Colchicine in ischemic heart disease: the good, the bad and the ugly.
Cardiovascular events
Colchicine
Efficacy and safety
Ischemic heart disease
Personalized medicine
Tailored therapy
Journal
Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society
ISSN: 1861-0692
Titre abrégé: Clin Res Cardiol
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 101264123
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Oct 2021
Oct 2021
Historique:
received:
23
01
2021
accepted:
22
02
2021
pubmed:
14
3
2021
medline:
28
1
2022
entrez:
13
3
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Inflammation is the main pathophysiological process involved in atherosclerotic plaque formation, progression, instability, and healing during the evolution of coronary artery disease (CAD). The use of colchicine, a drug used for decades in non-ischemic cardiovascular (CV) diseases and/or systemic inflammatory conditions, stimulated new perspectives on its potential application in patients with CAD. Previous mechanistic and preclinical studies revealed anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of colchicine exerted through its principal mechanism of microtubule polymerization inhibition, however, other pleiotropic effects beneficial to the CV system were observed such as inhibition of platelet aggregation and suppression of endothelial proliferation. In randomized double-blinded clinical trials informing our clinical practice, low doses of colchicine were associated with the significant reduction of cardiovascular events in patients with stable CAD and chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) while in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome (ACS), early initiation of colchicine treatment significantly reduced major adverse CV events (MACE). On the other hand, the safety profile of colchicine and its potential causal relationship to the observed increase in non-CV deaths warrants further investigation. For these reasons, postulates of precision medicine and patient-tailored approach with regards to benefits and harms of colchicine treatment should be employed at all times due to potential toxicity of colchicine as well as the currently unresolved signal of harm concerning non-CV mortality. The main goal of this review is to provide a balanced, critical, and comprehensive evaluation of currently available evidence with respect to colchicine use in the setting of CAD.
Identifiants
pubmed: 33713178
doi: 10.1007/s00392-021-01828-9
pii: 10.1007/s00392-021-01828-9
pmc: PMC8484100
doi:
Substances chimiques
Anti-Inflammatory Agents
0
Colchicine
SML2Y3J35T
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1531-1542Informations de copyright
© 2021. The Author(s).
Références
Raggi P, Genest J, Giles TJ, Rayner KJ, Dwivedi G, Beanlands RS, Gupta M (2018) Role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and therapeutic interventions. Atherosclerosis 276:98–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.07.014
doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.07.014
pubmed: 30055326
Liuzzo G, Biasucci LM, Gallimore JR, Grillo RL, Rebuzzi AG, Pepys MB, Maseri A (1994) The prognostic value of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid a protein in severe unstable angina. N Engl J Med 331(7):417–424. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199408183310701
doi: 10.1056/nejm199408183310701
pubmed: 7880233
Bona RD, Liuzzo G, Pedicino D, Crea F (2011) Anti-inflammatory treatment of acute coronary syndromes. Curr Pharm Des 17(37):4172–4189. https://doi.org/10.2174/138161211798764771
doi: 10.2174/138161211798764771
pubmed: 22204377
Ridker PM, Everett BM, Thuren T et al (2017) Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease. N Engl J Med 377(12):1119–1131. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1707914
doi: 10.1056/nejmoa1707914
pubmed: 28845751
Biasucci LM, Pedicino D, Liuzzo G (2020) Promises and challenges of targeting inflammation to treat cardiovascular disease: the post-CANTOS era. Eur Heart J. 41(23):2164–2167. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz586
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz586
pubmed: 31504422
Sehested TSG, Bjerre J, Ku S, Chang A, Jahansouz A, Owens DK, Hlathy MA, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD (2019) Cost-effectiveness of Canakinumab for Prevention of Recurrent Cardiovascular Events. JAMA Cardiol 4(2):128–135. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2018.4566
doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2018.4566
pubmed: 30649147
pmcid: 6439626
Ridker PM (2020) From CANTOS to CIRT to COLCOT to Clinic: Will All Atherosclerosis Patients Soon Be Treated With Combination Lipid-Lowering and Inflammation-Inhibiting Agents? Circulation 141(10):787–789. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.119.045256
doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.045256
pubmed: 32150469
Ridker PM, Everett BM, Pradhan A et al (2019) Low-dose methotrexate for the prevention of atherosclerotic events. N Engl J Med 380(8):752–762. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1809798
