The effects of the oral supplementation of L-Cystine associated with reduced L-Glutathione-GSH on human skin pigmentation: a randomized, double-blinded, benchmark- and placebo-controlled clinical trial.
L-Cystine
L-Glutathione
eumelanin
oral supplementation
pheomelanin
skin pigmentation
Journal
Journal of cosmetic dermatology
ISSN: 1473-2165
Titre abrégé: J Cosmet Dermatol
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101130964
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Feb 2022
Feb 2022
Historique:
revised:
27
03
2021
received:
18
12
2020
accepted:
29
03
2021
pubmed:
10
4
2021
medline:
5
2
2022
entrez:
9
4
2021
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Glutathione has become a potential skin-lightening ingredient after the discovery of its anti-melanogenic properties. Various mechanisms of action have been considered to explain this property, one of them being the skewing of the melanin synthesis pathway toward the production of lighter pheomelanin instead of darker eumelanin, consequently producing a lightening effect. To evaluate the skin lightening and anti-dark spot effects of oral supplementation with L-Cystine associated with L-Glutathione as compared to placebo and benchmark. Effects of this L-Cystine-L-Glutathione oral combination were investigated in a 12-week randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, benchmark- and placebo-controlled trial involving 124 Asian female subjects. Women were randomly allocated into 4 equal groups (500 mg L-Cystine and 250 mg L-Glutathione, 250 mg reduced L-Glutathione, 500 mg L-Cystine, or a placebo, daily). Skin color was measured at baseline, after 6 and 12 weeks by spectrophotometry. Size and color of facial dark spots were determined from digital photographs. A significant skin lightening was observed after 12 weeks of oral supplementation with L-Cystine associated with L-Glutathione. This combination also induced a significant reduction in the size of facial dark spots after 6 and 12 weeks. It is noteworthy that the observed effects were not only significantly better than those obtained with placebo, but also with L-Cystine alone or L-Glutathione alone. The daily oral administration of 500 mg L-Cystine and 250 mg L-Glutathione during 12 weeks was a safe treatment to effectively lighten the skin and reduce the size of facial dark spots of Asian women.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Glutathione has become a potential skin-lightening ingredient after the discovery of its anti-melanogenic properties. Various mechanisms of action have been considered to explain this property, one of them being the skewing of the melanin synthesis pathway toward the production of lighter pheomelanin instead of darker eumelanin, consequently producing a lightening effect.
AIMS
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the skin lightening and anti-dark spot effects of oral supplementation with L-Cystine associated with L-Glutathione as compared to placebo and benchmark.
METHODS
METHODS
Effects of this L-Cystine-L-Glutathione oral combination were investigated in a 12-week randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, benchmark- and placebo-controlled trial involving 124 Asian female subjects. Women were randomly allocated into 4 equal groups (500 mg L-Cystine and 250 mg L-Glutathione, 250 mg reduced L-Glutathione, 500 mg L-Cystine, or a placebo, daily). Skin color was measured at baseline, after 6 and 12 weeks by spectrophotometry. Size and color of facial dark spots were determined from digital photographs.
RESULTS
RESULTS
A significant skin lightening was observed after 12 weeks of oral supplementation with L-Cystine associated with L-Glutathione. This combination also induced a significant reduction in the size of facial dark spots after 6 and 12 weeks. It is noteworthy that the observed effects were not only significantly better than those obtained with placebo, but also with L-Cystine alone or L-Glutathione alone.
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIONS
The daily oral administration of 500 mg L-Cystine and 250 mg L-Glutathione during 12 weeks was a safe treatment to effectively lighten the skin and reduce the size of facial dark spots of Asian women.
Substances chimiques
Cystine
48TCX9A1VT
Glutathione
GAN16C9B8O
Types de publication
Journal Article
Randomized Controlled Trial
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
802-813Subventions
Organisme : BCF Life Sciences
Informations de copyright
© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Références
Li EPH, Min HJ, Belk RW, Kimura J, Bahl S. Skin lightening and beauty in four Asian cultures. Adv Consumer Res. 2008;35:444-449.
Kollias N, Seo I, Bargo PR. Interpreting diffuse reflectance for in vivo skin reactions in terms of chromophores. J Biophotonics. 2010;3(1-2):15-24.
Tseng S, Bargo PR, Durkin A, Kollias N. Chromophore concentrations, absorption and scattering properties of human skin in-vivo. Opt Express. 2009;17(17):14599-14617.
Ando H, Kondoh H, Ichihashi M, Hearing VJ. Approaches to identify inhibitors of melanin biosynthesis via the quality control of tyrosinase. J Invest Dermatol. 2007;127(4):751-761.
Gillbro JM, Olsson MJ. The melanogenesis and mechanisms of skin-lightening agents - existing and new approaches. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2011;33(3):210-221.
Dos Santos Videira IF, Lima Moura DF, Magina S. Mechanisms regulating melanogenesis. An Bra Dermatol. 2013;88(1):76-83.
