Unbearable transepidermal water loss (TEWL) experimental variability: why?
Evaporimeter
Experimental variables
Skin
Stratum corneum
Transepidermal water loss
Journal
Archives of dermatological research
ISSN: 1432-069X
Titre abrégé: Arch Dermatol Res
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 8000462
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Mar 2022
Mar 2022
Historique:
received:
15
08
2020
accepted:
06
02
2021
revised:
13
01
2021
pubmed:
28
2
2021
medline:
22
3
2022
entrez:
27
2
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Despite the wide breadth of research, much disparity exists in transepidermal water loss (TEWL) research data-possibly due to uncontrolled experimental variables. We determined whether such experimental variables significantly impact TEWL studies and cause this disparity. An initial literature search regarding TEWL was performed to determine potential confounding variables. A subsequent search procured relevant and representative studies investigating the impact of these variables on TEWL. Variables, such as age, anatomic site, and temperature, impact TEWL and should be controlled for in TEWL studies. Other variables, such as smoking and menstrual cycle, have inconclusive results or do not provide sufficient data breadth to make a conclusion regarding its effect, if such an effect exists, on TEWL metrics. Therefore, these variables require further research to determine their potential impact on TEWL. Matching for as many experimental variables as possible may reduce the disparity in TEWL data/conclusions.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33638033
doi: 10.1007/s00403-021-02198-y
pii: 10.1007/s00403-021-02198-y
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
99-119Informations de copyright
© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature.
Références
Altemus M, Rao B, Dhabhar FS, Ding W, Granstein RD (2001) Stress-induced changes in skin barrier function in healthy women. J Invest Dermatol 117:309–317. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01373.x
doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01373.x
pubmed: 11511309
Baumrin E, Mukansi MM, Sibisi C, Mosam A, Stamatas GN, Dlova NC (2018) Epidermal barrier function in healthy black South African infants compared with adults. Pediatr Dermatol 35:e425–e426. https://doi.org/10.1111/pde.13675
doi: 10.1111/pde.13675
pubmed: 30298555
Berardesca E, de Rigal J, Leveque JL, Maibach HI (1991) In vivo biophysical characterization of skin physiological differences in races. Dermatologica 182:89–93. https://doi.org/10.1159/000247752
doi: 10.1159/000247752
pubmed: 2050240
Black D, Del Pozo A, Lagarde JM, Gall Y (2000) Seasonal variability in the biophysical properties of stratum corneum from different anatomical sites. Skin Res Technol 6:70–76. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0846.2000.006002070.x
doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0846.2000.006002070.x
pubmed: 11428945
Bock M, Wulfhorst B, John SM (2007) Site variations in susceptibility to SLS. Contact Dermatitis 57:94–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01159.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01159.x
pubmed: 17627647
Boireau-Adamezyk E, Baillet-Guffroy A, Stamatas GN (2014) Age-dependent changes in stratum corneum barrier function. Skin Res Technol 20:409–415. https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.12132
doi: 10.1111/srt.12132
pubmed: 24517174
Chen C-P, Hwang R-L, Chang S-Y, Lu Y-T (2011) Effects of temperature steps on human skin physiology and thermal sensation response. Build Environ 46:2387–2397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.05.021
doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.05.021
Chilcott RP, Farrar R (2000) Biophysical measurements of human forearm skin in vivo: effects of site, gender, chirality and time. Skin Res Technol 6:64–69. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0846.2000.006002064.x
doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0846.2000.006002064.x
pubmed: 11428944
Choe SJ, Kim D, Kim EJ, Ahn JS, Choi EJ, Son ED, Lee TR, Choi EH (2018) Psychological stress deteriorates skin barrier function by activating 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and the HPA axis. Sci Rep 8:6334. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24653-z
doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-24653-z
pubmed: 29679067
pmcid: 5910426
Choi J, Kim S, Han J, Kim E (2018) 1275 The effect of drinking and sleep deprivation on the men skin. J Investig Dermatol 138:S217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.1291
doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.1291