doi: 10.1056/nejmoa1809798
pubmed: 30415610
Lehrer-Graiwer J, Singh P, Abdelbaky A et al (2015) FDG-PET imaging for oxidized LDL in stable atherosclerotic disease: a phase II study of safety, tolerability, and anti-inflammatory activity. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 8(4):493–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.06.021
doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.06.021
pubmed: 25457756
O’Donoghue ML, Braunwald E, White HD et al (2014) Effect of darapladib on major coronary events after an acute coronary syndrome: the SOLID-TIMI 52 randomized clinical trial. JAMA 312(10):1006–1015. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.11061
doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.11061
pubmed: 25173516
White HD et al (2014) (2014) Darapladib for preventing ischemic events in stable coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 370:1702–1711. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1315878
doi: 10.1056/nejmoa1315878
pubmed: 24678955
O’Donoghue ML, Glaser R, Cavender MA et al (2016) Effect of Losmapimod on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized With Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 315(15):1591–1599. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.3609
doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.3609
pubmed: 27043082
Nicholls SJ, Kastelein JJP, Schwartz GG et al (2014) Varespladib and cardiovascular events in patients with an acute coronary syndrome: the VISTA-16 randomized clinical trial. JAMA 311(3):252–262. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.282836
doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.282836
pubmed: 24247616
Kleveland O, Kunszt G, Bratlie M et al (2016) Effect of a single dose of the interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab on inflammation and troponin T release in patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Eur Heart J 37(30):2406–2413. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw171
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw171
pubmed: 27161611
US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd011047.pub2 (2016) .
LG Hemkens H Ewald VL Gloy et al 2016 Colchicine for prevention of cardiovascular events Cochrane Database Syst Rev https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd011047.pub2
Dasgeb B, Kornreich D, McGuinn K, Okon L, Brownell I, Sackett DL (2018) Colchicine: an ancient drug with novel applications. Br J Dermatol 178(2):350–356. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.15896
doi: 10.1111/bjd.15896
pubmed: 28832953
pmcid: 5812812
Hartung EF (1954) History of the use of colchicum and related medicaments in gout; with suggestions for further research. Ann Rheum Dis 13(3):190–200. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.13.3.190
doi: 10.1136/ard.13.3.190
pubmed: 13198053
pmcid: 1006735
Karamanou M, Tsoucalas G, Pantos K, Androutsos G (2018) Isolating colchicine in 19th century: an old drug revisited. Curr Pharm Des 24(6):654–658. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666180115105850
doi: 10.2174/1381612824666180115105850
pubmed: 29336251
Bhattacharyya B, Howard R, Maity SN, Brossi A, Sharma PN, Wolff J (1986) B ring regulation of colchicine binding kinetics and fluorescence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 83(7):2052–2055. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.83.7.2052
doi: 10.1073/pnas.83.7.2052
pubmed: 3457374
pmcid: 323228
Cortese F, Bhattacharyya B, Wolff J (1977) Podophyllotoxin as a probe for the colchicine binding site of tubulin. J Biol Chem 252(4):1134–1140
doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)40631-4
pubmed: 14143
Wilson L (1970) Properties of colchicine binding protein from chick embryo brain Interactions with vinca alkaloids and podophyllotoxin. Biochemistry 9(25):4999–5007. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00827a026
doi: 10.1021/bi00827a026
pubmed: 5480163
Ray K, Bhattacharyya B, Biswas BB (1981) Role of B-ring of colchicine in its binding to tubulin. J Biol Chem 256(12):6241–6244
doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)69153-2
pubmed: 7240202
Pyles EA, Hastie SB (1993) Effect of the B ring and the C-7 substituent on the kinetics of colchicinoid-tubulin associations. Biochemistry 32(9):2329–2336. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00060a026
doi: 10.1021/bi00060a026
pubmed: 8443174
Chappey O, Scherrmann JM (1995) Colchicine: recent data on pharmacokinetics and clinical pharmacology. Rev Med Interne 16(10):782–789. https://doi.org/10.1016/0248-8663(96)80790-9
doi: 10.1016/0248-8663(96)80790-9
pubmed: 8525161
Slobodnick A, Shah B, Pillinger MH, Krasnokutsky S (2015) Colchicine: old and new. Am J Med 128(5):461–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.12.010
doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.12.010
pubmed: 25554368
Spiller HA. Colchicine in Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 1007–1008, (Elsevier, 2014).
