive natural compounds. Seminars in Cancer Biology, 40-41, 35-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.03.005.
Shiri, S., Alizadeh, A. M., Baradaran, B., Farhanghi, B., Shanehbandi, D., Khodayari, S., … Tavassoli, A. (2015). Dendrosomal curcumin suppresses metastatic breast cancer in mice by changing m1/m2 macrophage balance in the tumor microenvironment. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 16(9), 3917-3922.
Siddique, H. R., & Saleem, M. (2011). Beneficial health effects of lupeol triterpene: A review of preclinical studies. Life Sciences, 88(7-8), 285-293.
Stakheyeva, M., Riabov, V., Mitrofanova, I., Litviakov, N., Choynzonov, E., Cherdyntseva, N., & Kzhyshkowska, J. (2017). Role of the immune component of tumor microenvironment in the efficiency of cancer treatment: Perspectives for the personalized therapy. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 23(32), 4807-4826.
Sun, M., Sun, L., Huang, C., Chen, B.-c., & Zhou, Z. (2019). Induction of macrophage M2b/c polarization by adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Journal of Immunology Research, 2019, 1-12.
Tariq, M., Zhang, J., Liang, G., Ding, L., He, Q., & Yang, B. (2017). Macrophage polarization: Anti-cancer strategies to target tumor-associated macrophage in breast cancer. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 118(9), 2484-2501.
Tato, I., Bartrons, R., Ventura, F., & Rosa, J. L. (2011). Amino acids activate mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) via PI3K/Akt signaling. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 286(8), 6128-6142.
Wang, B., Zheng, X., Liu, J., Zhang, Z., Qiu, C., Yang, L., … Wang, X. (2018). Osthole inhibits pancreatic cancer progression by directly exerting negative effects on cancer cells and attenuating tumor-infiltrating M2 macrophages. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 137(3), 290-298.
Wang, L. x., Zhang, S. x., Wu, H. j., Rong, X. l., & Guo, J. (2019). M2b macrophage polarization and its roles in diseases. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 106(2), 345-358.
Wang, N., Liang, H., & Zen, K. (2014). Molecular mechanisms that influence the macrophage M1-M2 polarization balance. Frontiers in Immunology, 5, 614.
Wang, Q., Ni, H., Lan, L., Wei, X., Xiang, R., & Wang, Y. (2010). Fra-1 protooncogene regulates IL-6 expression in macrophages and promotes the generation of M2d macrophages. Cell Research, 20(6), 701-712.
Wang, R., Liu, H., Shao, Y., Wang, K., Yin, S., Qiu, Y., … Gao, X. (2019). Sophoridine inhibits human colorectal cancer progression via targeting MAPKAPK2. Molecular Cancer Research, 17(12), 2469-2479.
Wang, Y., Tan, X., Yang, X., Li, X., Bian, K., & Zhang, D. (2015). Total flavonoid from Glycyrrhizae radix et Rhizoma and its ingredient isoliquiritigenin regulation M2 phenotype polarization of macrophages. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi= Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi= China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 40(22), 4475-4481.
Wang, Z., Li, Y., Kong, D., & H Sarkar, F. (2010). The role of notch signaling pathway in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during development and tumor aggressiveness. Current Drug Targets, 11(6), 745-751.
Wenyu, J., Siwan, L., Gena, L., Shiqi, L., Shuai, H., Meifang, L., … Xing, Z. (2021). Research Square. http://dx.doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-31455/v4
Wilson, H. M. (2014). SOCS proteins in macrophage polarization and function. Frontiers in Immunology, 5, 357.
Wu, J. Y., Zhang, Q. X., & Leung, P. H. (2007). Inhibitory effects of ethyl acetate extract of Cordyceps sinensis mycelium on various cancer cells in culture and B16 melanoma in C57BL/6 mice. Phytomedicine, 14(1), 43-49.
Xia, S., Ni, Y., Zhou, Q., Xiang, H., Sui, H., & Shang, D. (2019). Emodin attenuates severe acute pancreatitis via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Inflammation, 42(6), 2129-2138.
Xu, F., Cui, W., Zhao, Z., Gong, W., Wei, Y., Liu, J., … Qiu, J. (2017). Targeting tumor microenvironment: Effects of chinese herbal formulae on macrophage-mediated lung cancer in mice. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2017, 7187168.
