Transgender-specific developmental milestones and associated experiences of violence, discrimination, and stigma among Filipinx transgender women who are sexually active with men.
Journal
PloS one
ISSN: 1932-6203
Titre abrégé: PLoS One
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101285081
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
2021
2021
Historique:
received:
15
10
2020
accepted:
22
02
2021
entrez:
10
3
2021
pubmed:
11
3
2021
medline:
16
10
2021
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
For transgender people, reaching transgender (trans)-specific developmental milestones, including recognizing and expressing one's identity, plays an integral role in overall health, wellbeing, and the pursuit of gender affirmation. Yet trans people continue to face minority stressors, including structural violence (i.e., discrimination, violence, and stigma), which may interfere with the achievement of these milestones. Among trans women specifically, however, potential associations between gender developmental milestones and structural violence are not well characterized in the literature. In a sample of Filipinx (i.e., an inclusive term for describing non-binary genders in the Philippines) trans women who are sexually active with men (trans-WSM), we thus sought to: (a) describe the mean ages at which gender developmental milestones occur and (b) examine the associations between structural violence and mean ages at which at which Filipinx trans-WSM experience trans-specific developmental milestones. Using data from Project #ParaSaAtin, an online survey of Filipinx trans-WSM (n = 139), we mapped age-estimates per trans-specific milestones and then tested whether structural violence is associated with the mean age at which trans women experience trans-specific developmental milestones. Overall, participants who reported higher levels of discrimination, stigma, and violence also experienced a later age for nearly each milestone (i.e., initial self-awareness of transfeminine identity, transfeminine expression in private, transfeminine expression in public, first consensual oral/vaginal/anal sex with a cisgender male partner, first consensual oral/vaginal/anal sex with a cisgender male partner as a trans women, and hormone integration) (all p-values <0.05). Of note, the single exception to this pattern was the non-significant association between stigma and initial disclosure of transfeminine identification to another person. Results are consistent with psychological literature outlining a temporal sequence of developmental milestones among young trans-WSM. For young trans-WSM in the Philippines, data from this study demonstrate significant associations between structural violence and the achievement of developmental milestones. These findings highlight the need for trauma-informed, strengths-based programming and institutional policies that measure and mitigate anti-trans violence.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
For transgender people, reaching transgender (trans)-specific developmental milestones, including recognizing and expressing one's identity, plays an integral role in overall health, wellbeing, and the pursuit of gender affirmation. Yet trans people continue to face minority stressors, including structural violence (i.e., discrimination, violence, and stigma), which may interfere with the achievement of these milestones. Among trans women specifically, however, potential associations between gender developmental milestones and structural violence are not well characterized in the literature. In a sample of Filipinx (i.e., an inclusive term for describing non-binary genders in the Philippines) trans women who are sexually active with men (trans-WSM), we thus sought to: (a) describe the mean ages at which gender developmental milestones occur and (b) examine the associations between structural violence and mean ages at which at which Filipinx trans-WSM experience trans-specific developmental milestones.
METHODS
Using data from Project #ParaSaAtin, an online survey of Filipinx trans-WSM (n = 139), we mapped age-estimates per trans-specific milestones and then tested whether structural violence is associated with the mean age at which trans women experience trans-specific developmental milestones.
RESULTS
Overall, participants who reported higher levels of discrimination, stigma, and violence also experienced a later age for nearly each milestone (i.e., initial self-awareness of transfeminine identity, transfeminine expression in private, transfeminine expression in public, first consensual oral/vaginal/anal sex with a cisgender male partner, first consensual oral/vaginal/anal sex with a cisgender male partner as a trans women, and hormone integration) (all p-values <0.05). Of note, the single exception to this pattern was the non-significant association between stigma and initial disclosure of transfeminine identification to another person.
CONCLUSION
Results are consistent with psychological literature outlining a temporal sequence of developmental milestones among young trans-WSM. For young trans-WSM in the Philippines, data from this study demonstrate significant associations between structural violence and the achievement of developmental milestones. These findings highlight the need for trauma-informed, strengths-based programming and institutional policies that measure and mitigate anti-trans violence.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33690677
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248248
pii: PONE-D-20-32418
pmc: PMC7942990
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
e0248248Subventions
Organisme : FIC NIH HHS
ID : D43 TW010565
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIDA NIH HHS
ID : R36 DA048682
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIMH NIH HHS
ID : R25 MH067127
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : T32 AI102623
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : P30 AI042853
Pays : United States
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Références
Ann Behav Med. 2014 Feb;47(1):5-16
pubmed: 24317955
J Adolesc Health. 2019 Aug;65(2):274-279
pubmed: 31196783
Transgend Health. 2017 Oct 01;2(1):156-164
pubmed: 29159310
BMJ Open. 2019 Oct 22;9(10):e030464
pubmed: 31640998
J Interpers Violence. 2020 Oct 22;:886260520967126
pubmed: 33092456
Glob Public Health. 2020 Apr;15(4):520-531
pubmed: 31630622
Fam Pract. 2018 Sep 18;35(5):576-581
pubmed: 29236982
J Prim Prev. 2018 Jun;39(3):263-301
pubmed: 29700674
Sex Roles. 2013 Jun 1;68(11-12):675-689
pubmed: 23729971
Am J Public Health. 2018 Jan;108(1):58-60
pubmed: 29211538
BMJ Glob Health. 2020 Jul;5(7):
pubmed: 32699154
AIDS Educ Prev. 2020 Jun;32(3):212-228
pubmed: 32749880
Soc Sci Res. 2018 Aug;74:146-160
pubmed: 29961481
Behav Med. 2015;41(3):164-71
pubmed: 26287284
LGBT Health. 2015 Dec;2(4):306-12
pubmed: 26788771
Soc Sci Med. 2015 Dec;147:222-31
pubmed: 26599625
Lancet. 2016 Jul 23;388(10042):412-436
pubmed: 27323919
Psychol Sex Orientat Gend Divers. 2016 Sep;3(3):336-344
pubmed: 27747257
Arch Sex Behav. 2018 May;47(4):953-962
pubmed: 29313190
Lancet Public Health. 2020 Apr;5(4):e196-e203
pubmed: 32192577
Behav Med. 2020 Jul-Sep;46(3-4):175-188
pubmed: 32787726
Arch Sex Behav. 2020 Oct;49(7):2635-2647
pubmed: 32215775
J Interpers Violence. 2021 Mar;36(5-6):2656-2676
pubmed: 29528799
Transgend Health. 2019 Aug 07;4(1):162-167
pubmed: 31482132
Sex Res Social Policy. 2018 Mar;15(1):48-59
pubmed: 29527241