Niel E, Scherrmann J-M (2006) Colchicine today. Joint Bone Spine 73(6):672–678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2006.03.006
doi: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2006.03.006
pubmed: 17067838
Khanna D, Khanna PP, Fitzgerald JD et al (2012) 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout Part 2: therapy and antiinflammatory prophylaxis of acute gouty arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 64(10):1447–1461. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.21773
doi: 10.1002/acr.21773
Dalbeth N, Lauterio TJ, Wolfe HR (2014) Mechanism of action of colchicine in the treatment of gout. Clin Ther 36(10):1465–1479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.07.017
doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.07.017
pubmed: 25151572
Andreu JM, Timasheff SN (1982) Tubulin bound to colchicine forms polymers different from microtubules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 79(22):6753–6756. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.79.22.6753
doi: 10.1073/pnas.79.22.6753
pubmed: 6960347
pmcid: 347211
Caviston JP, Holzbaur ELF (2006) Microtubule motors at the intersection of trafficking and transport. Trends Cell Biol 16(10):530–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2006.08.002
doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2006.08.002
pubmed: 16938456
Martillo MA, Nazzal L, Crittenden DB (2014) The crystallization of monosodium urate. Curr Rheumatol Rep 16(2):400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-013-0400-9
doi: 10.1007/s11926-013-0400-9
pubmed: 24357445
pmcid: 3975080
Agudelo CA, Schumacher HR (1973) The synovitis of acute gouty arthritis A light and electron microscopic study. Hum Pathol 4(2):265–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0046-8177(73)80013-9
doi: 10.1016/s0046-8177(73)80013-9
pubmed: 4350339
Ng G, Sharma K, Ward SM et al (2008) Receptor-independent, direct membrane binding leads to cell-surface lipid sorting and Syk kinase activation in dendritic cells. Immunity 29(5):807–818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2008.09.013
doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.09.013
pubmed: 18993083
pmcid: 2642965
Landis RC, Yagnik DR, Florey O, Philippidis P, Emons V, Mason JC, Haskard DO (2002) Safe disposal of inflammatory monosodium urate monohydrate crystals by differentiated macrophages. Arthritis Rheum 46(11):3026–3033. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.10614
doi: 10.1002/art.10614
pubmed: 12428246
Kingsbury SR, Conaghan PG, McDermott MF (2011) The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in gout. J Inflamm Res 4:39–49. https://doi.org/10.2147/jir.s11330
doi: 10.2147/jir.s11330
pubmed: 22096368
pmcid: 3218743
Gaudry M, Roberge CJ, de Medicis R, Lussier A, Poubelle PE, Naccache PH (1993) Crystal-induced neutrophil activation. III. Inflammatory microcrystals induce a distinct pattern of tyrosine phosphorylation in human neutrophils. J Clin Invest 91(4):1649–1655. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci116373
doi: 10.1172/jci116373
pubmed: 8386191
pmcid: 288143
Molad Y (2002) Update on colchicine and its mechanism of action. Curr Rheumatol Rep 4:252–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-002-0073-2
doi: 10.1007/s11926-002-0073-2
pubmed: 12010611
Cronstein BN, Moland Y, Reibman J, Balakhane E, Levin RI, Weissmann G (1995) Colchicine alters the quantitative and qualitative display of selectins on endothelial cells and neutrophils. J Clin Invest 96(2):994–1002. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci118147
doi: 10.1172/jci118147
pubmed: 7543498
pmcid: 185287
Thompson PL (2019) Colchicine in Cardiovascular Disease: Repurposing an Ancient Gout Drug. Clin Ther 41(1):8–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.11.014
doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.11.014
pubmed: 30594311
Casanova P, Artola RT, Mihos CG, Pineda AM, Santana O (2015) The cardiovascular effects of colchicine: a comprehensive review. Cardiol Rev 23(6):317–322. https://doi.org/10.1097/crd.0000000000000056
doi: 10.1097/crd.0000000000000056
pubmed: 25688661
Nidorf SM, Eikelboom JW, Budgeon CA, Thompson PL (2013) Low-dose colchicine for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 61(4):404–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.10.027
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.10.027
pubmed: 23265346
Nidorf SM, Fiolet ATL, Eikelboom JW et al (2019) The effect of low-dose colchicine in patients with stable coronary artery disease: The LoDoCo2 trial rationale, design, and baseline characteristics. Am Heart J. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2019.09.011
doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2019.09.011
pubmed: 31706144
Nidorf SM, Fiolet AT, Mosterd A et al (2020) Colchicine in patients with chronic coronary disease. N Engl J Med 383(19):1838–1847. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2021372