Xu, F., Cui, W.-Q., Wei, Y., Cui, J., Qiu, J., Hu, L.-L., … Liu, B.-J. (2018). Astragaloside IV inhibits lung cancer progression and metastasis by modulating macrophage polarization through AMPK signaling. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research, 37(1), 207.
Xu, Y.-W., Xing, R.-X., Zhang, W.-H., Li, L., Wu, Y., Hu, J., … Chen, X. (2019). Toxoplasma ROP16I/III ameliorated inflammatory bowel diseases via inducing M2 phenotype of macrophages. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 25(45), 6634-6652.
Xue, J., Schmidt, S. V., Sander, J., Draffehn, A., Krebs, W., Quester, I., … Schmidleithner, L. (2014). Transcriptome-based network analysis reveals a spectrum model of human macrophage activation. Immunity, 40(2), 274-288.
Xue, N., Zhou, Q., Ji, M., Jin, J., Lai, F., Chen, J., … Zhang, J. (2017). Chlorogenic acid inhibits glioblastoma growth through repolarizating macrophage from M2 to M1 phenotype. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1-11.
Yang, Y., Cheng, S., Liang, G., Honggang, L., & Wu, H. (2018). Celastrol inhibits cancer metastasis by suppressing M2-like polarization of macrophages. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 503(2), 414-419.
Yao, Y., Rao, C., Zheng, G., & Wang, S. (2019). Luteolin suppresses colorectal cancer cell metastasis via regulation of the miR-384/pleiotrophin axis. Oncology Reports, 42(1), 131-141.
Yao, Y.-Q., Ding, X., Jia, Y.-C., Huang, C.-X., Wang, Y.-Z., & Xu, Y.-H. (2008). Anti-tumor effect of β-elemene in glioblastoma cells depends on p38 MAPK activation. Cancer Letters, 264(1), 127-134.
Ye, Y., Jin, T., Zhang, X., Ye, B., Wang, J., Zhong, Y., … Gu, L. (2019). Meisoindigo protects against focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and regulating microglia/macrophage polarization via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 13, 553.
Yu, X., Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Xu, M., Che, Y., Tian, X., … Zou, L. (2019). β-Elemene inhibits radiation and hypoxia-induced macrophages infiltration via Prx-1/NF-κB/HIF-1α signaling pathway. Oncotargets and Therapy, 12, 4203-4211.
Yu, X., Xu, M., Li, N., Li, Z., Li, H., Shao, S., … Zou, L. (2017). β-Elemene inhibits tumor-promoting effect of M2 macrophages in lung cancer. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 490(2), 514-520.
Yuan, F., Fu, X., Shi, H., Chen, G., Dong, P., & Zhang, W. (2014). Induction of murine macrophage M2 polarization by cigarette smoke extract via the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. PLoS One, 9(9), e107063.
Zhan, X., Jia, L., Niu, Y., Qi, H., Chen, X., Zhang, Q., … Wang, C. (2014). Targeted depletion of tumour-associated macrophages by an alendronate-glucomannan conjugate for cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials, 35(38), 10046-10057.
Zhang, H.-M., & Li, H.-Q. (1999). Anti-arrhythmic effects of sophoridine and oxysophoridine. Zhongguo yao li xue bao= Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 20(6), 517-520.
Zhang, M., He, Y., Sun, X., Li, Q., Wang, W., Zhao, A., & Di, W. (2014). A high M1/M2 ratio of tumor-associated macrophages is associated with extended survival in ovarian cancer patients. Journal of Ovarian Research, 7(1), 19.
Zhao, H., Zhang, X., Chen, X., Li, Y., Ke, Z., Tang, T., … Yang, J. (2014). Isoliquiritigenin, a flavonoid from licorice, blocks M2 macrophage polarization in colitis-associated tumorigenesis through downregulating PGE2 and IL-6. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 279(3), 311-321.
Zhu, L., Wei, H., Wu, Y., Yang, S., Xiao, L., Zhang, J., & Peng, B. (2012). Licorice isoliquiritigenin suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro and prevents inflammatory bone loss in vivo. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 44(7), 1139-1152.
Zhuang, H., Dai, X., Zhang, X., Mao, Z., & Huang, H. (2020). Sophoridine suppresses macrophage-mediated immunosuppression through TLR4/IRF3 pathway and subsequently upregulates CD8+ T cytotoxic function against gastric cancer. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 121, 109636.
Zitvogel, L., Apetoh, L., Ghiringhelli, F., & Kroemer, G. (2008). Immunological aspects of cancer chemotherapy. Nature Reviews Immunology, 8(1), 59-73.