Conti A, Schiavi ME, Seidenari S (1995) Capacitance, transepidermal water loss and causal level of sebum in healthy subjects in relation to site, sex and age. Int J Cosmet Sci 17:77–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.1995.tb00111.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-2494.1995.tb00111.x
pubmed: 19250473
Cravello B, Ferri A (2008) Relationships between skin properties and environmental parameters. Skin Res Technol 14:180–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.2007.00275.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2007.00275.x
pubmed: 18412560
Cua AB, Wilhelm KP, Maibach HI (1990) Cutaneous sodium lauryl sulphate irritation potential: age and regional variability. Br J Dermatol 123:607–613. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1990.tb01477.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1990.tb01477.x
pubmed: 2248890
Cua AB, Wilhelm KP, Maibach HI (1990) Frictional properties of human skin: relation to age, sex and anatomical region, stratum corneum hydration and transepidermal water loss. Br J Dermatol 123:473–479. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1990.tb01452.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1990.tb01452.x
pubmed: 2095179
De Paepe K, Houben E, Adam R, Hachem JP, Roseeuw D, Rogiers V (2009) Seasonal effects on the nasolabial skin condition. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 22:8–14. https://doi.org/10.1159/000159772
doi: 10.1159/000159772
pubmed: 18832867
De Paepe K, Houben E, Adam R, Wiesemann F, Rogiers V (2005) Validation of the VapoMeter, a closed unventilated chamber system to assess transepidermal water loss vs. the open chamber Tewameter. Skin Res Technol 11:61–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.2005.00101.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2005.00101.x
pubmed: 15691261
Elias PM (2008) Skin barrier function. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 8:299–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-008-0048-0
doi: 10.1007/s11882-008-0048-0
pubmed: 18606081
pmcid: 2843412
Firooz A, Sadr B, Babakoohi S, Sarraf-Yazdy M, Fanian F, Kazerouni-Timsar A, Nassiri-Kashani M, Naghizadeh MM, Dowlati Y (2012) Variation of biophysical parameters of the skin with age, gender, and body region. Sci World J 2012:386936. https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/386936
doi: 10.1100/2012/386936
Fluhr JW, Feingold KR, Elias PM (2006) Transepidermal water loss reflects permeability barrier status: validation in human and rodent in vivo and ex vivo models. Exp Dermatol 15:483–492. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00437.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00437.x
pubmed: 16761956
Fluhr JW, Pfisterer S, Gloor M (2000) Direct comparison of skin physiology in children and adults with bioengineering methods. Pediatr Dermatol 17:436–439. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1470.2000.01815.x
doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1470.2000.01815.x
pubmed: 11123773
Fujimura T, Miyauchi Y, Shima K, Hotta M, Tsujimura H, Kitahara T, Takema Y, Palungwachira P, Laohathai D, Chanthothai J, Nararatwanchai T (2018) Ethnic differences in stratum corneum functions between Chinese and Thai infants residing in Bangkok, Thailand. Pediatr Dermatol 35:87–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/pde.13335
doi: 10.1111/pde.13335
pubmed: 29143471
Fujimura T, Sato N, Ophaswongse S, Takagi Y, Hotta M, Kitahara T, Takema Y, Palungwachira P (2013) Characterization of vulvar skin of healthy Thai women: influence of sites, age and menopause. Acta Derm Venereol 93:242–245. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1534
doi: 10.2340/00015555-1534
pubmed: 23435846
Fukunaga S, Wada S, Sato T, Hamaguchi M, Aoi W, Higashi A (2018) Effect of torula yeast (Candida utilis)-derived glucosylceramide on skin dryness and other skin conditions in winter. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 64:265–270. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.64.265
doi: 10.3177/jnsv.64.265
pubmed: 30175789
Grice JE, Moghimi HR, Ryan E, Zhang Q, Haridass I, Mohammed Y, Roberts MS (2017) Non-formulation parameters that affect penetrant-skin-vehicle interactions and percutaneous absorption. In: ND, H.I M (eds) Percutaneous penetration enhancers drug penetration into/through the skin. Springer, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53270-6_4
Grice K, Bettley FR (1967) The effect of skin temperature and vascular change on the rate of transepidermal water loss. Br J Dermatol 79:582–588. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1967.tb11421.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1967.tb11421.x
pubmed: 6072763