doi: 10.1056/nejmoa2021372
pubmed: 32865380
Bouabdallaoui N, Tardif JC, Waters DD et al (2020) 2020) Time-to-treatment initiation of colchicine and cardiovascular outcomes after myocardial infarction in the Colchicine Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial (COLCOT). Eur Heart J 41(42):4092–4099. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa659
doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa659
pubmed: 32860034
pmcid: 7700755
Samuel M, Tardif JC, Khairy P et al (2020) Cost-effectiveness of low-dose colchicine after myocardial infarction in the Colchicine Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial (COLCOT). Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjqcco/qcaa045
doi: 10.1093/ehjqcco/qcaa045
pmcid: 8445085
Deftereos GG, Angelidis C et al (2015) Anti-Inflammatory Treatment With Colchicine in Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Pilot Study. Circulation 132(15):1395–1403. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.115.017611
doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.017611
pubmed: 26265659
Vergallo R, Porto I, D’Amario D, et al (2019) Coronary atherosclerotic phenotype and plaque healing in patients with recurrent acute coronary syndromes compared with patients with long-term clinical stability: an in vivo optical coherence tomography study. JAMA Cardiol. 4(4):321–329. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2019.0275
doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.0275
pubmed: 30865212
pmcid: 6484796
Vergallo R, Crea F (2020) Atherosclerotic Plaque Healing. N Engl J Med 383(9):846–857. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra2000317
doi: 10.1056/nejmra2000317
pubmed: 32846063
Vaidya K, Arnott C, Martínez GJ, Ng B, McCormak S, Sullivan DR, Celermajer DS, Patel S (2018) Colchicine therapy and plaque stabilization in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a CT coronary angiography study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 11:305–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.08.013
doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.08.013
pubmed: 29055633
Flego D, Liuzzo G, Weyand CM, Crea F (2016) Adaptive immunity dysregulation in acute coronary syndromes: from cellular and molecular basis to clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 68(19):2107–2117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.08.036
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.08.036
pubmed: 27810051
pmcid: 5651170
Basile U, La Rosa G, Napodano C, Pocino K, Cappannoli L, Gulli F, Cianfrocca C, Di Stasio E, Biasucci LM (2019) Free light chains a novel biomarker of cardiovascular disease. A pilot study. Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 23(6):2563–2569. Doi: https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_201903_17405
Vaidya K, Tucker B, Kurup R et al (2020) Colchicine inhibits neutrophil extracellular trap formation in patients with acute coronary syndrome after percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Heart Assoc 21:e018993. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.018993
doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.018993
Pedicino D, Severino A, Ucci S et al (2017) Epicardial adipose tissue microbial colonization and inflammasome activation in acute coronary syndrome. Int J Cardiol 1(236):95–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.02.040
doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.02.040
Martínez GJ, Robertson S, Barraclough J, Xia Q, Mallat Z, Bursill C, Celermajer DS, Patel S (2015) Colchicine Acutely Suppresses Local Cardiac Production of Inflammatory Cytokines in Patients With an Acute Coronary Syndrome. J Am Heart Assoc 4(8):e002128. https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.115.002128
doi: 10.1161/jaha.115.002128
pubmed: 26304941
pmcid: 4599469
Robertson S, Martinez GJ, Payet CA, Barraclough JY, Celermajer DS, Bursill C, Patel S (2016) Colchicine therapy in acute coronary syndrome patients acts on caspase-1 to suppress NLRP3 inflammasome monocyte activation. Clin Sci (Lond) 130(14):1237–1246. https://doi.org/10.1042/cs20160090
doi: 10.1042/cs20160090
Tucker B, Kurup R, Barraclough J et al (2019) Colchicine as a Novel Therapy for Suppressing Chemokine Production in Patients With an Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Pilot Study. Clin Ther 41(10):2172–2181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.07.015
doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.07.015
pubmed: 31409556
Stone GW, Selker HP, Thiele H et al (2016) Relationship Between Infarct Size and Outcomes Following Primary PCI: Patient-Level Analysis From 10 Randomized Trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 67(14):1674–1683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.01.069
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.01.069
pubmed: 27056772
US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03048825 (2017).