Simon JD, Peles D, Wakamatsu K, Ito S. Current challenges in understanding melanogenesis: bridging chemistry, biological control, morphology, and function. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2009;22(5):563-579.
Villarama CD, Maibach HI. Glutathione as a depigmenting agent: an overview. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2005;27(3):147-153.
Wakamatsu K, Kavanagh R, Kadekaro AL, et al. Diversity of pigmentation in cultured human melanocytes is due to differences in the type as well as quantity of melanin. Pigment Cell Res. 2006;19(2):154-162.
Malathi M, Thappa DM. Systemic skin whitening/lightening agents: what is the evidence? Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2013;79(6):842-846.
Imokawa G. Analysis of initial melanogenesis including tyrosinase transfer and melanosome differentiation through interrupted melanization by glutathione. J Invest Dermatol. 1989;93(1):100-107.
Del Marmol V, Solano F, Sels A, et al. Glutathione depletion increases tyrosinase activity in human melanoma cells. J Invest Dermatol. 1993;101(6):871-874.
Del Marmol V, Ito S, Bouchard B, et al. Cysteine deprivation promotes eumelanogenesis in human melanoma cells. J Invest Dermatol. 1996;107(5):698-702.
Land EJ, Ito S, Wakamatsu K, Riley PA. Rate constants for the first two chemical steps of eumelanogenesis. Pigment Cell Res. 2003;16(5):487-493.
Yin J, Ren W, Yang G, et al. L-Cysteine metabolism and its nutritional implication. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2016;60(1):134-146.
Wu G, Fang YZ, Yang S, Lupton JR, Turner ND. Glutathione metabolism and its implication for health. J Nutr. 2004;134(3):489-492.
Smit NP, Van der Meulen H, Koerten HK, et al. Melanogenesis in cultured melanocytes can be substantially influenced by L-Tyrosine and L-Cysteine. J Invest Dermatol. 1997;109(6):796-800.
Sonthalia S, Daulatabad D, Sarkar R. Glutathione as a skin whitening agent: facts, myths, evidence and controversies. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2016;82(3):262-272.
Weschawalit S, Thongthip S, Phutrakool P, Asawanonda P. Glutathione and its antiaging and antimelanogenic effects. Clin Cosmet Inves. Dermatol. 2017;10:147-153.
Petit L, Pierard GE. Skin-lightening products revisited. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2003;25(4):169-181.
Kenneweg KA, Halpern AC, Chalmers RJG, Soyer HP, Weichenthal M, Molenda MA. Developing an international standard for the classification of surface anatomic location for use in clinical practice and epidemiologic research. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(6):1564-1584.
Morgan SP, Stockford IM. Surface-reflection elimination in polarization imaging of superficial tissue. Opt Letters. 2003;28(2):114-116.
Kim C, Kim M, Jung B, et al. Determination of an optimized conversion matrix for device independent skin color image analysis. Lasers Surg Med. 2005;37(2):138-143.
Juturu V, Bowman JP, Deshpande J. Overall skin tone and skin-lightening-improving effects with oral supplementation of lutein and zeaxanthin isomers: a double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial. Clin Cosm Invest Dermatol. 2016;9:325-332.
Arjipathana N, Asawanonda P. Glutathione as an oral whitening agent: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Dermatol Treat. 2012;23(2):97-102.
Handog EB, Datuin MS, Singzon IA. An open-label, single-arm trial of the safety and efficacy of a novel preparation of glutathione as a skin-lightening agent in Filipino women. Int J Dermatol. 2016;55(2):153-157.
McPherson RA, Hardy G. Clinical and nutritional benefits of cysteine-enriched protein supplements. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2011;14(6):562-568.
Conrad M, Sato H. The oxidative stress-inducible Cystine/Glutamate antiporter, system X (c) (-): cystine supplier and beyond. Amino Acids. 2011;42(1):231-246.
D’Ischia M, Wakamatsu K, Napolitano A, et al. Melanins and melanogenesis: methods, standards, protocols. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2013;26(5):616-633.
D’Ischia M, Wakamatsu K, Cicoira F, et al. Melanins and melanogenesis: from pigment cells to human health and technological applications. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2015;28(5):520-544.
Speeckaert R, Van Gel M, Speeckaert MM, Lambert J, Van Geel N. The biology of hyperpigmentation syndromes. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2014;27(4):512-524.
Nobile V, Duperray J, Cestone E, Sergheraert S, Tursi F. Efficacy and safety of L-Cystine associated or not to a natural keratin (Kera-Diet®) hydrolysate on hair and nails: randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial on healthy females. J Cosmo Trichol. 2019;5(1):142-150.
Strand TA, Frøyland L, Haugen M, et al. Risk assessment of “other substances” - L-cysteine and L-cystine. Eur J Nutr Food Safety. 2019;9(1):22-24.
Dilokthornsakul W, Dhippayom T, Dilokthornsakul P. The clinical effect of glutathione on skin color and other related skin conditions: a systematic review. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2019;18(3):728-737.