Guida B, Nino M, Perrino NR, Laccetti R, Trio R, Labella S, Balato N (2010) The impact of obesity on skin disease and epidermal permeability barrier status. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 24:191–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03503.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03503.x
pubmed: 19929936
Harvell J, Hussona-Saeed I, Maibach HI (1992) Changes in transepidermal water loss and cutaneous blood flow during the menstrual cycle. Contact Dermatitis 27:294–301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1992.tb03283.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1992.tb03283.x
pubmed: 1493683
Hillebrand GG, Wickett R (2007) Epidemiology of skin barrier function: Host and environmental factors. In: Walters KA, Roberts MS (eds) Dermatologic, cosmeceutic, and cosmetic development therapeutic and novel approaches. CRC Press, 129–156
Holder DJ, Marino MJ (2017) Logical experimental design and execution in the biomedical sciences. Curr Protoc Pharmacol. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpph.20
doi: 10.1002/cpph.20
pubmed: 28306153
Hong YH, Chang UJ, Kim YS, Jung EY, Suh HJ (2017) Dietary galacto-oligosaccharides improve skin health: a randomized double blind clinical trial. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 26:613–618. https://doi.org/10.6133/apjcn.052016.05
doi: 10.6133/apjcn.052016.05
pubmed: 28582809
Jang S, Han J, Jeon H, Kim A, Kim E (2019) 295 A study of skin characteristic after sleeping according to age. J Investig Dermatol 139:S51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2019.03.371
doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.03.371
Kikuchi K, Kobayashi H, Le Fur I, Tschachler E, Tagami H (2002) The winter season affects more severely the facial skin than the forearm skin: comparative biophysical studies conducted in the same Japanese females in later summer and winter. Exogenous Dermatol 1:32–38. https://doi.org/10.1159/000047989
doi: 10.1159/000047989
Kottner J, Lichterfeld A, Blume-Peytavi U (2013) Transepidermal water loss in young and aged healthy humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dermatol Res 305:315–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-012-1313-6
doi: 10.1007/s00403-012-1313-6
pubmed: 23341028
Kuwano T, Kawano S, Kagawa D, Yasuda Y, Inoue Y, Murase T (2018) Dietary intake of glucono-delta-lactone attenuates skin inflammation and contributes to maintaining skin condition. Food Funct 9:1524–1531. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7fo01548h
doi: 10.1039/c7fo01548h
pubmed: 29431785
Lamke LO, Wedin B (1971) Water evaporation from normal skin under different environmental conditions. Acta Derm Venereol 51:111–119
pubmed: 4101041
Lammintausta K, Maibach HI, Wilson D (1987) Irritant reactivity in males and females. Contact Dermatitis 17:276–280. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1987.tb01477.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1987.tb01477.x
pubmed: 2963725
Le Fur I, Reinberg A, Lopez S, Morizot F, Mechkouri M, Tschachler E (2001) Analysis of circadian and ultradian rhythms of skin surface properties of face and forearm of healthy women. J Invest Dermatol 117:718–724. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01433.x
doi: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01433.x
pubmed: 11564182
Lee M, Jung Y, Kim E, Lee HK (2017) Comparison of skin properties in individuals living in cities at two different altitudes: an investigation of the environmental effect on skin. J Cosmet Dermatol 16:26–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12270
doi: 10.1111/jocd.12270
pubmed: 27616042
Li X, Galzote C, Yan X, Li L, Wang X (2014) Characterization of Chinese body skin through in vivo instrument assessments, visual evaluations, and questionnaire: influences of body area, inter-generation, season, sex, and skin care habits. Skin Res Technol 20:14–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.12076
doi: 10.1111/srt.12076
pubmed: 23750880
Loffler H, Aramaki JU, Effendy I (2002) The influence of body mass index on skin susceptibility to sodium lauryl sulphate. Skin Res Technol 8:19–22. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0909-752x
doi: 10.1046/j.0909-752x
pubmed: 12005116
Luebberding S, Krueger N, Kerscher M (2013) Skin physiology in men and women: in vivo evaluation of 300 people including TEWL, SC hydration, sebum content and skin surface pH. Int J Cosmet Sci 35:477–483. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12068
doi: 10.1111/ics.12068
pubmed: 23713991
Machado M, Salgado TM, Hadgraft J, Lane ME (2010) The relationship between transepidermal water loss and skin permeability. Int J Pharm 384:73–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.09.044
doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.09.044
pubmed: 19799976
Marrakchi S, Maibach HI (2007) Biophysical parameters of skin: map of human face, regional, and age-related differences. Contact Dermatitis 57:28–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01138.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01138.x
pubmed: 17577354
Mehta HH, Nikam VV, Jaiswal CR, Mehta HB (2018) A cross-sectional study of variations in the biophysical parameters of skin among healthy volunteers. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 84:521. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijdvl.IJDVL_1151_15
doi: 10.4103/ijdvl.IJDVL_1151_15
pubmed: 29491191
Mohammed D, Matts PJ, Hadgraft J, Lane ME (2012) Variation of stratum corneum biophysical and molecular properties with anatomic site. AAPS J 14:806–812. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12248-012-9400-3
doi: 10.1208/s12248-012-9400-3
pubmed: 22903879
pmcid: 3475846
Muizzuddin N, Ingrassia M, Marenus KD, Maes DH, Mammone T (2013) Effect of seasonal and geographical differences on skin and effect of treatment with an osmoprotectant: sorbitol. J Cosmet Sci 64:165–174
pubmed: 23752031
Muizzuddin N, Marenus K, Vallon P, Maes D (1997) Effect of cigarette smoke on skin. J Soc Cosmet Chem 48:235–242
Nilsson GE (1977) Measurement of water exchange through skin. Med Biol Eng Comput 15:209–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02441040
doi: 10.1007/BF02441040
pubmed: 195148
Nino M, Franzese A, Ruggiero Perrino N, Balato N (2012) The effect of obesity on skin disease and epidermal permeability barrier status in children. Pediatr Dermatol 29:567–570. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1470.2012.01738.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2012.01738.x
pubmed: 22471938
Ostermeier M, Kerscher M (2018) Diurnal rhythm of our skin: myth or reality? evaluation by using biophysical measurements [abstract]. Akt Dermatol 539
Oyetakin-White P, Suggs A, Koo B, Matsui MS, Yarosh D, Cooper KD, Baron ED (2015) Does poor sleep quality affect skin ageing? Clin Exp Dermatol 40:17–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/ced.12455
doi: 10.1111/ced.12455
pubmed: 25266053
Panisset F, Treffel P, Faivre B, Lecomte PB, Agache P (1992) Transepidermal water loss related to volar forearm sites in humans. Acta Derm Venereol 72:4–5
pubmed: 1350141
Peer RP, Maibach HI (Submitted for publication review) Did human evolution in skin of color enhance TEWL barrier?
Pinnagoda J, Tupker RA, Agner T, Serup J (1990) Guidelines for transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurement. A report from the Standardization Group of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 22:164–178. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1990.tb01553.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1990.tb01553.x
pubmed: 2335090
Pinnagoda J, Tupker RA, Coenraads PJ, Nater JP (1989) Comparability and reproducibility of the results of water loss measurements: a study of 4 evaporimeters. Contact Dermatitis 20:241–246. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1989.tb03139.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1989.tb03139.x
pubmed: 2752735
Pinnagoda J, Tupker RA, Coenraads PJ, Nater JP (1989) Transepidermal water loss with and without sweat gland inactivation. Contact Dermatitis 21:16–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1989.tb04679.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1989.tb04679.x
pubmed: 2805656
Reinberg AE, Touitou Y, Soudant E, Bernard D, Bazin R, Mechkouri M (1996) Oral contraceptives alter circadian rhythm parameters of cortisol, melatonin, blood pressure, heart rate, skin blood flow, transepidermal water loss, and skin amino acids of healthy young women. Chronobiol Int 13:199–211. https://doi.org/10.3109/07420529609012653
doi: 10.3109/07420529609012653
pubmed: 8874983
Rogiers V, Group E (2001) EEMCO guidance for the assessment of transepidermal water loss in cosmetic sciences. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 14:117–128. https://doi.org/10.1159/000056341
doi: 10.1159/000056341
Rougier A, Lotte C, Corcuff P, Maibach H (1988) Relationship between skin permeability and corneocyte size according to anatomic site, age, and sex in man. J Soc Cosmet Chem 39:15–26
Sato N, Kitahara T, Fujimura T (2014) Age-related changes of stratum corneum functions of skin on the trunk and the limbs. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 27:181. https://doi.org/10.1159/000353912
doi: 10.1159/000353912
pubmed: 24603279
Evaporimeters ServoMed (1981) Operation handbook. ServoMed, Sweden