US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT03874338 (2019).
US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03156816 (2017).
Deftereos S, Giannopoulos G, Panagopolou V et al (2014) Anti-inflammatory treatment with colchicine in stable chronic heart failure: a prospective, randomized study. JACC Heart Fail 2(2):131–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2013.11.006
doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2013.11.006
pubmed: 24720919
Tong DC, Quinn S, Nasis A et al (2020) Colchicine in patients with acute coronary syndrome: the australian cops randomized clinical trial. Circulation 142(20):1890–1900. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.120.050771
doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.050771
pubmed: 32862667
Akodad M, Lattuca B, Nagot N et al (2017) COLIN trial: Value of colchicine in the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction and inflammatory response. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 110(6–7):395–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acvd.2016.10.004
doi: 10.1016/j.acvd.2016.10.004
pubmed: 28065445
Fernández-Cuadros ME, Goizueta-San-Martin G, Varas-de-Dios B et al (2019) Colchicine-Induced Rhabdomyolysis: Clinical, Biochemical, and Neurophysiological Features and Review of the Literature. Clin Med Insights Arthritis Musculoskelet Disord 12:1179544119849883. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179544119849883
doi: 10.1177/1179544119849883
pubmed: 31244525
pmcid: 6580718
McKnight AH, Katzenberger DR, Britnell SR (2021) Colchicine in acute coronary syndrome: a systematic review. Ann Pharmacother 55(2):187–197. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028020942144
doi: 10.1177/1060028020942144
pubmed: 32659104
Shah B, Pillinger M, Zhong H et al (2020) Effects of Acute Colchicine Administration Prior to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: COLCHICINE-PCI Randomized Trial. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 13(20):e008717. https://doi.org/10.1161/circinterventions.119.008717
doi: 10.1161/circinterventions.119.008717
pubmed: 32295417
pmcid: 7169992
Galli M, Princi G, Crea F, D’Amario D (2020) Colchicine and risk of non-cardiovascular death in patients with coronary artery disease: a pooled analysis underlining possible safety concerns. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjcvp/pvaa137
doi: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvaa137
pubmed: 31504373
Crea F, Liuzzo G (2018) Addressing acute coronary syndromes: new challenges and opportunities after the CANTOS Trial (Canakinumab Anti-inflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study). Circulation 137(11):1100–1102. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.117.032178
doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.032178
pubmed: 29530890
Machiavelli N. in The Prince (Chapter XVII: Concerning Cruelty: Whether It Is Better to Be Loved Than to Be Feared, or the Reverse). 1513.
Kuncl RW, Duncan G, Watson D, Alderson K, Rogawski MA, Peper M (1987) Colchicine Myopathy and Neuropathy. N Engl J Med 316(25):1562–1568. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm198706183162502
doi: 10.1056/nejm198706183162502
pubmed: 3035372
McKinnell J, Tayek JA (2009) Short term treatment with clarithromycin resulting in colchicine-induced rhabdomyolysis. J Clin Rheumatol 15(6):303–305. https://doi.org/10.1097/rhu.0b013e3181bbbcd7
doi: 10.1097/rhu.0b013e3181bbbcd7
pubmed: 19734738
Tateishi T, Soucek P, Caraco Y, Guengerich FP, Wood AJ (1997) Colchicine biotransformation by human liver microsomes Identification of CYP3A4 as the major isoform responsible for colchicine demethylation. Biochem Pharmacol 53(1):111–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-2952(96)00693-4
doi: 10.1016/s0006-2952(96)00693-4
pubmed: 8960070