Song EJ, Lee JA, Park JJ, Kim HJ, Kim NS, Byun KS, Choi GS, Moon TK (2015) A study on seasonal variation of skin parameters in Korean males. Int J Cosmet Sci 37:92–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12174
doi: 10.1111/ics.12174
pubmed: 25351787
Spruit D (1971) The diurnal variation of water vapour loss from the skin in relation to temperature. Br J Dermatol 84:66–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1971.tb14198.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1971.tb14198.x
pubmed: 5573185
Sugino K, Imokawa G, Maibach HI (1993) Ethnic difference of stratum corneum lipid in relation to stratum corneum function [abstract]. J Invest Dermatol 100:587
Tavares L, Palma L, Santos O, Almeida MA, Bujan MJ, Rodrigues LM (2012) Body mass index and association with in vivo skin physiology [abstract]. Paper presented at the World Congress of the International Society for Biophysics and Imaging of the skin (ISBS), Copenhagen, Denmark
Torres DPM, Gonçalves MdPF, Teixeira JA, Rodrigues LR (2010) Galacto-oligosaccharides: production. Properties Appl Sign Prebiotics 9:438–454. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00119.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00119.x
Van der Valk PG, Maibach HI (1989) Potential for irritation increases from the wrist to the cubital fossa. Br J Dermatol 121:709–712. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1989.tb08212.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1989.tb08212.x
pubmed: 2611122
Vaughn AR, Clark AK, Notay M, Sivamani RK (2018) Randomized controlled pilot study of dietary supplementation with turmeric or herbal combination tablets on skin barrier function in healthy subjects. J Med Food 21:1260–1265. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2018.0015
doi: 10.1089/jmf.2018.0015
pubmed: 30457892
Wei KS, Stella C, Wehmeyer KR, Christman J, Altemeier A, Spruell R, Wimalasena RL, Fadayel GM, Reilman RA, Motlagh S, Stoffolano PJ, Benzing K, Wickett RR (2016) Effects of season stratum corneum barrier function and skin biomarkers. J Cosmet Sci 67:185–203
pubmed: 29394019
Wen X, Jiang X (2011) Study on the relationship between neck skin and age, season [abstract]. J Clin Dermatol 40:601–605
Wilhelm KP, Cua AB, Maibach HI (1991) Skin aging. Effect on transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, skin surface pH, and casual sebum content. Arch Dermatol 127:1806–1809. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.127.12.1806
doi: 10.1001/archderm.127.12.1806
pubmed: 1845280
Wilson D, Berardesca E, Maibach HI (1988) In vitro transepidermal water loss: differences between black and white human skin. Br J Dermatol 119:647–652. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1988.tb03478.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1988.tb03478.x
pubmed: 3207618
Wilson DR, Maibach HI (1994) TEWL and the newborn. In: Peter E, Berardesca E, Maibach HI (eds) Bioengineering of the skin: water and the stratum corneum, vol 1. CRC Press Inc, Florida, pp 115–127
Xie X, Wang Y, Zeng Q, Lv Y, Hu R, Zhu K, Liu C, Lai W, Guan L (2018) Characteristic features of neck skin aging in Chinese women. J Cosmet Dermatol 17:935–944. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12762
doi: 10.1111/jocd.12762
pubmed: 30160008
Xin S, Ye L, Man G, Lv C, Elias PM, Man MQ (2016) Heavy cigarette smokers in a Chinese population display a compromised permeability barrier. Biomed Res Int 2016:9704598. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9704598
doi: 10.1155/2016/9704598
pubmed: 27437403
pmcid: 4942621
Yang J, Tu Y, Man MQ, Zhang Y, Cha Y, Fan X, Wang Z, Zeng Z, He L (2020) Seasonal variations of epidermal biophysical properties in Kunming China: a self-controlled cohort study. Skin Res Technol. https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.12857
doi: 10.1111/srt.12857
pubmed: 32812293
Ye C, Chen J, Yang S, Yi J, Chen H, Li M, Yin S, Lai W, Zheng Y (2020) Skin sensitivity evaluation: what could impact the assessment results? J Cosmet Dermatol 19:1231–1238. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.13128
doi: 10.1111/jocd.13128
pubmed: 31498557
Yosipovitch G, Xiong GL, Haus E, Sackett-Lundeen L, Ashkenazi I, Maibach HI (1998) Time-dependent variations of the skin barrier function in humans: transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, skin surface pH, and skin temperature. J Invest Dermatol 110:20–23. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00069.x
doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00069.x
pubmed: 9424081
Young MM, Franken A, du Plessis JL (2019) Transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, and skin surface pH of female African and Caucasian nursing students. Skin Res Technol 25:88–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/srt.12614
doi: 10.1111/srt.12614
pubmed: 30028039